Objetive: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of malocclusion on COHRQoL and self-reported happiness of adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design study with multistage random sample of 1134 12 year-old schoolchildren was conducted at in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. Four calibrated carried out clinical recorded malocclusion (Dental Aesthetic Index), dental caries (DMFT) and dental trauma (O Brien index). Participants answered the Brazilian versions of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) short form and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Parents completed a structure questionnaire about socioeconomics status. The assessment of associations used a multilevel Poisson regression models. Results: A total of 1134 adolescents, 54.12% girls, were enrolled in this study. The DAI overall score ranged from 13 to 214 (mean: 25.33, standard error: 0.23); 42.4% of the sample had malocclusion and 7.5% had handcapping malocclusion. After adjustment for confounding variables, the severity of maloclusion was associated with high means of CPQ11- 14 overall score, being the social well-being domains the most affected. Malocclusion were associated with lower levels of happiness, adolescents with defined malocclusion present lower scores of the SHS scale (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94 0.99).Conclusion: Malocclusion had a negative impact on OHRQoL, mainly on social domain, and happiness. / Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o impacto da maloclusão no grau de felicidade e na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal de escolares. Método: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido em uma amostra de escolares de 12 anos na cidade de Santa Maria-RS, Brasil, em 2012. Os dados foram coletados através de exames clínicos e entrevistas estruturadas. Os critérios clínicos avaliados foram cárie, maloclusão e trauma. A prevalência e severidade de maloclusão foi mensurada através do The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Os participantes responderam à versão brasileira do CPQ11-14 reduzida e a Escala Subjetiva de Felicidade. As condições socioeconômicas foram avaliadas através de questionários respondidos pelos pais. Variáveis relacionadas à escola em que as crianças estudam foram obtidas. Os dados foram analisados através do programa estatístico STATA 12, utilizando o modelo multinível de Regressão de Poisson para determinar a associação entre maloclusão, qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal e grau de felicidade. Resultados: Um total de 1134 adolescentes foram examinadas no estudo. O escore geral do DAÍ variou de 13 a 214 (média: 25,33, erro padrão: 0,23); a prevalência de maloclusão foi de 42,4%, sendo que 7,5% dos participantes apresentaram maloclusão incapacitante. Adolescentes que tinham piores condições oclusais apresentaram maior escore de CPQ11-14 . O principal domínio afetado pela maloclusão foi o bem estar social. O grau de felicidade esteve associado com a maloclusão, crianças com maloclusão definida tinham uma pior percepção de felicidade. A associação entre maloclusão, qualidade de vida e grau de felicidade permaneceu mesmo quando ajustado por possíveis variáveis confundidoras. Conclusão: Maloclusão tem um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal, principalmente no domínio social, e no grau de felicidade.

Pozityvioji psichologija akcentuoja charakterio stiprybių ir laimingumo svarbą asmenybės gyvenimo kokybei, fizinei ir psichinei sveikatai, tačiau netirtos galimos šių reiškinių sąsajos su priežastimis gyventi, kurios gali būti reikšmingos vykdant savižudybių prevenciją. Atsižvelgiant į paauglystės amžiaus problemiškumą, šio tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti vyresniųjų klasių mokinių charakterio stiprybių ir laimingumo ryšį su priežastimis gyventi. Tyrime dalyvavo 180 (109 merginos ir 71 vaikinas) IX – XII klasių Kėdainių rajono Akademijos vidurinės mokyklos mokinių. Charakterio stiprybės matuotos tam skirto Charakterio stiprybių ir dorybių klausimyno trumpuoju variantu, sukurtu C. Peterson ir M. E. P. Seligman 2003 metais. Respondentų laimingumas apskaičiuotas Subjektyvaus laimingumo skale, sukurta S. Lyubomirsky 1999 m. Vyresniųjų klasių mokinių priežastys gyventi tirtos Priežasčių gyventi klausimynu, skirtu paaugliams, kurį sukūrė A. Osman 1998 metais. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad charakterio stiprybės statistiškai patikimai skiriasi lyties atžvilgiu. Išskirta po tris labiausiai išreikštas charakterio stiprybes – merginų grupėje: humoras ir žaismingumas, mylėjimas ir buvimas mylima/meilės priėmimas bei dvasingumas/tikėjimas; vaikinų: mylėjimas ir buvimas mylimu/meilės priėmimas, dvasingumas/tikėjimas ir pomėgis mokytis. Taip pat rasti skirtumai tarp vaikinams ir merginoms reikšmingų priežasčių gyventi išreikštumo. Statistiškai reikšmingų skirtumų tarp vaikinų ir merginų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Positive psychology of character strengths highlights the importance of personal happiness and quality of life, physical and mental health, but these effects have not been studied in a link with the reasons for living, which may be of interest in the suicide prevention. Evaluating the problemic side of adolescence the purpose of the study is to assess high school students' character strengths and happiness relationship with reasons for living. The study included 180 pupils (109 girls and 71 boy) of IX - XII grades from Kėdainiai District the Akademija Secondary school. The strengths of character were measured by the short version of the questionnaire, developed by C. Peterson and M. E. P. Seligman in 2003. The happiness of respondents were measured by Subjective happiness scale, the author - S. Lyubomirsky 1999. The reasons for living of the older pupils were investigated by the questionnaire created by A. Osman in 1998 and called The reasons for living questionnaire. The results showed statistical difference between the strength of character and gender. Excluded three most pronounced character strengths - in girls group: the humour and playfulness, loving and allowing oneself to be loved, spirituality/faith; in boys group: loving and allowing oneself to be loved, spirituality/faith and love of learning. Results also showed differences in the expression of the significant reasons for living between boys and girls. There were no statistically significant differences found in... [to full text]

abstract: What is the effect of decision-making-style (maximizer versus satisficer) and an interdependent-versus-independent self-construal on the subjective happiness of Native Americans? One hundred seventy-nine Native American adult community members were administered the Maximization Inventory, the Self-Construal Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Correlations between variables in addition to multiple regression analyses were conducted with predictors of decision making style, self-construal, gender, annual income, traditionalism, and Native language ability with subjective happiness as the dependent variable. These variables explained a significant amount of the variance of subjective happiness for this sample of Native Americans. The most variance was explained by satisficing. Maximizing was associated with unhappiness. Individuals with greater satisficing tendencies also tended to be more interdependent. Higher income was positively associated with happiness and negatively associated with maximizing. Interdependence did not have an effect on happiness. However, independence increased happiness while having no effect on maximizing. No gender differences were found for maximizing. Traditionalism and Native language ability were not associated with satisficing nor interdependence. Limitations, implications for counseling, and future directions are explored. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2015

This doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of incidental aesthetics on consumer perceptions. The author refers to incidental aesthetics in two dimensions. One is in the aesthetic properties of product context that is not directly related to its functional performance. And second is in the aesthetic attributes found in unexpected sources defined as ordinary objects, places, and people. Drawing on theories from aesthetics, psychology, and consumer behavior, this dissertation examines in two manuscripts how and why incidental aesthetics influence consumer evaluations. The first paper, 'Welded Together: How Responses to Incidental, Nondiagnostic Sensory Context (Mis)Guide Simultaneous Product Evaluations,' studies how evaluations of incidental aesthetics from a sensory experience with nondiagnostic product contextual cues are merged with the evaluations of the target product. The second paper, 'Consumer Attentiveness to Beauty in the Ordinary,' examines an understudied dimension of beauty. The construct of attentiveness to beauty in the ordinary is defined as the degree to which individuals mindfully identify and formulate an aesthetic judgment of common visual elements and integrate this mindset into their daily experiences. The authors develop a four-item Attentiveness to Beauty in the Ordinary Scale to measure the construct. Using a mixed-methods approach, combining a series of laboratory experiments and field studies from a diverse sample of consumers (Npaper1 = 49,435; Npaper2 = 2,051), the authors show in the first paper that unappealing (appealing) incidental sensory experiences lead to lower (higher) product evaluations, including perceived quality and purchase intention. The effect emerges when the incidental evaluation pertains to a dimension closely related to the product dimension being evaluated. In the second paper, the findings provide evidence of validity and reliability of the Attentiveness to Beauty in the Ordinary Scale, situate the scale in a network of related constructs such as appreciation of beauty, engagement with beauty, dispositional awe, voluntary simplicity, materialism, mindfulness, and subjective happiness, and demonstrate the predictive value of the scale for consumer perceptions and behavior. Specifically, people high (vs. low) in ordinary beauty attentiveness are less discriminating in aesthetic evaluations of ordinary elements, find higher product quality in naturally-aesthetic packaging, are less persuaded by endorsers' attractiveness, and are more likely to buy imperfect produce. This dissertation contributes to the literature on aesthetics and sensory marketing by revealing that aesthetic experiences that are not intentionally designed or not expected but naturally occur in consumption environments have a significant impact on consumer evaluations. The results have practical implications for marketers and designers, who can leverage the power of incidental aesthetics in marketing strategies to enhance product perceptions. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores, across two papers, how natural aesthetic qualities found in things, people, places, or in product contexts, referred to as incidental aesthetics, can influence our perceptions and evaluations of products. In the first paper, the authors find a novel effect in which consumers "merge" aesthetic evaluations of incidental product context that do not affect the functionality of the product (e.g., bad/good music on headphones) with product evaluations they make at the same time (e.g., bad/good quality headphones). This effect occurs because people spontaneously mix the evaluation of the context (e.g., music sound) with the evaluation of a closely related product attribute (e.g., sound quality). In the second paper, the authors define attentiveness to beauty in the ordinary as a disposition that some people have of being more open to finding beauty when it is not expected (i.e., incidental aesthetics) and therefore seeing beauty more frequently in everyday situations than other people. The authors create a scale to measure this individual disposition and find that 1) people with high (vs. low) attentiveness to ordinary beauty see less of a difference in the beauty of elements high and low in aesthetics, 2) find higher product quality in naturally-aesthetic packaging, 3) are less persuaded by the attractiveness of an endorser in an advertisement, and 4) are more likely to buy aesthetically imperfect produce. Adding to existing research, the findings of both papers provide new insights into the impact of incidental aesthetics in consumption settings. Surprisingly, even when aesthetic experiences are not intentionally designed or expected to be found, they can still play a significant role in shaping consumer behavior. These findings have practical implications for marketers, who should consider the incidental aesthetics of their products and contexts to create a more positive experience for consumers, leading to higher product perceptions. Overall, this research suggests that the power of aesthetics in influencing behavior extends beyond what consumers consciously perceive or expect to find.

The relation between temperament and happiness in children aged 8-12 was examined. Participants included 311 students in Grades 4-6 and their parents, recruited from public and private schools in the Central Okanagan. Parents rated their children’s temperament using the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey (Buss & Plomin, 1984) and rated their children’s happiness using a single-item measure. Children rated their own temperament using the EAS Temperament Survey and the Piers- Harris Self Concept Scale for Children, Second Edition (Piers-Harris 2) (Piers & Herzberg, 2002). Children also rated their own happiness using a single-item measure, the Oxford Happiness Scale, Short Form (Hills & Arygle, 2002), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). Confirmatory factor analyses established that parent and child ratings on the EAS Temperament Survey conformed to the four-factor structure proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984). Multiple regression analyses revealed that temperament accounted for between 9-29% of the variance in children’s happiness depending on the rater (i.e., parents vs. children) and the measure of happiness. Individual temperament variables that predicted a unique amount of the variance of children’s happiness over and above the combined effect of all temperament variables varied with the rater of children’s temperament (i.e., parents vs. children) and with the measure of happiness. Children who were more social, less shy, less emotional, and more free from anxiety rated themselves, and were rated by others, as happier. Children who scored higher on the activity temperament rated themselves, and were rated by others, as happier. The results of the current study parallel results of research investigating the relation between happiness and personality in adults. It establishes a strong relation between temperament and happiness, and iii supports the use of self-reports with children. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The relation between temperament and happiness in children aged 8-12 was examined. Participants included 311 students in Grades 4-6 and their parents, recruited from public and private schools in the Central Okanagan. Parents rated their children’s temperament using the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey (Buss & Plomin, 1984) and rated their children’s happiness using a single-item measure. Children rated their own temperament using the EAS Temperament Survey and the Piers- Harris Self Concept Scale for Children, Second Edition (Piers-Harris 2) (Piers & Herzberg, 2002). Children also rated their own happiness using a single-item measure, the Oxford Happiness Scale, Short Form (Hills & Arygle, 2002), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). Confirmatory factor analyses established that parent and child ratings on the EAS Temperament Survey conformed to the four-factor structure proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984). Multiple regression analyses revealed that temperament accounted for between 9-29% of the variance in children’s happiness depending on the rater (i.e., parents vs. children) and the measure of happiness. Individual temperament variables that predicted a unique amount of the variance of children’s happiness over and above the combined effect of all temperament variables varied with the rater of children’s temperament (i.e., parents vs. children) and with the measure of happiness. Children who were more social, less shy, less emotional, and more free from anxiety rated themselves, and were rated by others, as happier. Children who scored higher on the activity temperament rated themselves, and were rated by others, as happier. The results of the current study parallel results of research investigating the relation between happiness and personality in adults. It establishes a strong relation between temperament and happiness, and iii supports the use of self-reports with children. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The relation between temperament and happiness in children aged 8-12 was examined. Participants included 311 students in Grades 4-6 and their parents, recruited from public and private schools in the Central Okanagan. Parents rated their children’s temperament using the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey (Buss & Plomin, 1984) and rated their children’s happiness using a single-item measure. Children rated their own temperament using the EAS Temperament Survey and the Piers- Harris Self Concept Scale for Children, Second Edition (Piers-Harris 2) (Piers & Herzberg, 2002). Children also rated their own happiness using a single-item measure, the Oxford Happiness Scale, Short Form (Hills & Arygle, 2002), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). Confirmatory factor analyses established that parent and child ratings on the EAS Temperament Survey conformed to the four-factor structure proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984). Multiple regression analyses revealed that temperament accounted for between 9-29% of the variance in children’s happiness depending on the rater (i.e., parents vs. children) and the measure of happiness. Individual temperament variables that predicted a unique amount of the variance of children’s happiness over and above the combined effect of all temperament variables varied with the rater of children’s temperament (i.e., parents vs. children) and with the measure of happiness. Children who were more social, less shy, less emotional, and more free from anxiety rated themselves, and were rated by others, as happier. Children who scored higher on the activity temperament rated themselves, and were rated by others, as happier. The results of the current study parallel results of research investigating the relation between happiness and personality in adults. It establishes a strong relation between temperament and happiness, and iii supports the use of self-reports with children. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate

Объектом исследования является субъективное благополучие личности. Предметом исследования стали особенности субъективного благополучия учителей школ Монголии. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (40 источников) и приложений, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся для исследования методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 57 страниц, на которых размещены 8 рисунков и 11 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования. В первой главе в результате анализа научной литературы были определены теоретические основания субъективного благополучия личности, выделены основные подходы, рассматривающие данный феномен, а также его функции, структура и детерминанты. Это позволило сформулировать определение понятия «субъективное благополучие», принятое в работе за основополагающее. Особый акцент сделан на рассмотрении роли субъективного благополучия в педагогической деятельности учителя. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: Шкала «Удовлетворенность жизнью» Э. Динера (SWSL), Шкала субъективного благополучия А. ПеруэБаду (адаптация М.В. Соколовой), Шкала субъективного счастья С. Любомирски и Х. Леппер (адаптация Д.А. Леонтьева). Также в главе представлены результаты описательной статистики и сравнительного анализа результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the research is the subjective well-being of the individual. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the subjective well-being of school teachers in Mongolia. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (40 sources) and annexes, including the forms used for the study of the methods. The volume of the master's thesis is 57 pages, which contain 8 figures and 11 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the theoretical and practical significance of the work, the elaboration of the problematics, the goal and objectives of the research are set, the object and subject of the research are determined, the main hypotheses are formulated, the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the research, are indicated. In the first chapter, as a result of the analysis of scientific literature, the theoretical foundations of the subjective well-being of the individual were determined, the main approaches that consider this phenomenon, as well as its functions, structure and determinants, were highlighted. This made it possible to formulate the definition of the concept of "subjective well-being", which was taken as fundamental in the work. Particular emphasis is placed on considering the role of subjective well-being in the pedagogical activity of a teacher. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It contains a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: E. Diener's “Satisfaction with life” scale (SWSL), A. Peruebadu's subjective well-being scale (adaptation by M.V. Sokolova), S. Lubomirsky and H. Lepper (adaptation by D.A. Leontiev). The chapter also presents the results of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis of research results. Conclusions from Chapter 2 include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, in a generalized form, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for the further development of this problem are described.

Contexte : La gentrification, en transformant les environnements de vie, peut avoir un impact sur le bien-être des populations. Cependant, l’exposition à la gentrification peut être vécue et mesurée de plusieurs manières. À ce jour, les mesures existantes de ladite exposition sont uniquement fondées sur des critères objectifs déterminés à l’échelle populationnelle. Pourtant, la mesure de ce phénomène au niveau individuel incluant une dimension subjective à travers notamment la perception que l’on peut en ressentir pourrait permettre de mieux rendre compte de son impact sur le bien-être subjectif. Ce mémoire vise à faire progresser la recherche dans ce domaine, en considérant trois mesures d'exposition individuelle à la gentrification à base spatio-temporelle : l’exposition ponctuelle au domicile actuel, l’exposition moyenne aux lieux d’activités non résidentiels et l’exposition historique cumulée basée sur l’historique résidentiel. Méthode : Les données de 848 participants provenant de la première vague de la branche montréalaise de l’étude longitudinale INTERACT ont été analysées. Six modèles de régression linéaire multiple ont examiné la relation entre ces trois mesures et deux indicateurs de bien-être subjectif : l’Indice de Satisfaction de la Vie (ISV) et l’Indice du Bonheur Subjectif (IBS). Résultats : L’exposition historique à la gentrification (GentriHist) était la seule mesure d’exposition à la gentrification qui était positivement corrélée à la fois à la satisfaction de la vie (B ajusté =0,825; IC à 95% = [0,779 ; 0,836]) et au bonheur subjectif (B ajusté = 0,136; IC à 95% = [0,121 à 0,140]). Par ailleurs, l’effet d’interaction du niveau de revenu dans la relation entre la gentrification historique et la satisfaction de la vie montre que dans un contexte où les personnes à revenu suffisant (ISV moyen = 7,7) ont un niveau de satisfaction supérieur aux personnes à faible revenu (ISV moyen = 6,5), l’effet positif de l’exposition prolongée à la gentrification (plus de 3ans) est plus prononcé pour les populations défavorisées (ΔISV = 0,6) que chez les plus riches (ΔISV = 0,2). Conclusion : Nos résultats suggèrent l’intérêt de faire de la GentriHist un indicateur de référence en matière de mesure d’exposition individuelle à la gentrification ; afin de mieux en apprécier le lien avec le bien-être subjectif. / Context: Gentrification, by transforming living environments, can have an impact on people's wellbeing. However, exposure to gentrification can be experienced and measured in several ways. To date, existing measures of exposure to gentrification are solely based on population criteria, ignoring the fact that measuring this phenomenon at the individual level including its perception may better demonstrate its impact on subjective well-being. We advance the field by considering three spatiotemporal-based individual gentrification exposure measures: current home, non-residential activity places and historical gentrification. Method: Survey data from 848 adults in the Montreal-arm of the INTERACT longitudinal study were analyzed. Six multiple linear regression models examined the relationship between those three measures of gentrification exposure and two subjective well-being measures: the Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) and the Subjective Happiness Index (SHI). Results: Neither current home exposure nor site exposure were associated with the two subjective well-being indexes. Historical gentrification was positively associated with both life satisfaction (adjusted B =0,825; IC 95% = [0,779; 0,836]) and subjective happiness (adjusted B = 0,136; IC 95% = [0,121; 0,140]). Moreover, the interaction effect of income level in the relationship between historical gentrification and life satisfaction shows that in a context where people with sufficient income (average ISV = 7.7) have a level of satisfaction superior to low-income people (average ISV = 6.5), the positive effect of prolonged exposure to gentrification (more than 3 years) is more pronounced in disadvantaged populations (ΔISV = 0.6) than in the richest (ΔISV = 0 ,2). Conclusion: Our results suggest the interest of making the GentriHist a reference indicator for measuring individual exposure to gentrification, in order to better appreciate the link between gentrification and subjective well-being.