Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Vivien Lys P F da Silva.pdf: 1030231 bytes, checksum: c554b06eb9f97e8157b1e426f80d55f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-23 / The present thesis, entitled Substantial Performance aims at looking into the legal doctrine which stems from the Contracts Law within the Common Law, as an opening pathway for valuing the real extent of nonperformance of duty, viewed nowadays with equal criteria and closer to legal practice reality that arises from either bilateral or multilateral legal contracts. The conducted research was concerned with the assumption that the fundamental breach that always yielded the existing contract dissolution found in both foreign and national legal systems could be changed into a more positive view of the result arising from different forms of breaches, using as a reference the aspect of the resulted scarce importance of partial nonperformances of duty. The recognition of this concept in foreign countries has come a long way, also existing in some countries where it can be seen in their codifications. On the other hand, its adoption by the Brazilian legal system has been the subject of jurist Clóvis do Couto e Silva s work as imminent fruit of the revolution experienced within Contracts Law, a phase in which it is demanded that the fundamental breach configuration be limited, broadening the possibilities of maintaining contract adherence before the nonperformance of lesser significance. In this scenario, the construction and development of the substantial performance Theory was justified when the objective principle of good faith that valued more strictly and fairly the proportionate share of the nonperformed duty was applied in relation to the whole of the contract already paid by the defaulter. With this valuing, the system became flexible to accept the hypotheses in which, once the creditor s interests were maintained at the largest proportion of the contract already offered, the benefit arising from most of the installment would deem the contract as good, thus voiding contract dissolution. This shift in contract dissolution generated positive results at the same time it allowed for debtor s court protection and in return such shift maintained the equilibrium and the parties conflicting interests by meeting the requirements of substantial performance. This was a positive phenomenon highlighted in several contract species, as well as through jurisdictional activity performed by the Brazilian Judiciary Branch / O presente trabalho, intitulado Adimplemento substancial, tem por escopo dissecar instituto jurídico advindo do sistema da common law na seara do Direito Contratual como caminho de abertura para valoração da real extensão da inexecução da obrigação, vista nos dias contemporâneos a partir de critérios equânimes e mais próximos à realidade prática das relações jurídicas advindas dos negócios jurídicos bilaterais ou plurilaterais. O trabalho de pesquisa realizado teve como preocupação a transformação da constatação do inadimplemento que sempre prestigiava a resolução contratual existente nos sistemas jurídicos alienígenas e pátrios para uma visão mais positiva da conseqüência oriunda das diversas formas de descumprimentos das obrigações, pautando o aspecto da escassa importância causada em eventual inexecução de parte ínfima da prestação prometida. O reconhecimento desse construto em países estrangeiros advém de um longo período, existindo inclusive, em alguns países, a sua previsão legal nas codificações. Por sua vez, no sistema jurídico pátrio, a sua adoção é um trabalho mais recente realizado pelo jurista Clóvis do Couto e Silva como fruto iminente da revolução vivenciada no Direito Obrigacional, fase na qual exige-se uma limitação da configuração do inadimplemento, ampliando-se as possibilidades de manutenção do vínculo contratual diante da caracterização de inexecução de mínima relevância. Nesse cenário, a construção e o desenvolvimento da Teoria do adimplemento substancial justificou-se a partir da aplicação do princípio da boa-fé objetiva que valorava com maior rigor e justiça a proporcionalidade da parte da prestação inexecutada em relação ao todo do contrato já realizado pela parte inadimplente. Com esta valoração, houve a flexibilidade do sistema para aceitar as hipóteses em que, mantido o interesse do credor na maior proporção do contrato já ofertada, o benefício decorrente da maior parte da prestação fundamentava a preservação do programa contratual, vedando, assim, a resolução contratual. Essa alteração no desfecho da vida do contrato gerou resultados positivos na medida em que permitiu a tutela jurídica do devedor em contrapartida preservou o equilíbrio e a harmonização dos interesses contrapostos das partes mediante o preenchimento dos requisitos do adimplemento substancial. Isso foi um fenômeno positivo exaltado na vivência das diversas espécies contratuais, bem como pela atividade jurisdicional desenvolvida pelo Poder Judiciário Brasileiro

Os institutos clássicos do direito das obrigações, notadamente os conceitos de obrigação, adimplemento e inadimplemento precisam ser relidos à luz dos valores da Constituição Federal de 1988 e dos princípios e das cláusulas gerais trazidos pelo Código Civil de 2002, em especial a boa-fé objetiva. A noção tradicional de obrigação, consubstanciada na ideia de uma submissão do devedor ao credor, vem sendo paulatinamente abandonada em favor de um novo conceito de relação obrigacional, composto por direitos e deveres recíprocos que convergem para a consecução de um objetivo comum: o adimplemento. Assim examinado, o adimplemento consiste em um processo dinâmico dentro do qual o devedor deve executar uma série de atos e observar inúmeros deveres (principais, secundários e laterais) necessários ao adimplemento. Foi diante dessa premissa que a doutrina moderna começou a sustentar que a infringência de deveres de conduta e de deveres anexos ao longo da relação obrigacional pode configurar um inadimplemento antecipado do contrato, que se refere às hipóteses em que o inadimplemento resta configurado a despeito de ainda não se ter atingido o termo contratual. Esse estudo visará analisar o conceito e demonstrar a necessidade da consolidação do inadimplemento antecipado como um mecanismo de proteção do credor, examinando a sua possibilidade de aplicação no direito brasileiro, os seus requisitos, a sua natureza jurídica, os seus limites e os seus efeitos. / The classic institutes of contract law, notably the concepts of obligation, performance and breach of contract need to be reread pursuant to the values of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the principles and general clauses brought by the Civil Code of 2002, in special the good faith. The traditional notion of obligation, based on the idea of the debtors submission to the creditor, has been gradually abandoned in favor of a new concept of obligatory relationship, composed of reciprocal rights and duties converging to achieve a common goal: performance. Thus, performance consists of a dynamic process in which the debtor must perform a series of acts and observe numerous duties (primary, secondary and lateral duties arising of good faith) necessary for performance. It was under this premise that modern legal scholars began to argue that any breach of duties along with the obligatory relationship can configure an anticipated breach of contract, which refers to cases in which the breach is affirmed before the contractual term. This essay aims to analyze the concept and demonstrate the need for consolidation of the anticipated breach as a creditor protection mechanism, examining its application possibility under Brazilian law, along with its requirements, legal status, limits and effects.

This thesis deals with teaching mathematics - schema oriented education in outdoor environment. It seeks advantages of outdoor education and tries to apply them fully in an innovative way of teaching mathematics for primary schools. It connects the innovative methods of teaching mathematics with our nature, in a peaceful and natural way. Nature is not just an expanded space for learning but it is the means of achieving more effective learning. The thesis informs the reader about the history of outdoor education and it enables deeper understanding of nature's potential and its role in education. It takes advantage of Czech and foreign resources on the matter. The thesis wants to enlighten mathematics students and teachers about the positives of outdoor education by providing a collection of ideas, including their real-life realization and their self- reflection, in the form of prepared mathematics outdoor education material. KEYWORDS Substantial Learning Environment, Schema-oriented Education, Outdoor Education, Outdoor Mathematics

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Tadeu Pontes Birello.pdf: 675120 bytes, checksum: b484a013694adb12dc781cd4a15202b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-23 / The present study had as its scope, the delimitation of the legal concept of the Due Process of Law clause, in its substantial sense and its implication in the exercise of the administrative function. The mentioned clause is one of the oldest and intrinsic institutes of the Rule of Law. In its incipient form, the Due Process of Law clause represented one of the first methods to control the despotic power. Thenceforth, it was the skeleton for the rise of many others institutes that limits the State Power. From the formal procedural aspect procedural instruments (full defense and the right to appeal, motivation of the State decisions duty, among others), up to reaching the merits of the decision control (originally accepted as reasonableness judgment), this last one known as Substantial Due Process of Law. Occurs that this range of principles typically assigned to the Substantial Due Process of Law clause (reasonableness, proportionality, motivation) has express and specific legal provision in the normative text, demonstrating an emptying of its content in the Brazilian legal order. Nevertheless, it‟s a duty for the legal scholar to apply sense and unity to the judicial system. Within the national legal system, the mentioned principle reveals itself as a command to the law enforcer to seek the best ruling. The best ruling is the one, firstly, that promotes the public interest duty (therefore, preceded by a direct judgment of the will of the normative command and not by an arbitrary subjective judgment) and, in front of the actual reality, has been shown as the most effective. As issued by a competent authority, the decision will be considered, a priori, as the best decision, except if proved that other decision is sufficiently more favorable. It was noted that this assertion has harmony with the administrative role and the legal administrative regime. The exercise of the administrative role is, before anything, the common good promotion, the public interest. This implies in the assertion that the exercise of the prerogatives (Power) given to the administration are instrumentals and, therefore, may only be exercised for the achievement of the public interest set forth in its own judicial order (full submission to the principle of legality). Thereby, it is not granted to the legal scholar any freedom of action, as a public agent, in seek for another purpose but the public interest. Thus, the administration role is to always seek for the best solution for the concrete cases that are presented. Throughout the General Theory of Law elements description, it was sought to present means and procedures in order to seek the best decision (worth mentioning, hermeneutical notions of principles that provide an unitary and systemic comprehension of the judicial order, ratio of principles and rules, weighing judgment and enforcement of the proportionality and reasonableness principles / O presente trabalho teve como escopo a delimitação do conceito jurídico da cláusula do Devido Processo Legal em seu sentido substancial e sua implicação no âmbito do exercício da função administrativa. Referida cláusula é um dos institutos mais antigos e afetos ao Estado de Direito. Em sua forma embrionária, a cláusula do Devido Processo Legal representou uma das primeiras maneiras de controle do poder despótico. A partir daí, foi o arcabouço para o surgimento de tantos outros institutos limitadores do Poder Estatal. Seja pelo aspecto processual formal - ferramentas procedimentais (ampla defesa e contraditório, dever de motivação das decisões estatais, entre outros), até chegar ao controle de mérito da decisão (embrionariamente tido como juízo de razoabilidade), este ultimo, conhecido como Devido Processo Legal Substancial. Ocorre que, esta gama de princípios e postulados tipicamente atribuídos à cláusula do Devido Processo Legal substancial (razoabilidade, proporcionalidade, motivação) possui previsão legal expressa e específica no texto normativo, relevando um esvaziamento de seu conteúdo no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Ainda assim, é obrigação do cientista do direito atribuir sentido e unicidade ao sistema jurídico. A cláusula do Devido Processo Legal é axiologicamente ligada ao controle do mérito das decisões estatais. No âmbito do ordenamento jurídico pátrio, tal princípio revela-se como um comando ao aplicador da norma para que este busque a prolação da melhor decisão. Melhor decisão é aquela que, em primeiro lugar, observa o dever de promoção do interesse público (portanto, precedida de um juízo objetivo da vontade do comando normativo, e não um juízo arbitrário subjetivo) e, diante da realidade fática, tenha se mostrado como a mais eficaz. Enquanto proferida por uma autoridade competente, a decisão será considerada, aprioristicamente, como a melhor decisão, salvo comprovado que outra solução seja suficientemente mais vantajosa. Constatou-se que esta afirmação tem plena harmonia com a função administrativa e regime jurídico-administrativo. O exercício da função administrativa é, antes de mais nada, a promoção do bem comum, do interesse público. Isto implica em afirmar que o exercício das prerrogativas (Poder) conferidas à administração são instrumentais e, portanto, só podem ser exercidos para prossecução do interesse público estabelecido no próprio ordenamento jurídico (submissão plena ao princípio da legalidade). Neste sentido, não é conferido ao operador do direito qualquer margem de ação, na qualidade de agente público, em busca de outra finalidade que não o interesse público. Sendo assim, é função da administração a busca plena sempre da melhor solução para os casos concretos que lhe são apresentadas. Por meio de descrição de elementos de Teoria Geral do Direito, buscou-se apresentar formas e procedimentos capa de que se busque a melhor decisão (vale destacar, noções hermenêuticas de postulados que conferem uma compreensão unitária e sistêmica do ordenamento jurídico, relação de princípios e regras, juízo de ponderação e aplicação dos postulados da proporcionalidade e razoabilidade)

Os institutos clássicos do direito das obrigações, notadamente os conceitos de obrigação, adimplemento e inadimplemento precisam ser relidos à luz dos valores da Constituição Federal de 1988 e dos princípios e das cláusulas gerais trazidos pelo Código Civil de 2002, em especial a boa-fé objetiva. A noção tradicional de obrigação, consubstanciada na ideia de uma submissão do devedor ao credor, vem sendo paulatinamente abandonada em favor de um novo conceito de relação obrigacional, composto por direitos e deveres recíprocos que convergem para a consecução de um objetivo comum: o adimplemento. Assim examinado, o adimplemento consiste em um processo dinâmico dentro do qual o devedor deve executar uma série de atos e observar inúmeros deveres (principais, secundários e laterais) necessários ao adimplemento. Foi diante dessa premissa que a doutrina moderna começou a sustentar que a infringência de deveres de conduta e de deveres anexos ao longo da relação obrigacional pode configurar um inadimplemento antecipado do contrato, que se refere às hipóteses em que o inadimplemento resta configurado a despeito de ainda não se ter atingido o termo contratual. Esse estudo visará analisar o conceito e demonstrar a necessidade da consolidação do inadimplemento antecipado como um mecanismo de proteção do credor, examinando a sua possibilidade de aplicação no direito brasileiro, os seus requisitos, a sua natureza jurídica, os seus limites e os seus efeitos. / The classic institutes of contract law, notably the concepts of obligation, performance and breach of contract need to be reread pursuant to the values of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the principles and general clauses brought by the Civil Code of 2002, in special the good faith. The traditional notion of obligation, based on the idea of the debtors submission to the creditor, has been gradually abandoned in favor of a new concept of obligatory relationship, composed of reciprocal rights and duties converging to achieve a common goal: performance. Thus, performance consists of a dynamic process in which the debtor must perform a series of acts and observe numerous duties (primary, secondary and lateral duties arising of good faith) necessary for performance. It was under this premise that modern legal scholars began to argue that any breach of duties along with the obligatory relationship can configure an anticipated breach of contract, which refers to cases in which the breach is affirmed before the contractual term. This essay aims to analyze the concept and demonstrate the need for consolidation of the anticipated breach as a creditor protection mechanism, examining its application possibility under Brazilian law, along with its requirements, legal status, limits and effects.

Poverty is one of the most oppressive topics all over the world. It is being fought both in developed and developing countries. As for the Czech Republic, poverty is associated with unemployment, especially with the long-term unemployment. On 1st January 2007, two new acts have come into effect; Act no. 110/2006 about minimum and living wage and Act no. 111/2006 about help in substantial shortage. These acts newly regulate the conditions of social benefits and its income with the objective of lowering the long-term unemployment. They incorporate elements that would sanction those who are unemployed and passive in search of a new job, and on the other hand should give advantage to those seeking actively. The purpose of my work is to examine the impacts and consequences of these two acts, and whether these has been any change in the long-term unemployment rate, positive change in its absolute values or positive change in its structure.

In 2007 came into force amendments to the social security system in the Czech Republic. Agreed amendments aim to strengthen the motivation to enter and remain in the labour market, favouring those who seek to improve their situation through their own effort and unfavouring people living just on welfare benefits. There was thus a redefinition of the social benefits and their construction. And there was a significant reduction in unemployment in 2007. This thesis entitled "Developing long-term unemployment in the years 1998 - 2008" assesses the impact of these changes on the level of unemployment, special attention is paid to long-term unemployment. The work is not overlooked by the economic situation of the Czech Republic in the years 1998 - 2008.

Syftet med studien är att klargöra den brukningsvärda jordbruksmarkens skydd och bevarande ur ett nationellt och hållbart perspektiv inom fysisk samhällsplanering. Den övergripande frågeställningen handlar om vad det finns för problematik när det gäller att bevara eller exploatera jordbruksmark. Särskilt studeras lagstiftningens eventuella hinder, tydlighet och tillämpning. Studien fokuserar på den lagstiftning som berör kommunens fysiska planering. Länsstyrelsen har en rådgivande och övervakande roll över kommunen i samband med planläggning av mark- och vattenområden men har inga befogenheter att informera eller ingripa när det gäller brukningsvärd jordbruksmark. Ett område av nationell betydelse i 3 kap. miljöbalken (MB) behandlas därmed annorlunda av staten än ett område av riksintresse i 3- och 4 kap. MB. Tillvägagångssättet för att klargöra lagstiftning som berör kommunens fysiska planering och länsstyrelsens roll i samband med planläggning av mark och vatten utgörs av en kombinerad rättsdogmatisk metod och rättsociologisk metod. Studien redogör för lägesbilden idag och det som förändrats sedan år 2013, genom intervjuundersökning, enkätundersökning och studier av avgöranden i Mark-och miljööverdomstolen (MÖD) från år 2016 till idag. Resultat från intervju ger förslag på en ändrad plan- och bygglagstiftning som förändrar länsstyrelsens rådgivnings- och tillsynsroll i planprocessen. Prognos framöver är fortsatt exploatering av jordbruksmark. Resultat från studiens enkät visar att kommun och länsstyrelse tror på en minskad exploateringstakt fram till år 2030 av jordbruksmark omkring tätorter. Bostadsbebyggelse är ett väsentligt allmänt intresse och är enligt enkätundersökningen den främsta anledningen till att jordbruksmark exploateras. Resultatet visar en ökad uppmärksamhet på jordbruksmarkens betydelse för livsmedelsproduktion och hållbar utveckling. Förslag från myndigheter på förändrat sätt att värdera jordbruksmark kan bidra till en ökad förståelse över jordbruksmarkens värde och betydelse för att uppnå hållbar utveckling. Enligt studien har förändring av rättsläget sedan år 2016 stärkt jordbruksmarkens bevarandevärde. MÖD konstaterar i studiens undersökta rättsfall: oavsett hur lite eller mycket marken brukas, oavsett klassning och oavsett om det är betes- eller åkermark anses jordbruksmark vara brukningsvärd och därmed inte lämplig att exploatera. / The aim of this study is to clarify the agricultural land that is suitable for cultivation and protection from a national and sustainable perspective within physical planning. The general inquiry in this study is whether there is a problem between preserving or developing agricultural land. Studying Swedish legislation, and any potential obstacles, as well as its clarity and applicability have been important to respond to the aim of this study. The study focuses on Swedish legislation that affects municipal physical planning. The County Administrative Board's has a provision of advice- and monitoring role when the municipal wants to plan for use of land- and water areas but has no empowerment to inform or interfere in agricultural land that is suitable for cultivation. Agricultural land is mentioned as an area of "national importance" in the Environmental Code in chapter 3, section 4 but other areas in the same chapter are mentioned as "national interests". This means that the Swedish Government protect the agricultural land differently than the other areas that are mentioned in this chapter. The chosen methods to clarify the Swedish legislation is applied using a legal dogmatic method and a sociology of law method. These methods are used to present Swedish legislation that concerns the municipal physical planning, as well as the County Administrative Board's and their part in monitoring the use of land and water. The study is an overview of the current situation and what has changed since the year of 2013, carried out by conducting a survey, an interview and studying precedents from the Land and Environment Court of Appeal from the year 2016 until present day. The interviews suggest a proposition that a changed Planning and Building Act can alter the municipal and the County Administrative Board's roles and authority regarding regulation and advice in the planning process. The forecast is that agricultural land is going to continue to be developed. The results from the survey indicate that the municipal and the County Administrative Board's believe that the development of agriculture land adjacent to the urban center are going to be reduced by the year of 2030. Housing development is known as a significant national interest and according to the survey it is the main reason to develop agricultural land. The survey result also indicates an increased awareness of agricultural land and the importance for food production and sustainable development. A proposition from authorities to evaluate agricultural land in a different way than before can also contribute to a deeper understanding of agricultural land's value and importance in achieving sustainable development. According to this study the legal postion changed in the year of 2016 which has consolidated the maintenance of agricultural land. The cases in this study from the Land and Environment Court of Appeal mention: no matter how much the agricultural land is being cultivated or not, no matter the classification and no matter if it is pasture or arable land, the agricultural land is suitable for cultivation and therefore not appropriate to develop.

This diploma thesis is focused on valuation of the firm ABC s. r. o. with using income-based valuation methods, which are based on detailed analysis of the firm.

The aim of the submitted diploma is to refine tasks of manipulative environment Parquets for Preschool Children. These tasks then apply to preschool and school children. Not only observe how they cope with these activities, but also how they think, explain their actions, and how they communicate with each other. Observe myself, as a researcher, how do I work with children, how do I communicate with them and how do I submit them the tasks. The theoretical part defines the individual stages for the preschool and pupils in terms of the development of psychology, they are constructive concepts of teaching mathematics with reference to the RVP ZV and RVP PV. The tasks from the environment of Parquets for the first and second year of primary school were registered with reference to didactic potential. I searched the relevant didactic games and described their didactic goals. By the end of the thesis, the extent of the aims fulfilling is reflected. KEYWORDS environment Parquets, constructivism, 2D geometry, didactical games, Ubongo