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Cette thèse porte sur le pamphlet au XVIIIe siècle, à travers une étude de ses formes stylistiques et la rhétorique du genre - à l’exemple de l’affaire Calas. Nous avons opté pour une crise religieuse, relevant de l’engagement littéraire d’un écrivain, autour d’un axe événementiel, propice à l’apparition d’une production pamphlétaire. Notre analyse s’est orientée vers un détour lexicographique des différentes étapes, menant le pamphlet à son acception actuelle. Ce terme, apparu en 1842 avec P.-L. Courriel, constituait un anglicisme chez Voltaire, et se manifestait dans une multiplicité de formes connexes. Notre hypothèse considérait le pamphlet comme un genre littéraire à part entière, aux côtés des formes canoniques. Nous avons décrit et analysé les dimensions structurelles du pamphlet pour dégager ses traits définitoires. C’est à partir de l’analyse spécifique de notre corpus, et tout en évitant de plaquer un modèle préétabli, que nous avons dégagé une structure typologique propre au pamphlet. Nous avons repéré, dans un corpus délimité, des réseaux de genres et sous-genres, à partir de la répartition statistique des traits grammaticaux, et des procédés rhétoriques et stylistiques. Ainsi, il s’est avéré que celui-ci recélait dix dimensions structurelles : pragmatique, énonciative, polyphonique, intellective, idéologique, axiologique, passionnelle, stylistique, et rhétorique ou argumentative. En empruntant à la rhétorique et à la stylistique certains de leurs instruments conceptuels, nous avons démontré que les écrits relatifs à l’affaire Calas répondaient potentiellement à la définition moderne du genre, proposée par M. Angenot et O. Ferret. Certaines caractéristiques définitoires nous ont permis d’admettre l’existence du pamphlet avant son apparition officielle, et donc l’existence de sa pratique avant sa théorisation. / The current work deals with pamphlet in XVIIIth century. It concerns the stylistic and the rhetoric forms of this literature’s kind as the Calas case by Voltaire. This religious crisis showed the implication of a writer and which probably led to the emergence of the pamphlet. Our analysis was based on lexicographical study and which aimed to plot the different steps that have led the pamphlet to its current meaning. The term pamphlet appeared in 1842 with P.-L. Courriel and was considered by Voltaire as an Anglicism and which was appeared in several related forms. Our hypothesis considers the pamphlet as a full independent literary genre, alongside the canonical forms. We tried to analyze and describe the structural dimensions of the pamphlet to reveal its defining lines. By a specific analysis of our instance case and without applying a pre-established model, we provided a specific typological structure to the pamphlet. Based on a delimited corpus and using the statistical distribution of the grammatical traits and the rhetoric and stylistic processes, we were able to identify networks of literary genres and subgenres. By this analysis we showed that there are ten structural dimensions: pragmatic, enunciative, polyphonic, intellective, ideological, axiological, passionate, stylistic, and rhetoric or argumentative. According to the conceptual features of rhetoric and stylistic, we showed that relative papers to Calas case were potentially in accordance with the modern definition of pamphlet as proposed by M. Angenot and O. Ferret. Some of the defining characteristics admit the existence of the pamphlet before its official appearance, and thus the existence of its practice before its theorization.

The objective of this investigation is to look into, and to describe, the development and merit of the Sepedi essay-oeuvre. The works taken into account are the essay collections that were published from 1943 to 1996. At the same time, the various sub-genres of the essay are described. These works are also appraised according to merit, in order to be able to illustrate the evolution of the genre. In order to succeed herein, the researcher has to describe, interpret, classify, and evaluate these works. The descriptive frame of reference used here is the one that has been established by the Department of African Languages, and which is an adapted model of the narratological. Here, three levels are distinguished, namely: (a) the narrative material where the subject is the primary concept; (b) the strategy of composition where the theme concept is especially relevant; and (c) the stylistic finishing of the work in which the author implants his own view of the matters therein. Before the investigation could be tackled formally, the road had to be traversed on what had been done previously on the essay in Sepedi. The articles of Groenewald and Mojalefa respectively, as well as the dissertation of Mohlala, covered only a scanty area of the total field of investigation. The essay concept is then defined. This necessarily led to a description of the genesis of this genre. Here short reference is made to the early French art of the essay. At this point the essay in English is also mentioned, primarily because of the connection to the essayist in Sepedi. The distinction between the formal and the informal essay is briefly discussed, after which we focus our research primarily on the latter. Because the essay, akin to the short story and the sketch, forms part of the art of the pithy, the difference between these three narrative forms is comprehensively elucidated. The various essays are then considered. The narrative material is summarised. The composition of material is discussed under the following headings: (a) The title; (b) the introduction; (c) the elaboration of the data; and (d) the recapitulation. According to these, three distinct categories of essay are differentiated, namely (a) the pioneering phase, (b) the experimental phase and (c) the phase of maturity. The essays of Matlala are classified in the first phase; in the second phase the labours of Masemola, Mojapelo, Tlooke and Mangokwane, then the essays of Mahapa, Mabitje, Selwalekwanadi, Makopo, Phala and Chupyane are grouped in the third phase. In the final, recapitulative chapter, the particular merits of (a) Matlala and Chupyane and (b) Mahapa and Mabitje are investigated. In the former, the versatility of Matlala and Chupyane is discussed, especially with respect to the wide range of types of essay that they wrote. Mahapa and Mabitje are then considered as essay innovators: first for the use of metaphor in the composition of the tale and, secondly, because the essays of both are presented in sequences, a fresh practice that enriches the traditional craft of the essay. / Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / African Languages / DLitt / Unrestricted

This thesis is an ethnomusicological cross-cultural examination of Heavy Metal, Hardcore Punk and Metalcore music-cultures and how the transculturation of two distinct music-cultures, Heavy Metal and Hardcore Punk, have resulted in a third unique music-culture: Metalcore. Attention is given to the evolution of the music-cultures through history, with mention of current trends not covered in any other literature. In addition explanations of key tenets of culture-ways and their importance in forming these cultures as separate and distinct will be included. Topics addressed will include headbanging, the sign of the horns and moshing in Heavy Metal; slam-dancing, Straight Edge, and the do-it-yourself principles of Hardcore Punk; the commercial commoditization and establishment of Metalcore as separate and unique from both Heavy Metal and Hardcore Punk. In addition, a brief assessment of material culture will be included, covering the importance of musical instruments, art, and fashion. Fashion is especially important in forming ties with respective communities, personal interest groups, and establishing personal identity within the music-cultures. Both secondary source, as well as qualitative research will be used. While much of the history and culture-ways of Heavy Metal and Hardcore Punk have been well documented throughout the 1970s there is a lack of literature concerning either culture since the 1990s and 2000s. With the exception of only a few sources, there is little material addressing Metalcore, or Crossover Thrash music-culture. As a participant within Heavy Metal culture I will offer my own personal observations, as well as those of informants, to extend and support the documentary research findings.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco e Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, escritores muito populares em Portugal e no Brasil, respectivamente, entre as décadas de 1840 e 1880, período em que publicaram suas expressivas produções, que englobam romances, contos, poemas e peças de teatro, que foram, de certa forma, obliteradas pela historiografia literária ao longo do século XX. A fim de abranger uma parte significativa de suas produções ficcionais, foram selecionadas obras que, num primeiro momento, poderiam representar os principais subgêneros do romance oitocentista: os romances sentimentais Amor de Perdição e A Moreninha; as narrativas de viagem Vinte Horas de Liteira e A Carteira de Meu Tio; as narrativas fantásticas O Esqueleto e A Luneta Mágica; os romances históricos O Demônio do Ouro e As Mulheres de Mantilha; e os romances (pré-) naturalistas O Senhor Ministro e As Vítimas-Algozes. A partir da leitura destas obras, é possível depreender aspectos convergentes entre os autores, como a subversão de algumas convenções romanescas, a quebra de expectativas de leitura e o desvio das temáticas recorrentes e dos procedimentos narrativos mais usuais no século XIX. Sendo assim, o estudo parte da hipótese de que, por terem sido protagonistas da ascensão do romance em Portugal e no Brasil, periferias do capitalismo na expressão utilizada por Roberto Schwarz , países que, além disso, partilhavam a mesma língua e um fundo cultural comum, esses escritores compartilharam contextos socioculturais, de certa forma, similares. Se por um lado, a fim de atender ao mercado consumidor, precisavam manter os laços com a literatura em voga, por outro procuravam distanciar-se dela, num movimento de adesão e repulsa aos modelos romanescos. / The objective of this work is to analyze the fiction of Camilo Castelo Branco and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, very popular writers in Portugal and Brazil, respectively, among the 1840s and 1880s, a period in which they published their expressive productions, which include novels, short stories, poems and plays, that were somehow obliterated by literary historiography throughout the 20th century. In order to cover a significant part of their fictional productions, works that, at first, could represent the major subgenres of 19th century novel were selected: the sentimental novels Amor de Perdição and A Moreninha; the travel narratives Vinte Horas de Liteira and A Carteira de Meu Tio; the fantastic narratives O Esqueleto and A Luneta Mágica; the historical novels O Demônio do Ouro and As Mulheres de Mantilha; and the (pre-)naturalist novels O Senhor Ministro and As Vítimas-Algozes. From the reading of these works, it is possible to deduce converging aspects between these authors, as the subversion of novelistic conventions, the break of reading expectations and the deviation from the recurring thematic and the narrative procedures most commonly used in the 19th century. Thus, the study starts from the hypothesis that, because they were protagonists of the rise of the novel in Portugal and Brazil, peripheries of capitalism in the expression used by Roberto Schwarz , countries that also shared the same language and a common cultural background, these writers shared, in some ways, similar socio-cultural contexts. On one hand, in order to serve the consumer market, they needed to maintain ties with the literature in vogue, on the other they sought to distance themselves from it, in a movement of attraction and repulsion by the novelistic models.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco e Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, escritores muito populares em Portugal e no Brasil, respectivamente, entre as décadas de 1840 e 1880, período em que publicaram suas expressivas produções, que englobam romances, contos, poemas e peças de teatro, que foram, de certa forma, obliteradas pela historiografia literária ao longo do século XX. A fim de abranger uma parte significativa de suas produções ficcionais, foram selecionadas obras que, num primeiro momento, poderiam representar os principais subgêneros do romance oitocentista: os romances sentimentais Amor de Perdição e A Moreninha; as narrativas de viagem Vinte Horas de Liteira e A Carteira de Meu Tio; as narrativas fantásticas O Esqueleto e A Luneta Mágica; os romances históricos O Demônio do Ouro e As Mulheres de Mantilha; e os romances (pré-) naturalistas O Senhor Ministro e As Vítimas-Algozes. A partir da leitura destas obras, é possível depreender aspectos convergentes entre os autores, como a subversão de algumas convenções romanescas, a quebra de expectativas de leitura e o desvio das temáticas recorrentes e dos procedimentos narrativos mais usuais no século XIX. Sendo assim, o estudo parte da hipótese de que, por terem sido protagonistas da ascensão do romance em Portugal e no Brasil, periferias do capitalismo na expressão utilizada por Roberto Schwarz , países que, além disso, partilhavam a mesma língua e um fundo cultural comum, esses escritores compartilharam contextos socioculturais, de certa forma, similares. Se por um lado, a fim de atender ao mercado consumidor, precisavam manter os laços com a literatura em voga, por outro procuravam distanciar-se dela, num movimento de adesão e repulsa aos modelos romanescos. / The objective of this work is to analyze the fiction of Camilo Castelo Branco and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, very popular writers in Portugal and Brazil, respectively, among the 1840s and 1880s, a period in which they published their expressive productions, which include novels, short stories, poems and plays, that were somehow obliterated by literary historiography throughout the 20th century. In order to cover a significant part of their fictional productions, works that, at first, could represent the major subgenres of 19th century novel were selected: the sentimental novels Amor de Perdição and A Moreninha; the travel narratives Vinte Horas de Liteira and A Carteira de Meu Tio; the fantastic narratives O Esqueleto and A Luneta Mágica; the historical novels O Demônio do Ouro and As Mulheres de Mantilha; and the (pre-)naturalist novels O Senhor Ministro and As Vítimas-Algozes. From the reading of these works, it is possible to deduce converging aspects between these authors, as the subversion of novelistic conventions, the break of reading expectations and the deviation from the recurring thematic and the narrative procedures most commonly used in the 19th century. Thus, the study starts from the hypothesis that, because they were protagonists of the rise of the novel in Portugal and Brazil, peripheries of capitalism in the expression used by Roberto Schwarz , countries that also shared the same language and a common cultural background, these writers shared, in some ways, similar socio-cultural contexts. On one hand, in order to serve the consumer market, they needed to maintain ties with the literature in vogue, on the other they sought to distance themselves from it, in a movement of attraction and repulsion by the novelistic models.