Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Zardo Filho.pdf: 15832288 bytes, checksum: e334707a14d42a6e9b7f1e5f0574d2ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A considerably part of the high nitrogen (N) rates applied in corn is not absorbed due root growth restriction by subsoil acidity. Gypsum is able to improve conditions for root growth and lead to greater N uptake efficiency, increasing corn yield. Thus to evaluate the effect of gypsum and N on top dressing on soil chemical attributes, root growth , mineral nutrition and corn development under no-tillage system, two experiments were carried out on a dystrophic clayey Typic Hapludox at Middle-South of Paraná State, being one field and another in undisturbed soil columns. In the field experiment, four rates of gypsum (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) and three rates of N-NH4NO3 (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) were set up into 4 × 3 factorial design with three replications. On soil columns, two gypsum rates (0 and 10 t ha-1) and two rates of N-NH4NO3 (0 and 180 kg ha-1) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design with five replicates. In both experiments, gypsum was applied on the surface, one week before sowing and 45 kg N ha-1 was applied at sowing. Were analyzed the changes in chemical soil properties, root development, nutrient uptake by corn in both experiments. On the field experiment were quantified the yield and efficiency in N use, and on the columns experiment the amount of N-NO3 - leaching was determined 45 days after the application of gypsum when the plants were cut off. On field experiment, gypsum increased levels of Ca2+, S-SO4 2- and P also decreased the exchangeable Al3+ level on subsoil layers. N rates raised up N-NO3 - levels throughout the soil profile and Ca2+ in 0,4-0,6 m. The increase in Ca2+ and S-SO4 2 levels on soil profile, as well the decrease on Al3+ saturation by gypsum application, improved plant root growth, and increased N, P, K, Ca, S, Zn and Mn extraction by maize, leading in increased corn grain yield. On top of that, gypsum rates improved N use efficiency by corn. In the soil columns experiment, gypsum and N application improved the plants roots to higher depths, which results in better plants dry matter and greater N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S extraction. The amount of N-NO3 - leached on soil columns was higher when N was applied without gypsum. Gypsum application increased N uptake by plants due the root system increase and also increased of S-SO4 2-supply in soil, thus reducing the amount of N-NO3 - in the soil and leached. This results showed that gypsum use reduce losses of N-NO3 - leached by increasing N plants uptake, having as a result better N use efficiency contributing to higher corn yield sustainability. / Grande parte do nitrogênio (N) aplicado na cultura do milho não é absorvido devido à restrição no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular decorrente da acidez no subsolo. O gesso agrícola, por ter capacidade de melhorar o ambiente para o crescimento das raízes, pode aumentar a eficiência da absorção de N pelas plantas e a produtividade de grãos de milho. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de gesso e de N em cobertura nos atributos químicos do solo, no crescimento de raízes, na nutrição mineral e na performance do milho cultivado em sistema plantio direto, foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um no campo e outro em colunas indeformadas de solo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa da região Centro-Sul do Paraná. No experimento de campo, quatro doses de gesso (0, 5, 10 e 15 t ha-1) e três de N-NH4NO3 em cobertura (60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1) foram combinadas em esquema fatorial 4 × 3, com três repetições. No experimento em colunas de solo, foram utilizadas duas doses de gesso (0 e 10 t ha-1) e duas doses de N-NH4NO3 (0 e 180 kg ha-1), em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, com cinco repetições. Nos dois experimentos, o gesso foi aplicado em superfície, uma semana antes da semeadura, e foram empregados 45 kg ha-1 de N na semeadura. Nos dois experimentos foram avaliadas as alterações nos atributos químicos do solo, no crescimento radicular e na absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas. A produtividade de grãos e a eficiência no uso do N foram avaliadas no experimento de campo, e a quantidade de N-NO3 - lixiviada aos 45 dias após a aplicação de gesso, no momento do corte das plantas, foi avaliada no experimento em colunas de solo. No campo, a aplicação de gesso elevou os teores de Ca2+, S-SO4 2- e P no solo, e reduziu a saturação por Al3+ nas camadas do subsolo. As doses de N em cobertura aumentaram o teor de N-NO3 - ao longo do perfil do solo e o teor de Ca2+ na camada de 0,4-0,6 m. O aumento na disponibilidade de Ca2+ e de S-SO4 2- no perfil do solo, bem como a redução na saturação por Al3+ no subsolo, com a adição de gesso, favoreceram o crescimento radicular do milho, a extração de N, P, K, Ca, S, Zn e Mn pelas plantas e a produtividade de grãos. Além disso, as doses de gesso melhoraram a eficiência no uso do N pelo milho. No estudo em colunas de solo, a aplicação de gesso e de N melhoraram o crescimento das raízes em profundidade. O maior crescimento radicular resultou em maior produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e maior extração de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S pelas plantas. A quantidade de N-NO3 - lixiviada nas colunas de solo foi maior com a aplicação de N na ausência de gesso. A aplicação de gesso aumentou a absorção de N pelas plantas,proveniente da adubação nitrogenada, em decorrência de aumento no crescimento radicular e no teor de S-SO4 2- disponível no solo, reduzindo, com isso, a quantidade de N-NO3 - lixiviada. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de gesso minimiza as perdas de N-NO3 - por lixiviação por aumentar a absorção de N pelas plantas, ocasionando melhoria na eficiência da adubação nitrogenada e contribuindo para o aumento da sustentabilidade da produção de milho.

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acidic soils are a major limitation to agriculture worldwide. The Highveld in South Africa has many acidic soils and several coal burning power stations. These coal burning power stations generate alkaline fly ash as a waste material and it can thus serve as an ameliorant to the surrounding acidic soils. A two year field trial was undertaken to compare fly ash and other calcium ameliorants to alleviate the effects of subsoil acidity on maize root development. The field trail was established on Beestepan Farm in Middelburg, Mpumalanga. It consisted of 24 treatments, each done in triplicate, rendering a total of 72 plots. The materials used were unweathered fly ash (CCE 10%), calcitic lime (CCE 77%) and Calmasil (a calcium silicate slag, CCE 99%). Calmasil and lime were applied at rates of 0-, 1-, 2-, and 4t/ha, while fly ash was applied at 0-, 7-, 14- and 28t/ha. These treatments were applied to an acidic sandy loam soils in the presence or absence of 4t/ha gypsum. Beans were harvested after the first season following the application of amendments and maize was harvested in the second season. Yield, root length, leaf and soil analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the different liming materials. The effect of the treatments on fertility indicators such as pH, exchangeable acidity, Ca and Mg was investigated. Results indicated that all liming materials increased topsoil pH, soil nutrient and base status and crop yield in both seasons. Calmasil was the superior liming material in all respects. Fly ash increased pH minimally but reduced exchangeable acidity by 12% and 24% in the first and second seasons, respectively. Fly ash increased topsoil Ca levels from 74 to 102mg/kg and subsoil Ca from 61 to 114mg/kg. Topsoil Mg levels were increased from 7.3 to 16mg/kg and subsoil Mg was increased from 9.4 to 13mg/kg. The consequence of these increased nutrients was the subsequent increased foliar uptake of Ca and Mg. The substantial increase in bean yield from 958 to 1724kg/ha and maize yield from 5569 to 7553kg/ha following ash application compared well with results obtained from lime and Calmasil application. This may partly be due to the presence of additional plant nutrients such as P and K in the fly ash. Dissolution behaviour of fly ash indicates that upon exposure to acidity the release of micronutrients like B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn and Zn occurs, and preliminary data shows that there is comparatively little concern regarding heavy metal accumulation in crops. The application of 4t/ha gypsum had no effect on pH and decreased subsoil acidity only minimally however, subsoil Ca status and acid saturation levels were considerably improved which would possibly account for the overall beneficial effect on maize yield, increasing by an average of 1071kg/ha. It was not possible to make any conclusions relating treatment application and maize root length. This field trial has confirmed that fly ash can be used as an efficient liming material and that it compares well with traditional liming materials. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suurgronde is ‘n groot beperking tot landbou wêreldwyd. Die Suid Afrikaanse Hoëveld het menigte suurgronde en verskeie steenkool-aangedrewe kragstasies. Hiedie kragstasies produseer alkaliese vliegas as ‘n afvalproduk. Hierdie vliegas kan dus dien as ‘n grondverbeteringsmiddel vir die aangrensende suurgronde. ‘n Tweejarige veldproef was onderneem om vliegas met ander kalsium-bevattende grondverbetereringsmiddels te vergelyk om die effek van ondergrondse suurheid op mielies op te hef. Hierdie veldproef was opgeset te Beestepan plaas in Middelburg, Mpumalanga. Dit het bestaan uit 24 behandelings wat drie keer herhaal was en lewer dus ‘n totaal van 72 persele. Die kalkmateriale wat gebruik was, is onverweerde vliegas (KKE 10%), kalsitiese kalk (KKE 77%) en Calmasil (‘n kalsium silikaat slak, KKE 99%). Calmasil en kalk was toegedien teen 0-, 1-, 2-, en 4t/ha, en vliegas teen 0-, 7-, 14- en 28t/ha. Hierdie behandelinge was toegedien tot ‘n suur leemsand met of sonder gips. Gips was toegedien teen 4t/ha. Een jaar nadat behandelinge toegedien was, is boontjies geoes en mieles was die daaropvolgende jaar geoes. Opbrengs, wortel lengte blaar- en grondontledings was uitgevoer om effektiwiteit te evalueer. Die effek van die behandelinge op indikatore van grondvrugbaarheid soos pH, uitruilbare suurheid, Ca en Mg was ondersoek. Resultate dui daarop dat alle kalkmateriale die grond se voedingstof- en basisstatus, bogrond pH asook gewasopbreng verhoog het. Calmasil was die beste kalkmateriaal in alle opsigte. Vliegas het die pH minimaal verhoog, terwyl dit die uitruilbare suurheid verminder het met 12% en 24% in die eerste en tweede jaar onderskeidelik. Vliegas het bogrond Ca vlakke vanaf 74 tot 102mg/kg vermeer, sowel as ondergrond Ca vanaf 61 tot 114mg/kg. Bogrond Mg was vermeer vanaf 7.3 tot 16mg/kg, asook ondergrond Mg vanaf 9.4 tot 13 mg/kg. Die gevolg van hierdie verhoogde voedingstowwe was die toename van Ca en Mg in die blare van die gewasse. Die beduidende toename in opbrengste van boontjies vanaf 958 tot 1724mg/kg en mielies vanaf 5569 tot 7553kg/ha na die toediening van vliegas vergelyk goed met die resultate van kalk en Calmasil. Dit is gedeeltelik toe te skryf aan die teenwoordigheid van addisionele plantvoedingstowwe soos P en K in vliegas. Oplossingstudies van vliegas dui op die teenwoordigheid van mikrovoedingstowwe soos B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn en Zn. Aanvanklike data wys dat daar relatief min kommer oor swaarmetaal akkumulasie in gewasse is. Alhoewel 4t/ha gips geen effek op pH gehad het nie, en ondergondrondse suurheid minimaal verminder het, het ondergrondse Ca en gevolglik suurversadiging heelwat verbeter. Dit mag moontlik as verduideliking dien vir die oorhoofse voordelige effek van gips op mielie opbrengste, wat verhoog het met ‘n gemiddelde 1071kg/ha. Oorvleuende omstandighede het daartoe gelei dat geen konkrete afleidings gemaak kon word oor die wortel lengte van die mielies nie. Hierdie veldproef bevestig dat vliegas as ‘n effektiewe kalkmateriaal gebruik kan word en goed vergelyk met tradisionele kalkmateriale.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shivelly Galetto.pdf: 3409300 bytes, checksum: 3a6b231c97f2d660f8aa073c74bf43f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphate fertilization influenced by the application of agricultural gypsum for wheat and soybean crops under notillage system. For this, two experiments were carried out in the field and two in a greenhouse.The experiments in the field were installed in October 2013 in the municipality of Ponta Grossa – PR, in two Oxisols with different textural classes: a Red Oxisol (LV) clay texture and a Red-Yellow Oxisol (LVA) sandy-loam texture. The experimental design of the two soils was a randomized complete block in a split-plot, with three replications. In the plots,four rates of P (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP) were applied at sowing and, in the subplots, four rates of agricultural gypsum (0, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1),on the soil surface, before soybean sowing. In both soils, the immediate effects of treatments with P2O5 and gypsum in the soybean crop were evaluated. The effects of treatments on the succession of wheat (2014) – soybean (2014–15) were also evaluated in the clay Red Oxisol.In this case, in each crop (soybean and wheat), the same rates of P P2O5, in the form of TSP,were applied at the sowing, and the residual effect of the application of agricultural gypsum was evaluated. The experiments in greenhouse were carried out with wheat and soybean crops in undisturbed columns of soil. The PVC columns were taken from the Red Oxisol used in the field experiment. The experimental design used for each culture was in randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were: control, agricultural gypsum and pure CaSO4.2H2O, without and with application of P2O5, in the form of TSP. The rate of agricultural gypsum and pure CaSO4.2H2O was corresponding to 6 t ha-1 and the rate of P was 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5. In all experiments, soil chemical attributes, plant attributes (nutrient extraction and dry mass production) and root attributes were evaluated. In the field experiments, nutritional diagnosis, nutrient exportation and grain yield of the crops were also evaluated. The P utilization efficiencies were calculated for wheat and soybean crops. In general, it was observed that, in the short term, gypsum did not influence P use efficiency (PUE) by soybean cultivated in RL and BL, but the residual effect of gypsum increased PUE by the rate of 5 t ha-1, and also the PUE of the soybean, up to the rate of 4.3 t ha-1. Adjusting the gypsum and P at sowing rates appropriately, it was possible to obtain high grain yields of wheat (above 4,5 t ha-1) and soybean (above 4 t ha-1) and provides economy of the phosphate fertilizer. However, it has been observed in all years that the highest rate of P at sowing (90 kg ha-1 of P2O5) associated with the highest rate of agricultural gypsum (6 t ha-1), in soils that had high levels of P, impaired root growth and wheat and soybean grain yields. In the experiments in greenhouse, it was verified that the application of pure CaSO4.2H2O and with 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5 at the sowing promoted improvement in the root system and in the production of wheat dry mass, and did not interfere in the soybean crop. These results have shown that the use of gypsum can increase PUE and improve the productive performance of wheat and soybean plants. However, the use of high rates of P at sowing associated with high rates of agricultural gypsum should be carried out with caution, especially in soils that already have adequate levels of available P, so that crop performance do not be impaired. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da adubação fosfatada influenciada pela aplicação de gesso agrícola para as culturas de trigo e soja, em sistema plantio direto. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos em campo e dois em ambiente protegido. Os experimentos no campo foram instalados em outubro de 2013 no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, em dois solos com diferentes classes texturais: um Latossolo Vermelho (LV) textura argilosa e um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) textura franco-arenosa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, foram aplicadas, no sulco de semeadura, quatro doses de P (0,30, 60 e 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) na forma de superfosfato triplo (SFT) e, nas subparcelas, foram empregadas doses de gesso agrícola (0, 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1), antes da semeadura da soja. Em ambos os solos, foram avaliados os efeitos imediatos dos tratamentos com P2O5 e gesso na cultura da soja. No Latossolo Vermelho argiloso também foram avaliados os efeitos dos tratamentos na sucessão de culturas trigo (2014) – soja (2014–15). Nesse caso, em cada cultivo de soja e trigo, as mesmas doses de P2O5, na forma de SFT, foram aplicadas no sulco de semeadura, sendo avaliado o efeito residual da aplicação de gesso agrícola. Os experimentos em ambiente protegido foram realizados com as culturas de trigo e soja, em colunas indeformadas de solo. As colunas em PVC foram retiradas do Latossolo Vermelho utilizado no experimento de campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado, para cada cultura, foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: controle, gesso agrícola e CaSO4.2H2O puro, sem e com aplicação de P2O5, na forma de SFT. A dose de gesso agrícola e de CaSO4.2H2O puro foi correspondente a 6 t ha-1 e a dose de P foi de 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Em todos os experimentos foram avaliados atributos químicos de solo, atributos de planta (extração de nutrientes e produção de massa seca) e atributos de raízes. Nos experimentos no campo foram ainda avaliados a diagnose nutricional, a exportação de nutrientes e o rendimento de grãos das culturas. As eficiências de aproveitamento do P também foram calculadas paras culturas de trigo e soja. De maneira geral, observou-se que,em curto prazo, o gesso não influenciou a eficiência de uso do P (EUP) pela soja cultivada nos solos LV e LVA, mas o efeito residual do gesso aumentou a EUP pela cultura do trigo,até a dose de 5 t ha-1, e também a EUP da soja, até a dose de 4,3 t ha-1. Ajustando-se adequadamente as doses de gesso e as doses de P na semeadura, além da economia do fertilizante fosfatado, foi possível obter altas produtividades de grãos de trigo (acima de 4,5 t ha-1) e soja (acima de 4 t ha-1). Porém, observou-se, em todos os anos, que a dose mais elevada de P na semeadura (90 kg ha-1 de P2O5) associada à dose mais elevada de gesso agrícola (6 t ha-1), em solos que continham altos teores de P, prejudicou o crescimento radicular e o rendimento de grãos de trigo e soja. Nos experimentos em ambiente protegido, constatou-se que a aplicação de CaSO4.2H2O puro juntamente com 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na semeadura promoveu melhoria no sistema radicular e na produção de massa seca da parte área de plantas de trigo, e não interferiu na cultura da soja. Esses resultados comprovaram que a utilização de gesso pode aumentar a EUP e melhorar o desempenho produtivo das plantas de trigo e soja. Porém, a utilização de altas doses de P na semeadura associada com altas doses de gesso agrícola deve ser realizada com cautela, principalmente em solos que já apresentem teores adequados de P disponível, para que o desempenho das culturas não seja prejudicado.