The main topic of this diploma thesis is Unemployment in the region Most and the ways how to solve this problem. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis explains, what is the unemployment, what are its causes and shows the real numbers of the unemployment in our country and in the World. The second portion assesses the theory of active policy of employment in the Czech republic in its form of investment incentives. The practical portion assesses the region Most, that suffers from long term the highest rate of unemployment and explains the historical and present causes of this situation. Next there is a detailed analysis of the companies in the region Most, which got the investment incentives, and assesses their gain for the reduction of unemployment. The central part of this thesis is about a company EUROPAHAUS GROUP, Ltd. and a description of the procedure of getting its investment incentives.

<p>The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned &ldquo / only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time&rdquo / . This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders.</p>

<p>The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned &ldquo / only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time&rdquo / . This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders.</p>

The purpose of writing this thesis is to analyse the most important aspects of concluding a contract resulting from public tender. The thesis is composed of three main chapters. The first chapter deals with the definitions of basic terminology in the field of public tender, the purpose of the public procurement procedure and legislation related to the concluding a contract resulting from public tender. The second chapter concerns with the most important and the most interesting aspects of the final phase of public procurement procedure. I point out that the bidder is bound by its offer and that he has the obligation to cooperate when entering into the contract within specified period of time. In this part of the thesis I also describe the procedure of concluding small-scale public contracts and the procedure of concluding a contract resulting from public tender based on framework agreement. I also examine the publication of contracts in relation to the proposal of Register of Contracts Act. The third and final chapter is focused on the possibility of changing the contract resulting from public tender. In this context, I mention the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, especially key decision Pressetext. On the basis of this decision new provision related to the prohibition of...

Magister Legum - LLM / The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned "only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time". This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders. / South Africa

I anläggningslagen finns möjlighet att, under vissa förutsättningar, genom tvång inrätta en gemensamhetsanläggning samt ansluta en fastighet till denna. Ett villkor till skydd för enskilda intressen är väsentlighetsvillkoret, 5 § AL, vilket innebär att en fastighet enbart får tvångsanslutas till en gemensamhets-anläggning om anläggningen är av väsentlig betydelse för fastigheten. I teorin kan det dispositiva väsentlighetsvillkoret sägas eftersträva en utformning som ska efterlikna frivilliga överenskommelser. Utöver effektivitetsmotiv för väsentlighetsvillkoret, bör det även finnas rättviseskäl som de deltagande fastighetsägarna själva skulle ha godtagit i en förhandlingssituation.
 Tvångsanslutningar till följd av ett uppfyllt väsentlighetsvillkor sker idag för olika typer av ändamål för att tillgodose gemensamma behov. I vissa avseenden tycks dock tvångslagstiftningen, avseende väsentlighetsvillkoret, ha gått för långt. I denna studie utreds och granskas utformningen, innebörden och tillämpningen av väsentlighetsvillkoret, genom att studera gällande rätt, förarbeten respektive rättspraxis. Studien ifrågasätter tvångslagstiftningen avseende huruvida vissa ändamål är tillräckligt välgrundade för att kunna omfattas av villkoret. Därtill behandlar studien huruvida det är rättvist att tvångsansluta en fastighet till en gemensamhetsanläggning utifrån olika betraktelsesätt på rättvisa. 
 Anläggningslagen har historiskt vuxit fram och utvecklats efter vad som gällt tidigare för gemensamma anläggningar. Utformningen av väsentlighets-villkoret resulterade i att kraven vid tvångsanslutningar blev mildare då kravet i den tidigare lagstiftningen, LGA, ersattes av väsentlig betydelse. Trots att samhället utvecklas och att ändamålen för väsentlighetsvillkorets tillämpning utvidgas till följd av det, bör dock inte kraven vid tillämpningen förändras eller förmildras utan anledning.
 För att en gemensamhetsanläggning ska anses vara av väsentlig betydelse ska ändamålet för anläggningen utgöra ett påtagligt behov för fastigheten. Vad som utgör ett påtagligt behov kan i stor utsträckning motsvara mer grundläggande behov, det innebär dock inte att ett grundläggande ändamål alltid uppfyller väsentlighetsvillkoret då prövningen av villkoret påverkas av ett antal variabler som bör beaktas i respektive fall. 
 Synen på statliga ingrepp i form av en tvångsanslutning av en fastighet till en gemensamhetsanläggning skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket rättviseteori som appliceras på frågan om rättvisa. Det slutliga svaret på vad som är en rättvis tillämpning av väsentlighetsvillkoret blir dock nödvändigt subjektivt. 
 För att begränsa en utvidgad tillämpning av väsentlighetsvillkoret till följd av en mildare utformning krävs en skärpning av paragrafens utformning. Det skulle minska risken för att möjligheten, att genom tvång ansluta en fastighet till en gemensamhetsanläggning, överutnyttjas. / The Joint Facilities Act provides for the possibility to constitute joint facilities and the possibility to connect properties to these under certain conditions. A condition for the protection of individual interests is the provision of substantial importance, § 5 Joint Facilities Act, which means that a property can only be forced to a joint facility if the facility is of substantial importance for the property. In theory, the configuration of the dispositive provision of substantial importance is aimed to emulate voluntary agreements. Beyond efficiency motives for the provision of substantial importance, there should also be reasons based on justice that the participating property owners would have accepted themselves in a negotiation situation.
 Forced connections are currently taking place for different types of purposes to meet common needs. In some respects, however the compulsory legislation in terms of the provision of substantial importance seems to have provision of substantial importance is examined by studying the regarding law, the preamble of the law and jurisprudence. The study questions the forced legislation regarding whether certain purposes are sufficiently well founded to qualify for the condition. Additionally, it is considered whether it is fair to force a property to a joint facility based on different approaches to justice.
 The Joint Facilities Act has historically grown and developed in accordance with what previously applied to joint facilities. The configuration of the provision of substantial importance resulted in that the requirement for forced connections became milder when the concept in the previous legalisation, LGA, was replaced with substantial importance. Although the community is under development and the application of the provision of substantial importance for different purposes is expanded as a result, it should not result in a change or mitigation of the requirements of the application.
 For a joint facility to be of substantial importance for a property, the purpose of the facility must be a significant need. What constitutes a significant need may, to a greater extent, correspond to a more basic need but it does not mean that a joint facility for a basic purpose can always meet the provision of substantial importance as the trial depends on a number of variables that should be considered in each juridical case.
 The view of government intervention in form of a forced connection of a property to a joint facility differs depending on the theory of justice. However, the final answer to what is a fair application of the provision of substantial importance becomes necessary subjective.
 To limit an extended application as a result of a milder configuration of the current provision of substantial importance, a sharpened configuration of the provision is required. This would reduce the risk of over exploiting the possibility of connecting a property to a joint facility by coercion.

Introduction It is widely reported that people with schizophrenia have social cognition deficits. In addition to their negative impact on functioning and quality of life, these deficits may also contribute to the use of violence. It has recently been established that social cognitive interventions (SCIs) can ameliorate deficits in facial affect recognition (FAR). This project aimed to systematically review whether SCIs can also improve theory of mind (ToM) abilities in people with schizophrenia. The empirical study aimed to explore whether the extent of the deficits in FAR and ToM in people with schizophrenia differed between those with and without a substantial history of violence. Method A systematic review was undertaken to identify studies where SCIs were provided to adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Key findings were highlighted with the quality of the studies’ methodology and reporting assessed. A quantitative research study was also undertaken involving 22 men aged 18-64 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, comparing those with and without a substantial history of violence (SHV) on measures of FAR and ToM. Results The majority of the 13 studies included in the systematic review found that the provision of SCIs led to significant improvements in ToM. However, all studies demonstrated a potential for bias and were limited by inadequate sample size. In the empirical study, less than half of participants scored within the normal range for overall FAR ability, with no difference identified between the SHV and no-SHV group. However, the SHV group were poorer at recognising sadness and showed a tendency to perform better at the detection of faux pas, compared to the no-SHV group. Conclusions The systematic review identified that a wide range of SCIs can improve ToM abilities in people with schizophrenia. Its findings highlight that stringent, adequately powered studies should be undertaken, utilising standardised assessments of a range of levels of ToM ability, to enable identification of the most effective intervention. The findings of the empirical study are limited by a small and imbalanced sample size between groups and so must be interpreted with caution. However, patterns observed in the results highlight areas for further exploration. The strengths of this study’s design and recruitment challenges are discussed.

Pretende-se abordar o tema da litigiosidade de massa e da agregação processual no sistema jurídico brasileiro, de forma comparada ao sistema jurídico estadunidense. Trata-se de apurar: qual é o nível ótimo de agregação processual, sem prejuízo à autonomia do indivíduo em contar a sua própria história? O que agregar e como agregar? Esse é o objetivo da presente investigação: aferir qual a extensão, necessária e adequada, da agregação processual nas controvérsias de massa e, ainda, seus respectivos limites no direito processual civil. A tese foi dividida em três seções fundamentais: (i) a primeira seção aborda a história da litigiosidade de massa e as técnicas (de larga escala) de agregação processual; (ii) a segunda seção enfrenta a temática da agregação processual à luz das controvérsias plurissubjetivas, diante dos diversos graus de interdependência substancial (grau de variância que se tolera entre os membros do grupo para admitir a agregação processual). O objetivo é que seja possível reconhecer as características dos interesses ou direitos que transcendem a esfera individual e; (iii) a terceira seção aborda o tema da representatividade adequada e das garantias constitucionais processuais, estabelecendo as premissas para a vinculação dos membros ausentes do grupo à questão comum decidida no procedimento agregado. E, por fim, examinam-se as técnicas de preclusão no sistema jurídico brasileiro e no sistema jurídico estadunidense, condicionando-as ao resultado da argumentação realizada no procedimento agregado e ao ônus ou carga da argumentação. / In this work, we research the issue concerning mass disputes and aggregate litigation in the Brazilian legal system, compared to the U.S. legal system. The problem is to determine: what is the optimal level of aggregation, without prejudice to the individual autonomy? What is going to be aggregate? And how? That\'s the goal of this research: assessing the extent appropriate in aggregation of mass disputes and also their limits in civil proceedings. The thesis has been divided into three main sections: (i) the first section covers the history of mass disputes and the techniques (large-scale) of aggregate litigation, (ii) the second section faces the issue of aggregation in the light of various degrees of substantial interdependence: how much variance among class members\' circumstances should courts tolerate. The aim is to be able to recognize the characteristics of rights that transcend the individual level, and (iii) the third section addresses the issue of adequate representation and procedural constitutional guarantees, establishing the premises for binding absent members of the group. And finally, it approaches the preclusion doctrine in the aggregate litigation, conditioning it to the result of the argument made in the aggregate procedure and the burden of persuasion (showing a good reason).

This paper examines and evaluates one of the entry barriers in the Swedish upper secondary school market,the governmental imposed restriction which states that the establishment of an independent school can notresult in substantial negative eects for municipal schools. Identication of what variables are consideredwhen ruling the establishment of an independent school inappropriate due to the risk of causing substantialnegative eects is carried out through quantitative analysis by gathering data from a stratied sample ofapplications sent in to the Swedish School Inspectorate 2011 and 2012 to start or expand independentschools. The probability of getting an application to start or expand independent school is regressed on thepredicted number of remaining students at municipal schools, on the predicted student population changeand on the municipality recommendation. The models developed show that the predicted number ofstudents left in municipal schools has a big impact on the probability of getting an application approvedwith distinct kinks in the explanatory power. The result also show that the predicted student populationschange is taken into account but that the municipal recommendation is not.

Abstract It has been four whole years ever since Legislative Yuan passed the taxation of trusts for the third time on May 29, 2001. Last year (2004) the real estate investment trust (referred to as ¡§REIT,¡¨ hereinafter) business handled by trust dealers was extremely prosperous, forming a major trend in the market. Trusts have a lot of functions, such as security of assets, appreciation of assets, engagement in public charity, serving as conduit, etc. But the most important merit of trusts is the function of tax saving, which caused a high popularity of REIT last year. However, the taxation problems of trusts are too controversial. Apart from their being regulated by laws, there is still much room for evasion of tax payment. Due to the diversity of the behaviors of trusts, the government still could not find out a perfect taxation method. Based on the fairness and justice of taxation, conduit theories of trust, judgment of tax income for the treasury, neutral principles of taxation and the executive principles according to law, it is easy to attend to several things only but lose sight of some others as there are too many things to be paid attention to. Even up to May 31, 2005, taxpayers still did not know how to declare the synthetic tax for the fiscal year of 2004 over the trusts with unspecified, non-existed beneficiary, or specified beneficiary but the authorizer preserves the right of changing the beneficiary. As affected, it is still uncertain of the taxation rules for the REIT contracts amounting to tens of billions of NT dollars signed last year. The taxation techniques are seriously lagged behind the economic behaviors. In view of this, the study still refers to the books of trusts written by local authors, and takes the taxation of trusts, including income tax, legacy tax, land appreciation tax, land value tax, contract tax, house tax, business tax, etc. and the related in interpretations as the research areas, and then judges the situation with the references of the related articles in newspaper, magazines and journals, attempting to find out the best way of taxation of trusts. Under the objective, legal, rational, concrete and workable principles, some significant conclusions are made. It is hoped that among the varied arguments, the research results of this paper could get co-understanding from most of the people, become referential to the taxation policies of the government, make concrete contributions to the practical implementation, and make the future trust business achieve prosperous development.