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This thesis provides an 'immanent' critique of the moral dimension of Hayek's political theory. The concept of morality that Hayek advances is epistemologically founded. That concept is concerned with the recognition and respect of the natural limits of human knowledge and is incompatible with the idea of objective value judgement. The moral dimension of Hayek's theory is based on the methodological implications of his epistemologically founded concept of morality. That dimension consists of the ideas of social spontaneity and cultural evolution and is incompatible with any concept of objective liberal values. The moral dimension of Hayek's theory excludes but also requires substantive politics. The moral exclusion of substantive politics' undermines freedom and equality in catallaxy while, at the same time, it relativises commutative justice and legitimates the minimal state only from the point of view of its legality. Substantive politics is morally required for preserving and promoting institutions such as catallaxy and commutative justice in terms of liberalism. It is argued that the moral exclusion of substantive politics is due to the epistemological premises of Hayek's theory. Those premises form the praxeological presuppositions of social spontaneity and cultural evolution. In terms of them, substantive politics cannot be morally explained. Substantive politics is grounded on a normative/evaluative conception of a social good. That conception depends on critical reason in terms of which objective liberal values can be "recognised and respected. The moral requirement of substantive politics is due to the fact that the process of social spontaneity and cultural evolution cannot by itself be safeguarded against coercion, inequality and injustice.

This study examines spousal sexual assault laws in Nigeria and Canada through the lens of substantive equality. The aim is to show that only when a substantive-equality approach is used for legislation and adjudication of spousal sexual assault can victims fairly seek and realize justice. This is because substantive equality considers broader socio-economic and cultural contexts that support this crime, including exposing stereotypes that underpin its legislation and adjudication. The study shows that in Nigeria and Canada spousal sexual assault is endemic and that women are disproportionately represented as victims and men as perpetrators. Failures to apply the principles of substantive equality in adjudicating spousal sexual assault lead to the flaws in evidentiary procedures involving this crime. The study concludes that it is important to revise criminal laws and evidentiary procedures in Nigeria and Canada using substantive equality principles. / October 2016

The topic of this research are the linkages between the descriptive and the substantive representation of women. The research questions seek to explore 1. in how far and on what basis women in parliament represent women and women's issues and how women in civil society perceive this 2. what obstacles to the work of women in congress are identified 3. to what extent women in Chilean congress work amongst each other and over organizational barriers with women's organizations and SERNAM and lastly 4. how the findings on the questions above relate and contribute to the broader debate on mediating factors between DRW and SRW and what conclusions on the potential impact of a quota on these factors they allow. For this purpose, this field study involved interviews conducted in April and May 2015 in Santiago de Chile and Valparaiso as well as one via Skype. The interviewees were seven current and recent female members of the Chilean congress as well as five representatives from reputable women's organizations. Furthermore, the extensive literature on the topic as well as reports on the issue of gender equality were reviewed. The method applied was qualitative and abductive. No theory-testing was involved, instead the approach was exploratory and theories and analytical frameworks were used as inspiration for interview questions in an abductive way. The results of this study shed light on six variables drawn from the research debate, the role of women's diversity, the impact of their attitudes towards the representation of women, tokenism, 'women's issues', feminist triangles and here also the relation of legislators to feminism, and finally the impact of numbers on all variables. Specifically feminist triangles reveal a wealth of interactions and potential for the promotion of enhancing SRW in ways contingent and non-contingent on DRW.

No abstract provided. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / Scope and contents: The first part of the thesis is an orientation to the novel itself, since the entire work must be taken as the only meaningful context for a consideration of the substantive variants. The second part consists of an examination of the selected revisions in the light of the full context and of James's theory of revision. The third part is a record of substantive variants. The appendices contain a report on computer collation of a section of the text and two extended notes on specific substantive variants.

- 1 - Abstract of Jan Horník's dissertation "Criminal law application of corruption and bribery" This dissertation, as it follows from its title, deals with the issues of corruption and bribery, mainly from the perspective of criminal substantive law. The author emphasises the fact that corruption has been discussed as an adverse social phenomenon which has for a long time constituted an issue of not only national dimension, but has been the object of activities of numerous international or multinational organisations due to its diversity and wide spread. Since the media cover corruption-related cases on an almost-daily basis (and we will leave it to the reader whether or not to believe the saying that everyone is corruptible, what only matters is the amount of the bribe offered and the circumstances under which it is offered), the author of this dissertation decided to highlight and explain the aspects related to corruption, and in that context to analyse the applicable laws of the Czech Republic. The aim of this dissertation is to introduce the reader to the general principles of the law applicable to penalisation of corruption, particularly from the perspective of criminal substantive law, and also from the perspectives of criminology and international law. The dissertation offers a general introduction...

Thesis advisor: Kathleen Bailey / This paper seeks to address the inclusion of Kuwaiti women as political actors. Kuwait held elections on May 16, 2009, and Moussoma al-Mubarak, Rola Dashti, Aseel al-Awadhi, and Salwa al-Jassar became the first women elected to the National Assembly. This victory occurred on the fourth anniversary of female enfranchisement in Kuwait. In an attempt to account for variations among the number of women in parliament in Kuwait by drawing on research from the field of descriptive representation, I found that the year of female suffrage, the religion of Islam, Kuwait’s cultural implications of gender-equality, the peculiarities of Kuwait’s electoral system, and timing and framing to be particularly important in the case of Kuwait. A consideration of substantive representation is also relevant to Kuwait, as early signs of involvement of the women members of Parliament indicate that women’s interests are on the political agenda in Kuwait. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies Honors Program. / Discipline: Political Science.

Unfair labour practice formed part of South Africa's history throughout the years. There was not enough legislation to protect all races against unfair labour practice. The dramatic political, governmental and social changes over the last decade ensured that South Africa put new legislation in place to ensure fair labour practice for all races in South Africa. This legislation is also implemented in the South Africa education system to ensure fairness. The Employment of Educators Act and the South African Schools Act devised legislation to protects the rights of both the learner and the educator in the education system of South-Africa. The aim of this research was to determine whether there is sufficient legislation to protect the rights of the educator, in which manner unfair labour practice exists against educators, to what extent unfair labour practice influences motivation and productivity of educators and what the perceptions of educators are regarding unfair practice by the department. This has been done according to a literature study, as well as an analysis of legislation relevant to the educator, and any other legislation pertaining to the regulation of labour practice in South Africa. The essence of fair labour practice is discussed and validated by certain court cases which exposed unfair labour practice in South Africa. These court cases are analysed and discussed to explain the relevant aspects of the essence. Interviews were conducted with educators, and questionnaires were distributed to selected schools, then analysed to obtain their views on availability of relevant legislation, knowledge and perceptions on legislation, viewpoint on injustice, viewpoint of educator's motivation and productivity and possible solutions to limit injustice. It was then possible to compile certain recommendations and conclusions out of the information derived from the questionnaires and interviews. The general impression of the results was that there is a negative attitude from educators towards the department. Educators feel that the Department of Education does not protect them adequately. These educators belief that they are treated unfairly by the department. The majority of educators feel that the department does not have enough knowledge of the relevant legislation and this contributes to unfair action against educators. This unfair labour practice does influence the motivation and productivity of educators in the public schools of South Africa. A large number of educators feel that they are treated unfairly regarding the workload and the distribution of tasks in the schools. The unmanageable large classes and restriction of powers of the educator regarding discipline lead to negativity and a loss of productivity. When the Department of Education starts paying attention to the complaints by educators and liaise with schools timeously, it would ensure a fairer education system and educators would be more motivated and thus more productive. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Many scholars believe in order to have democratic legitimacy, females should be represented in governing bodies at all levels. Significant literature on female descriptive representation in the U.S. for women’s policy responsiveness confirms the importance between the percentage of females in the legislature and public policy that represents women’s interests. At the same time, there is research suggesting female representatives do not always represent women’s interests. This study examined female descriptive representation and incorporation and its effect on substantive representation of female group salient issues and answered the following research question: Does an increase in female descriptive representation, institutional mechanisms of influence, or other political conditional factors lead to better substantive representation of female group salient issues? This research project replicated Robert Preuhs’ 2006 work by studying the conditional effects of female descriptive representation in the state legislature from 1983-2002. The study is important because it turns to state level data and accounts for all mechanisms of influence, as well as conditional effects of a liberal governing coalition, to determine whether female descriptive representation exerts policy influence. Five theoretical models were presented and tested in this work: The Presence Model, the Simple Incorporation Model, the Specific Institutional Incorporation Model, The Broad Institutional Incorporation Model, and The Party as a Substantive Representative Model. The dependent variables selected were per pupil educational expenditures, percentage of children without health insurance, welfare benefits, and percentage of child support collected. An OLS model with a lagged dependent variable and panel correlated standard errors was used to estimate the coefficients for each dependent variable. Female descriptive representation and incorporation did have some influence on substantive representation with welfare benefits and percentage of child support collected. The female influence is important and increasing the number of females in the legislature will result in more policy and benefits for issues important to women in society. However, examining the issues in a different way or with different dependent variables may provide better results indicating the importance of female descriptive representation on substantive representation of female group salient issues.