No presente trabalho o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi pré-tratado quimiotermomecanicamente (QTM) com três concentrações de solução sulfito alcalino (g/100 g de bagaço): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM10%), e posteriormente refinado num refinador de discos, visando incrementar a acessibilidade da parede celular para extrair enzimaticamente as hemiceluloses. O bagaço também foi pré-tratado com clorito ácido por 2 horas (D2) e 4 horas (D4), para gerar um substrato modelo com baixo teor de lignina. A composição original do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi de 32,3% de celulose, 28,5% de hemicelulose e 22,0% de lignina (g/100 g de bagaço original). Depois de pré-tratados, as remoções de lignina foram de 18%; 31% e 48% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente. Parte das hemiceluloses foi removida, em níveis de 22% para os bagaços QTM2,5% e QTM5% e 17% para o QTM10%. O pré-tratamento clorito ácido removeu lignina em níveis de 55% e 75% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente; e 10% da hemicelulose no bagaço D4. As hemiceluloses de todos os bagaços pré-tratados foram extraídas com 3 diferentes preparados de endo-xilanases comerciais, usando 20UI/g de bagaço, em pH=8.0 (tampão fosfato 50 mM), 50°C e uma relação sólido:líquido de 1:20. Após 24h de reação, a xilanase Luminase apresentou os melhores rendimentos de extração de xilana com valores de: 4%, 7% e 32% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente; e de: 34% e 55% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente. A extração se correlacionou linearmente com a remoção de lignina (R2=0,97) e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos (R2=0,88 para ácido ferúlico; R2=0,80 para ácido p-coumárico), e com o aumento da área superficial accessível de celulose (R2=0,95). Não foi observada a produção de açúcares monoméricos nas xilanas extraídas. Aumentando a carga enzimática em 20 vezes (100 UI) no bagaço QTM10% e em 12 vezes (60 UI) no bagaço D4 a extração da xilana aumentou 29% e 21%, respectivamente, sugerindo que além da lignina e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, existem outros impedimentos a extração. O bagaço QTM10% foi extraído sequencialmente duas vezes com 100UI de Luminase por grama de bagaço, e posteriormente sacarificado com celulases comerciais. Os resultados mostraram que primeiro são extraídas as xilanas mais substituídas com arabinose e que a extração da xilana favorece a sacarificação da celulose residual, quando comparado com um material simplesmente pré-tratado. Entretanto, para aceder a toda a xilana do bagaço, é necessário hidrolisar parte da celulose, indicando que o pré-tratamento QTM10% não consegue quebrar por completo a alta interação celulose-hemicelulose. A pré-incubação do bagaço QTM10% por 8h com endoglucanase, seguida da reação com xilanase por 24h, aumentou a extração de xilana em 17,6%. As xilanas extraídas podem ser recuperadas por precipitação com etanol. Análises de ressonância magnética nuclear mostraram que a xilana extraída corresponde a glucurono-arabinoxilana, sendo detectados também ácido pcoumárico, baixas quantidades de lignina e proteínas, derivados do processo de extração. / In the present work, the sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with a chemithermomechanically (CTM) process using three concentrations alkaline-sulfite solution (g/100 g of bagasse): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM2,5%), and disk refining with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility for subsequent extraction of the hemicellulose fraction. Besides, bagasse was delignified with acidic sodium chlorite for 2 hours (D2) and 4 hours (D4), to produce a model with low lignin content. The original composition of sugarcane bagasse was 38.3% of cellulose, 28.5% of hemicellulose and 22.0% of lignin (g/100 g of original bagasse). After pretreatment, the lignin removal were 18%; 31% e 48% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% e CTM10%, respectively. A part of the hemicellulose was removed at levels of 22% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% and 17% for QTM10%. Acid chlorite pretreatment removed lignin at 55% and 75% levels for D2 and D4, respectively; and 10% of hemicellulose in D4 bagasse. Hemicelluloses from all pre-treated bagasses were extracted with 3 different commercial endoxylanases preparations using 20UI/g of bagasse, at pH 8.0 (phosphate buffer 50 mM), 50°C and solid:liquid ratio of 1:20. After 24h of reaction, Luminase xylanase showed the best xylan extraction yields of: 4%, 7% and 32% for QTM2,5%, QTM5% and QTM10%, respectively; and of: 34% and 55% for D2 and D4, respectively. The xylan extraction correlated linearly with lignin (R2=0.97) and hidroxicinamic acid (R2=0.88 for ferulic acid; R2=0.80 for p-coumaric acid) removal, and with the increase of accessible surface area of the cellulose (R2=0.95). The production of monomeric sugars in the extracted xylan was not observed. Increasing enzimatic loading by 20 times (100 UI) for the bagasse CTM10% and 12 times (60 UI/) for the D4 bagasse, the xylan extraction was increased 29% and 21%, respectively, suggesting that besides lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids, there are other impediments to enzymatic extraction. The QTM10% bagasse was extracted sequentially twice with 100UI of Luminase per gram of bagasse, and then saccharified with commercial cellulases. The results showed that the xylanes most substituted with arabinose are extracted first and that the extraction of the xylan favors the saccharification of the residual cellulose as compared to a simply pretreated material. However, to access all the bagasse xylan, it is necessary to hydrolyze part of the cellulose, because the QTM10% pretreatment was not enough to completely disintegrate the high cellulose-hemicellulose interaction. Pre-incubation of the QTM10% bagasse for 8h with endoglucanase, followed by xylanase reaction for 24h, increased the xylan extraction by 17.6%. Extracted xylans were recovered by precipitation with ethanol and characterized. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that extracted xylan corresponds to a glucurono-arabinoxylan with residues of p-coumaric acid and low amounts of lignin and proteins, derived from the extraction process.

No presente trabalho o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi pré-tratado quimiotermomecanicamente (QTM) com três concentrações de solução sulfito alcalino (g/100 g de bagaço): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM10%), e posteriormente refinado num refinador de discos, visando incrementar a acessibilidade da parede celular para extrair enzimaticamente as hemiceluloses. O bagaço também foi pré-tratado com clorito ácido por 2 horas (D2) e 4 horas (D4), para gerar um substrato modelo com baixo teor de lignina. A composição original do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi de 32,3% de celulose, 28,5% de hemicelulose e 22,0% de lignina (g/100 g de bagaço original). Depois de pré-tratados, as remoções de lignina foram de 18%; 31% e 48% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente. Parte das hemiceluloses foi removida, em níveis de 22% para os bagaços QTM2,5% e QTM5% e 17% para o QTM10%. O pré-tratamento clorito ácido removeu lignina em níveis de 55% e 75% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente; e 10% da hemicelulose no bagaço D4. As hemiceluloses de todos os bagaços pré-tratados foram extraídas com 3 diferentes preparados de endo-xilanases comerciais, usando 20UI/g de bagaço, em pH=8.0 (tampão fosfato 50 mM), 50°C e uma relação sólido:líquido de 1:20. Após 24h de reação, a xilanase Luminase apresentou os melhores rendimentos de extração de xilana com valores de: 4%, 7% e 32% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente; e de: 34% e 55% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente. A extração se correlacionou linearmente com a remoção de lignina (R2=0,97) e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos (R2=0,88 para ácido ferúlico; R2=0,80 para ácido p-coumárico), e com o aumento da área superficial accessível de celulose (R2=0,95). Não foi observada a produção de açúcares monoméricos nas xilanas extraídas. Aumentando a carga enzimática em 20 vezes (100 UI) no bagaço QTM10% e em 12 vezes (60 UI) no bagaço D4 a extração da xilana aumentou 29% e 21%, respectivamente, sugerindo que além da lignina e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, existem outros impedimentos a extração. O bagaço QTM10% foi extraído sequencialmente duas vezes com 100UI de Luminase por grama de bagaço, e posteriormente sacarificado com celulases comerciais. Os resultados mostraram que primeiro são extraídas as xilanas mais substituídas com arabinose e que a extração da xilana favorece a sacarificação da celulose residual, quando comparado com um material simplesmente pré-tratado. Entretanto, para aceder a toda a xilana do bagaço, é necessário hidrolisar parte da celulose, indicando que o pré-tratamento QTM10% não consegue quebrar por completo a alta interação celulose-hemicelulose. A pré-incubação do bagaço QTM10% por 8h com endoglucanase, seguida da reação com xilanase por 24h, aumentou a extração de xilana em 17,6%. As xilanas extraídas podem ser recuperadas por precipitação com etanol. Análises de ressonância magnética nuclear mostraram que a xilana extraída corresponde a glucurono-arabinoxilana, sendo detectados também ácido pcoumárico, baixas quantidades de lignina e proteínas, derivados do processo de extração. / In the present work, the sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with a chemithermomechanically (CTM) process using three concentrations alkaline-sulfite solution (g/100 g of bagasse): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM2,5%), and disk refining with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility for subsequent extraction of the hemicellulose fraction. Besides, bagasse was delignified with acidic sodium chlorite for 2 hours (D2) and 4 hours (D4), to produce a model with low lignin content. The original composition of sugarcane bagasse was 38.3% of cellulose, 28.5% of hemicellulose and 22.0% of lignin (g/100 g of original bagasse). After pretreatment, the lignin removal were 18%; 31% e 48% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% e CTM10%, respectively. A part of the hemicellulose was removed at levels of 22% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% and 17% for QTM10%. Acid chlorite pretreatment removed lignin at 55% and 75% levels for D2 and D4, respectively; and 10% of hemicellulose in D4 bagasse. Hemicelluloses from all pre-treated bagasses were extracted with 3 different commercial endoxylanases preparations using 20UI/g of bagasse, at pH 8.0 (phosphate buffer 50 mM), 50°C and solid:liquid ratio of 1:20. After 24h of reaction, Luminase xylanase showed the best xylan extraction yields of: 4%, 7% and 32% for QTM2,5%, QTM5% and QTM10%, respectively; and of: 34% and 55% for D2 and D4, respectively. The xylan extraction correlated linearly with lignin (R2=0.97) and hidroxicinamic acid (R2=0.88 for ferulic acid; R2=0.80 for p-coumaric acid) removal, and with the increase of accessible surface area of the cellulose (R2=0.95). The production of monomeric sugars in the extracted xylan was not observed. Increasing enzimatic loading by 20 times (100 UI) for the bagasse CTM10% and 12 times (60 UI/) for the D4 bagasse, the xylan extraction was increased 29% and 21%, respectively, suggesting that besides lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids, there are other impediments to enzymatic extraction. The QTM10% bagasse was extracted sequentially twice with 100UI of Luminase per gram of bagasse, and then saccharified with commercial cellulases. The results showed that the xylanes most substituted with arabinose are extracted first and that the extraction of the xylan favors the saccharification of the residual cellulose as compared to a simply pretreated material. However, to access all the bagasse xylan, it is necessary to hydrolyze part of the cellulose, because the QTM10% pretreatment was not enough to completely disintegrate the high cellulose-hemicellulose interaction. Pre-incubation of the QTM10% bagasse for 8h with endoglucanase, followed by xylanase reaction for 24h, increased the xylan extraction by 17.6%. Extracted xylans were recovered by precipitation with ethanol and characterized. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that extracted xylan corresponds to a glucurono-arabinoxylan with residues of p-coumaric acid and low amounts of lignin and proteins, derived from the extraction process.

The synthesis and characterization of an isomorphous series of copper-containing microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on triazolyl isophthalate linkers with the general formula 3 ¥[Cu4(m3-OH)2(R1-R2-trz-ia)3(H2O)x] are presented. Through size adjustment of the alkyl substituents R1 and/or R2 at the linker, the impact of linker functionalization on structure-property relationships was studied. Due to the arrangement of the substituents towards the cavities, the porosity (pore fraction 28%–39%), as well as the pore size can be adjusted by the size of the substituents of the triazole ring. Thermal analysis and temperature-dependent PXRD studies reveal a thermal stability of the MOFs up to 230 C due to increasing framework stability through fine-tuning of the linker substitution pattern. Adsorption of CO2 (298 K) shows a decreasing maximum loading with increasing steric demand of the substituents of the triazole ring. Furthermore, the selective oxidation of cyclohexene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) is studied over the MOFs at 323 K in liquid chloroform. The catalytic activity increases with the steric demand of the substituents. Additionally, these isomorphous MOFs exhibit considerable robustness under oxidizing conditions confirmed by CO2 adsorption studies, as well as by the catalytic selective oxidation experiments.

本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究 台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability)，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。 本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個 禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話，並利用錄製回來的影音檔做 譯寫和分析。 結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的，且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候，而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分，結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低，且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG 也是頻率高的音節類型之一，但他的變化性也很高，主要是因為韻尾省略 (coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係，所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。 最後，將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論，結果發現頻 率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型，相反的頻率低 以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型，此外小朋友會用無 標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。 / The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team. The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development. The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.