This study measured the effects of spoil type and amendments on Appalachian mine soil properties over time. The Controlled Overburden Placement Experiment was installed in 1982 in two parts, the Rock Mix (RM) Experiment compares mixes of sandstone (SS) and siltstone (SiS) spoils while the Surface Amendment (SA) Experiment compares a fertilized control (CON), sawdust (SD at 112 Mg ha⁻¹), topsoil (TSâ 15 cm), and biosolids (BS) at 22, 56, 112 & 224 Mg ha⁻¹. Both experiments were sampled in 2008 and compared with historical data. After 26 years, all RM treatments had higher silt+clay and decreased sand. Mine soil pH and electrical conductance (EC) were lower in high SS spoils and overall pH was lower and EC higher in surface layers. Fe-oxides increased over time and adversely affected extractable P. Exchangeable cations and total N increased in all treatments. Annual C-sequestration rates were 0.51 Mg ha⁻¹ for 1:1 SS:SiS and 0.32 Mg ha⁻¹ for SiS. In the SA experiment, extractable P and exchangeable cations increased over time in organically amended plots. The CON and TS sequestered C at 0.54 Mg ha⁻¹ and 0.87 Mg ha⁻¹ annually while higher BS and SD treatments lost C, but mobilized significant C into their subsoils. In the SA, an apparent C retention maximum of 30-35 Mg ha⁻¹ was noted. Overall, rock type and amendment effects were still evident after 26 years and the long-term benefits of organic amendments were reflected in sustained higher C, exchangeable cations, total N and P levels. / Master of Science

Due to the separation of Police and Fire Fighting systems, fire control organizations are growing enormously in the recent years, creating heavy workload for the authorities. With the serious shortage of fire fighters in all level of fight control system, the affiliation of military substitute service is a great relief for the fire control societies. Currently, the management of military substitute service and the evaluation of their psychoanalysis still lack of practical methods within the country. This research focuses on the analysis of fire control organizations¡¦ application of military substitute service, management issues, and the psychoanalysis of military substitute service participants. Opinions and background information of participants are collected in large-scale with questionnaires and various methods. Results are evaluated and analyzed to derive logical management patterns, thus develop an ideal scheme to improve the performance of military substitute service participants, as well as maintaining discipline. Defects of existing systems are discussed and improvement strategies are suggested for the fire control authorities to reference for future consideration of military substitute service recruit program.

Submitted by MARIA ROSA FELIX DE SOUSA GOMIDE GUIMARÃES (DINTER) null (mariarosa@saolucas.edu.br) on 2016-11-25T14:46:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DOUTORADO Maria Rosa Final.pdf: 1423380 bytes, checksum: 7002561449c42c6a10d037b7ac5e7381 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-29T13:58:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_mrfsg_dr_araca.pdf: 1423380 bytes, checksum: 7002561449c42c6a10d037b7ac5e7381 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T13:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_mrfsg_dr_araca.pdf: 1423380 bytes, checksum: 7002561449c42c6a10d037b7ac5e7381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / Objetivos: Analisar histologicamente e histometricamente o efeito do RTR® em defeitos ósseos cirúrgicos críticos em tíbias de ratos no processo de reparo ósseo. Materiais e Métodos: Defeitos ósseos críticos foram criados nas tíbias de 32 ratos Wistar divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Coágulo e Grupo RTR®. Após o período experimental de 30 e 90 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e as peças incluídas em parafina, cortadas e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina. Dois parâmetros foram analisados: a área óssea total neoformada (AON) e a área óssea da cortical neoformada (ACN). A análise estatística foi realizada nos dois períodos de observação pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo Teste de Tukey. Resultados: Todos os grupos demonstraram reparo ósseo superior quando comparados ao Grupo Coágulo 30 dias nos dois parâmetros analisados. O Grupo RTR®, em 30 e 90 dias, apresentou reparo da cortical óssea e formações de tecido ósseo na região central do defeito maior do que no Grupo Coágulo de 90 dias, que apresentou reparo parcial da cortical óssea e poucas formações de tecido ósseo na região do defeito (p<0,05). Conclusões: O RTR® favoreceu a neoformação óssea no modelo experimental adotado podendo ser indicado em casos de cavidades ósseas de tamanho crítico. / Objectives: To analyze histologically and histometrically the effect of RTR® on critical surgical bone defects in rat tibiae in the bone repair process. Materials and Methods: Critical bone defects were created in the tibia of 32 Wistar rats divided into two groups: Clot Group and RTR® Group. After the experimental period of 30 and 90 days, the animals were sacrificed and the paraffin embedded pieces were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Two parameters were analyzed: total neoformed bone area (AON) and bone area of neoformed cortical (ACN). Statistical analysis was performed in the two observation periods by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: All groups demonstrated superior bone repair when compared to the Clot Group 30 days in the two analyzed parameters. The RTR® Group, in 30 and 90 days, presented repair of the cortical bone and bone tissue formations in the central region of the defect greater than in the 90-day Clot Group, which presented partial repair of the cortical bone and few bone tissue formations in the region of the defect (p <0.05). Conclusions: The RTR® favored the bone neoformation in the adopted experimental model and can be indicated in cases of bone of critical size.

Olestra is, a sucrose polyester, a noncaloric fat substitute, made from sucrose and several fatty acid esters. It has been approved by the FDA as a food additive used in preparing low-fat deep-frying foods such as savory snacks. Available literature on olestra was evaluated that had both positive and negative connotations. Clinical trials in numerous species of animals including humans were conducted to determine if olestra would affect the utilization and absorption of macro- and micronutrients; the effects of olestra on growth, reproduction, or its toxicity were also examined. The roles of olestra as a fat substitute, how it could effect on humans and the environment, and the potential impacts from its use in large amounts were assessed. Olestra can be removed from the environment by aerobic bacteria and fungi which may be isolated from activated sludge and soils.

5-Aminoisoquinolin-1(2H)-one hydrochloride (5-AIQ.HCI) is a potent, water-soluble PARP-1 inhibitor that exhibits outstanding activity in a wide range of disease models in vivo. The aim of this project is the design and synthesis of derivatives with substituents at the 4-positoin of 5-AIQ. The modes of cyclisation of methyl 2-(substituted)alkynyl-3-nitrobenzoates with different electrophiles (ICI, PhSeCI, HgSO4) were studied. The exclusive formation of isocoumarins demonstrates the influence of the nitro group in directing electrophile-driven cyclisations towards the 6-endo-dig mode. The crystal structure of 5-nitro-3-phenyl-4-phenylselenylisocoumarin showed intermolecular and intramolecular ?-stacking. Attempted synthesis of 4-benzyl-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-one by selective reduction of the nitrile of methyl 2-(1-cyano-2-phenylethyl)-3-nitrobenzamide failed. Bromination of 5-nitro-isoquinolin-1-one gave 4-bromo-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-one but Pd(0)-catalysed cross-couplings (Stille, Sonogashira, Suzuki-Miyaura) of this and of 4-bromo-5-AIQ failed. An alternative approach was Pd-catalysed cyclisation of N-(2-alkenyl)-2-iodo-3-nitrobenzamides. Reaction of N,N-diallyl-2-iodo-3-nitrobenzamide with Pd(PPh₃)₄ gave 2-allyl-4-methyl-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-one and 2-allyl-4-methylene-5-nitro-3,4-dihydro-isoquinolin-1-one. N-Benzhydryl-N-cinnamyl-2-iodo-3-nitrobenzamide gave 2-benz-hydryl-4-benzyl-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-one and 2-benzhydryl-4-benzylidene-5-nitro-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-one. These products are not interconvertible. The secondary amides N-allyl-2-iodo-3-nitrobenzamide and N N-((substituted)-cinnamyl)-2-iodo-3-nitrobenzamide gave good yields of the required 4-methyl- and 4-((substituted)-benzyl)-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-ones, respectively, under optimised conditions (Pd(PPh₃)₄, Et₃N, Bu₄NCI, 150°C, rapid heating). Hydrogen gave 4-methyl- and 4-benzyl-5-amino-isoquinolin-1-ones. The 4-substituted 5-AIQs were evaluated for inhibition of recombinant human PARP-1 activity. Three were more potent than 5-AIQ; 5-amino-4-methylisoquinolin-1-one (IC₅₀ = 0.25 μM), 5-amino-4-benzylisoquinolin-1-one (IC₅₀ = 0.5 μM) and 5-amino-4-bromoisoquinolin-1-one (IC₅₀ = 1.0 μM).

<p>This article examines the case of Filipina women that substitute for Filipina migrant workers. Through semi-structured interviews in the Philippines this study draws attention to the experiences of the ‘stand-in’ women and demonstrates how the organisation of care in the transnational families is based on a system whereby female family members or friends are ascribed with a ‘natural’ responsibility to become social reproductive stand-ins for the migrated mothers. In the global transfer of social reproduction, hierarchies of women are maintained, based on intersectional power structures such as ethnicity, race, nationality, age, and class. But the stand-in women in the three-tier transfer of reproductive labour, or global care chain, do not  always occupy one single position, but actually shift in time and place between ‘the middle’ and ‘the bottom’ of the hierarchy. Regardless of location, Filipina women remain under the burden of their gendered duties and whether working abroad as domestic workers or acting as local stand-ins, they have to take on both local and global social reproductive work. They become the breadwinner in their families, at the same time as they are ascribed natural responsibility for households and families, as wives, mothers and stand-ins ‘at home’.</p>

This article examines the case of Filipina women that substitute for Filipina migrant workers. Through semi-structured interviews in the Philippines this study draws attention to the experiences of the ‘stand-in’ women and demonstrates how the organisation of care in the transnational families is based on a system whereby female family members or friends are ascribed with a ‘natural’ responsibility to become social reproductive stand-ins for the migrated mothers. In the global transfer of social reproduction, hierarchies of women are maintained, based on intersectional power structures such as ethnicity, race, nationality, age, and class. But the stand-in women in the three-tier transfer of reproductive labour, or global care chain, do not  always occupy one single position, but actually shift in time and place between ‘the middle’ and ‘the bottom’ of the hierarchy. Regardless of location, Filipina women remain under the burden of their gendered duties and whether working abroad as domestic workers or acting as local stand-ins, they have to take on both local and global social reproductive work. They become the breadwinner in their families, at the same time as they are ascribed natural responsibility for households and families, as wives, mothers and stand-ins ‘at home’.

This study develops a dynamic pricing model with a quality substitutable product, taking into account strategic and myopic consumers. In each of the two periods, the firm can choose between offering a high quality product, a low quality product or both and the corresponding price for the product. Strategic consumers compare current utility with future utility in order to decide the time of purchase and the quality of the product in an attempt to maximize their utilities. Myopic consumers consider only current utility in purchasing of the products. We generate scenarios, prove whether a scenario is feasible and which scenario produces the best profit for the firm. Our result suggests that the firm obtains the best profit when it provides only high quality products in each of the two periods. In other words, the firm does not have to offer quality substitution as intertemporal substitution suffices to maximize the expected profit.

Genetically engineered cells have the potential to solve the cell availability problem in developing a pancreatic tissue substitute for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD). These cells can be beta-cells genetically engineered so that they can be grown in culture, such as the betaTC3 and betaTC tet mouse insulinomas developed by Efrat et al; or, they can be non-beta cells genetically engineered to secrete insulin constitutively or under transcriptional regulation. The aim of this work was to thoroughly characterize and improve the secretion dynamics of pancreatic substitutes based on genetically engineered cells. One issue involved with the continuous beta-cell lines is the remodeling of the cells inside an encapsulated cell system, which may affect the insulin secretion dynamics exhibited by the construct. To evaluate the effect of remodeling on the secretion properties of the construct, we used a single-pass perfusion system to characterize the insulin secretion dynamics of different alginate beads in response to step-ups and downs in glucose concentration. Results indicated that the secretion dynamics of beads indeed changed after long-term culture. On the other hand, data with a growth-regulated cell line, betaTC tet cells, showed that the secretion profile of beads can be retained if the cell growth is suppressed. A major concern associated with genetically engineered cells of non-beta origin is that they generally exhibit sub-optimal insulin secretion characteristics relative to normal pancreatic islets. Instead of relying on molecular tools such as manipulating gene elements, our approach was to introduce a glucose-responsive material acting as a control barrier for insulin release from a device containing constitutively secreting cells. Proof-of-concept experiments were performed with a disk-shaped prototype based on recombinant HepG2 hepatomas or C2C12 myoblasts, which constitutively secreted insulin, and concanavalin A (con A)-based glucose-responsive material as the control barrier. Results demonstrated that the a hybrid pancreatic substitute consisting of constitutively secreting cells and glucose-responsive material has the potential to provide a more physiologic regulation of insulin release than the cells by themselves or in an inert material.

Anthropomorphic phantoms are commonly used for testing radiation fields without the need to expose human subjects. One of the most widely known is RANDO phantom. This phantom is used primarily for medical X-ray applications, but a similar design known as "MATROSHKA" is now being used for space research and exposed to heavy ion irradiations from the Galactic environment. Since the radiation field in the phantom should respond in a similar manner to how it would act in human tissues and organs under an irradiation, the tissue substitute chosen for soft tissue and the level of complexity of the entire phantom are crucial issues. The phantoms, and the materials used to create them, were developed mainly for photon irradiations and have not been heavily tested under the conditions of heavy ion exposures found in the space environment or external radiotherapy. The Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS) was used to test the phantoms and their materials for their potential as human surrogates for heavy ion irradiation. Stopping powers and depth-dose distributions of heavy charged particles (HCPs) important to space research and medical applications were first used in the simulations to test the suitability of current soft tissue substitutes. A detailed computational anthropomorphic phantom was then developed where tissue substitutes and ICRU-44 tissue could be interchanged to verify the validation of the soft tissue substitutes and and determine the required level of complexity of the entire phantom needed to achieve a specified precision as a replacement of the human body. The materials tested were common soft tissue substitutes in use and the materials which had a potential for the soft tissue substitute. Ceric sulfate dosimeter solution was closest to ICRU-44 tissue; however, it was not appropriate as the phantom material because it was a solution. A150 plastic, ED4C (fhw), Nylon (Du Pont Elvamide 8062), RM/SR4, Temex, and RW-2 were within 1% of the mean normalized difference of mass stopping powers (or stopping powers for RW-2) when compared to the ICRU-44 tissue, and their depth-dose distributions were close; therefore, they were the most suitable among the remaining solid materials. Overall, the soft tissue substitutes which were within 1% of ICRU-44 tissue in terms of stopping power produced reasonable results with respect to organ dose in the developed phantom. RM/SR4 is the best anthropomorphic phantom soft tissue substitute because it has similar interaction properties and identical density with ICRU-44 tissue and it is a rigid solid polymer giving practical advantages in manufacture of real phantoms.