This diploma thesis deals with modernization design of railway station Vranovice for 200 km/h speed according to a traffic demand and actual legislation not only in sectinon of access of people with mobility or orientation disability. The design consists of track direction and height adjustment including railway superstructure and substructure, and 2 island platforms which platform edge height is 550 mm above the top of the rail.

The subject of the diploma thesis is to design a redevelopment of railway station Chrudim in order to meet current legislation on access of persons with reduced mobility. Two platforms with the platform edge height of 550 millimetres above the top of the rail have been designed. The amount of four running tracks through the station remains unchanged. Furthermore, the railway superstructure, railway substructure and the new drainage system was also designed.

This master thesis refers to implementation exhaustive research of bridge construction. This diagnostics research serves as the first step of objective assessment of the condition of the bridge for further processing of investor intent. In the next two steps was the research focused on detailed research of the substructure for decide of the volume of the reconstruction and on the real condition of the superstructure for the check of the load capacity of the bridge.

This diploma thesis deals with reconstruction of the Podivín railway station. As part of the work, a new railway solution for the station will be proposed to increase the speed to 200 km / h, including the design of the railway superstructure, substructure and overall drainage. Furthermore, a total peronization will be proposed using two island platforms with a boarding edge height of 550 mm above the top of the rail.

Waterproofing membranes are one of the most commonly used waterproofing insulation materials. These can be found both in assemblies of roof constructions and substructures and are a key component for waterproofing systems. During design process it is necessary to select materials, elements and accessories so that mutual compatibility, waterproof effectiveness and reliability is ensured. In order to protect the main waterproofing layer a composition is therefore completed with construction protection elements, which are meant to prevent from a mechanical damage of waterproofing membrane. Mechanical stress and damage may become evident in variety of situations, which can be caused externally not only as an inappropriate ground bashing procedure but also as a consequence of improper waterproofing construction protection. In practice there are many cases of waterproofing system failures due to stress of elements with higher mechanical durability which affect elements with lower mechanical durability. The dissertation deals with an application of dimpled membranes protected by the layer of waterproofing membranes, which may due to stress and mutual compatibility result in waterproofing system failure and waterproofing reliability decrease. The dissertation is focused on mechanical durability of waterproofing membranes made of folio and modified bitumen membrane against damage from dimple membrane depending on stress category. First, possible waterproofing membrane damage from dimple extrusion is calculated and evaluated. The next part deals with verifying by experiment based on an effect of long-term static stress and short-term dynamic stress caused by ground bashing, where a measurement of ground bashing stress is performed. Experiment interpretation and an acquired knowledge provided the dissertation with an information what combination and order of particular layers results in higher risk of waterproofing system failure and waterproofing reliability decrease

Ein fundamentaler Baustein des Standardmodels, des heute am weitesten akzeptierten Models der Elementarteilchenphysik, ist die Selbstkopplung der elektroschwachen Eichbosonen gamma, Z und W. Waehrend andere Vorhersagen des Standardmodels mit hoher Praezision getestet wurden, ist ueber die Staerke der Selbstkopplung der Bosonen wenig bekannt. Erste indirekte Hinweise ueber solche Kopplungen wurden aus praezisen Messungen der Fermionpaarproduktion auf dem Z-Pol gewonnen. Diese Messungen sind sensitiv auf Strahlungskorrekturen. In dieser Analyse werden zum ersten Mal alle verfuegbaren elektroschwachen Praezisionsdaten, die unter anderen bei LEP 1, am SLAC und am TEVATRON gewonnen wurden, benutzt, um in einer globalen Anpassung die Kopplungsstaerken der elektroschwachen Eichbosonen zu ermitteln. Praezise direkte Messungen der Kopplungsstaerke wurden durch die Erhoehung der Schwerpunktsenergie am LEP-Beschleuniger im Jahre 1996 moeglich, die die Paarproduktion von W-Bosonen, e+e- -> W+W-, erlaubte. Zusaetzlich zu diesem Kanal wurde auch noch die Kopplungsabhaengigkeit des Wirkungsquerschnitts der einfach-resonanten W-Produktion, e+e- -> W e nu, und der Photonproduktion, e+e- -> nu nu gamma, benutzt, um die Selbstkopplung der Bosonen zu bestimmen. Zur Analyse wurden Daten, die einer Gesamtluminositaet von 77 pb^-1 entsprechen und bei Schwerpunktsenergien von 161, 172 und 183 GeV in den Jahren 1996 und 1997 mit dem L3 Detektor aufgezeichnet wurden, benutzt. Die Vorhersagen des Standardmodels sind in guter Uebereinstimmung mit allen Messungen. Insbesondere mit der Messung von g_1^Z konnte zum ersten Mal die Existenz des ZWW Vertex experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Zusaetzlich fordert das Standardmodel die Erhaltung der C- und P-Paritaet am ZWW Vertex. Diese Vorhersage wurde durch die Messung getestet und es wurde gute Uebereinstimmung mit der Standardmodelvorhersage gefunden. Die Messung der Kopplungsstaerken in drei unterschiedlichen Kanaelen entspricht der Messung in unterschiedliche Regionen von Impulsuebertraegen. Die Messungen zeigen keine Abhaengigkeit, so dass sowohl das magnetische Dipolmoment als auch das elektrische Quadrupolmoment des W-Bosons aus den Kopplungen hervorgehen. Diese statischen Eigenschaften des W-Bosons geben Informationen ueber dessen Groesse und geometrische Struktur. So folgt aus der Messung das der Radius der W-Bosons kleiner als 10^-18 m ist. Zusaetzlich zu diesen Informationen ueber das W-Boson, konnte der Parameterbereich einer Erweiterung der Standardmodels durch ein sequentielles Z'-Boson eingeschraenkt werden. Ein Model von Klein das die Vereinigung von Kraeften und Materie beschreibt wurde mit 10 Standardabweichungen ausgeschlossen. Zusammenfassung als PostScript-Datei / The couplings between the bosons of the electroweak interaction, gamma, Z and W, is one of the fundamental building blocks of the Standard Model, which was not yet tested with high precision. Indirect hints for the existence of boson self-coupling have been obtained by analysing Z pole data with respect to radiative corrections. This analysis uses for the first time all available electroweak precision data obtained at LEP 1, SLC, TEVATRON and at low energy experiments. The coupling strength between the electroweak gauge bosons is obtained by a global fit to all these data. A precise direct measurement of triple gauge boson couplings became possible in 1996 at LEP 2, where W bosons could be produced in pairs, e+e- -> W+W-. In addition single-resonant W production, e+e- -> W e nu, and single photon production, e+e- -> nu nu gamma, are evaluated with respect to boson self-couplings. In total a luminosity of 77 pb^-1 was collected with the L3 detector at 161, 172 and 183 GeV centre-of-mass energy in the years 1996 and 1997. The Standard Model expectations show good agreement with this measurement. The measurement is the first proof of the existence of a ZWW vertex. The LEP 2 data were further used to limit violation of parity and C-parity at the ZWW vertex. The results of the measurement for the three different channels, corresponding to three different regions of momentum transfer showed no dependence. Thus the magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment are derived. These two static properties of the W give information on the size and the geometrical form of the W, such that the W radius could be limited to 10^-18 m. In addition the coupling constants were used to limit the phase space of the extension of the Standard Model with a sequential Z' boson in terms of mixing angle and Z' mass. The unified matter theory by Klein is ruled out with more than ten standard deviations. abstract in PostScript

In the design of rail track structures where the subgrade cannot achieve the desired capacity, enabling the required standard of track geometry to be maintained for the speed, axle load and tonnage to be hauled, a capping layer of granular material is placed between the natural ground or the embankment fill material and the ballast to protect the underlying weaker layers. In spite of the important role played by the capping layer, very little research has been carried out on its performance. The current practice of design of the capping layer, therefore, is based on working stress philosophy where reduced levels of stresses are assumed not to degrade the subgrade. Even on tracks containing a thick ballast layer that ensures allowable levels of working stress the subgrade has been found to have permanently deformed. Design of capping layers based on plastic deformation, therefore, appears appropriate. This thesis aims at determining the load levels that cause detrimental plastic deformation in the capping layer. The suite of material properties that characterise plastic deformations of capping layer is neither readily available nor easily determined. This thesis proposes a cheaper method of evaluating a range of capping layer material properties using penetration tests on specimens contained in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test moulds coupled with a finite element modelling based back calculation technique. The suite of material properties thus determined are used for the simulation of the behaviour of capping layers under the boundary and loading conditions similar to those in practice. The predicted results are validated using laboratory experiments on large size capping layer specimens.

Selection and genetic drift are often competing forces in shaping genetic structure in populations. Genetic drift will often effectively cancel out the effect of selection when population sizes are small, such as in colonizing island populations. On a small island in the Skeppsvik Archipelago in northern Sweden, a newly founded population of Silene dioica has been monitored since it first established around 1993. Though inhabiting an area of merely 173 m2, the population has been shown to exhibit a genetically differentiated patch structure where closely related individuals are tightly grouped, distanced from other family groups. In this study, the effect of selection was evaluated as compared to that of genetic drift. Variation in phenotypic traits in flowers, leaves and stalks were compared to that of neutral markers, in the form of PST and FST measures, to assess a measure of what proportion of differentiation among patches in phenotypic traits could not be attributed to genetic drift. Males and females were analysed separately to obtain measures of sex specific selection. Signs of divergent and stabilizing selection were found in several traits in both males and females despite the small spatial scale and short time since colonization. Further analysis is needed to assess explanations for trait divergence among patches and direction of selection.

nÃo hà / As raÃas de ovinos localmente adaptadas brasileiras, tambÃm conhecidas como nativas ou crioulas, descendem de animais trazidos durante o perÃodo colonial e, desde aquela Ãpoca, vÃm sendo submetidas a processos evolutivos sistemÃticos e nÃo sistemÃticos., o que resultou na formaÃÃo de genÃtipos altamente adaptados Ãs mais diversas condiÃÃes ambientais brasileiras. Embora estas raÃas nÃo possuam o mesmo potencial produtivo das raÃas exÃticas melhoradas, elas sÃo consideradas extremamente importantes devido Ãs relaÃÃes sociais e culturais que guardam com as populaÃÃes do campo. AlÃm disso, as raÃas localmente adaptadas possuem caracterÃsticas adaptativas importantÃssimas para a manutenÃÃo de sistemas produtivos tradicionais. A otimizaÃÃo da utilizaÃÃo dos recursos genÃticos naturalizados depende de um conhecimento profundo destas populaÃÃes e, portanto, a caracterizaÃÃo morfolÃgica, produtiva e molecular sÃo ferramentas imprescindÃveis para o sucesso da conservaÃÃo e utilizaÃÃo deste recurso genÃtico. Com base nisso, o objetivo desta tese foi aprofundar os estudos de caracterizaÃÃo molecular das principais raÃas de ovinos localmente adaptadas brasileiras: Crioula Lanada, Morada Nova e Santa InÃs. Assim, o capÃtulo I intitulado âIdentificaÃÃo de assinaturas de seleÃÃo em animais de produÃÃoâ consiste em uma revisÃo cujo objetivo à descrever os principais efeitos da seleÃÃo natural/artificial nos genomas das espÃcies de animais de produÃÃo, apresentar os principais mÃtodos de anÃlise de assinaturas de seleÃÃo e discutir os recentes avanÃos nesta Ãrea de estudo. Foram realizados dois estudos que resultaram nos capÃtulos II e III desta tese. O capÃtulo II, intitulado âIdentificaÃÃo de assinaturas de seleÃÃo em ovinos de raÃas localmente adaptadas brasileirasâ, teve como objetivo a identificaÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de regiÃes genÃmicas provÃveis de estar sob seleÃÃo nas trÃs principais raÃas brasileiras localmente adaptadas de ovinos e caracterizar estar regiÃes com a finalidade de identificar genes envolvidos com diferenÃas produtivas/adaptativas entre estas raÃas. A identificaÃÃo das regiÃes sujeitas à seleÃÃo foi feita com base em dois tipos de metodologia: diferenciaÃÃo entre populaÃÃes (FST) e desequilÃbrio de ligaÃÃo (iHS e Rsb). Foram identificados 78 genes candidatos envolvidos com funÃÃes como: resposta imune, desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, percepÃÃo sensorial e desenvolvimento de pelos/lÃ. O capÃtulo III, intitulado: âIdentificaÃÃo de subestrutura de populaÃÃes em ovinos de raÃas localmente adaptadas brasileirasâ, teve como objetivos identificar e caracterizar a presenÃa de subestruturaÃÃo genÃtica dentro das trÃs principais raÃas brasileiras localmente adaptadas de ovinos. Foi observada, de uma forma geral, a presenÃa de diferenciaÃÃo genÃtica bastante considerÃvel ao comparar os rebanhos de cada raÃa analisada. AlÃm disso, tanto na raÃa Crioula Lanada quanto na raÃa Santa InÃs, pode ser observada a presenÃa de grupos bem distintos de indivÃduos, sugerindo a efetiva presenÃa de diferentes ecÃtipos/linhagens dentro destas raÃas. / The Brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds, also known as native and creole, are descendant from animals brought during the settlement period and, since then, are been subjected to evolutive (both systematic and non systematic) processes, what resulted in the formation of highly adapted genotypes to the diverse environmental Brazilian conditions. Although these breeds donât posses the same productive potential when compared with the exotic improved breeds, they are considered extremely important from a social and cultural point of view. Moreover, the locally adapted breeds are essential for the maintenance of traditional production systems. The optimization of the utilization of naturalized genetic resources depends on a deep knowledge of these populations, and then, the morphological, productive and molecular characterizations are essential to the success of conservation and utilization of these locally adapted genotypes. Therefore, the principal aim of this thesis was to deepen molecular the knowledge of the three main locally adapted Brazilian sheep breeds: Brazilian Creole, Morada Nova and Santa Ines. Thus, Chapter I entitled "Identification of selection signatures in livestock species" is a literature review that is proposed to describe the main effects of natural/artificial selection in the genomes of species of farm animals, present the main methods of signature selection analysis and discuss recent advances in this area of study. Two studies were conducted and resulted in the chapters II and III of this thesis. The chapter II, entitled âIdentification of selection signatures in brazilian locally adapted sheep breedsâ, aimed the identification and characterization of putative genomic regions that underwent selection and the identification of candidate genes related to productive/adaptative differences between these breeds. The identification of signatures of selection was performed through two approaches: population differentiation (FST) and linkage disequilibrium (iHS and Rsb). Seventy eight genes, related to functions as: immune response, nervous system development, sensorial perception and wool/hair development were identified. The chapter III, entitled âIdentification of population substructure in brazilian locally adapted sheep breedsâ, aimed the identification and characterization of of genetic substructure within the three main locally adapted Brazilian sheep breeds: Brazilian Creole, Morada Nova and Santa Ines. The level of genetic differentiation between herds of the same breeds was, in general, high. Both in the Brazilian Creole and in the Santa Ines breeds the presence of distinct groups on animals could be observed, what suggests the occurrence of different ecotypes/lineages within these breeds.

Le présent travail porte sur le comportement des plates-formes ferroviaires anciennes en France. Tout d'abord, une étude statistique a été menée sur les problèmes survenus dans l'ensemble du réseau ferroviaire français. L'analyse montre l'importance particulière de la qualité du sol support pour la performance de la sous-structure et pour la tenue géométrique des voies. Ensuite, une ligne ferroviaire ancienne située à l'Ouest de la France a été étudiée spécifiquement. Les analyses montrent que la vitesse de dégradation de cette ligne est en corrélation avec les différents paramètres tels que la nature de sol support, l'épaisseur des couches de la sous-structure. Une tendance d'augmentation de la vitesse de dégradation avec la diminution de l'épaisseur de la couche intermédiaire est identifiée. Cette couche as un impact positif puisqu'elle réduit les contraintes appliquées au sol support. Le comportement hydromécanique du sol de la couche intermédiaire dans des conditions différentes (teneur en eau, teneur en particules fines, charge, nombre de cycles) a été étudié. Des essais triaxiaux et des essais de colonne d'infiltration ont été réalisés à cette fin. En analysant les propriétés de résistance au cisaillement, la déformation axiale permanente et le module réversible, on a constaté que les effets de la teneur en eau et de la teneur en fines doivent être pris en compte ensemble. Une augmentation de teneur en fines dans la couche intermédiaire présente un impact positif à l'état non saturé grâce à l'effet de la succion, mais un impact négatif à l'état saturé. Les essais de colonne d'infiltration avec des cycles de séchage/humidification ont montré que la conductivité hydraulique du sol est gouvernée par la fraction de fines et qu'elle ne change pas significativement avec la teneur en fines. Afin d'étudier les mécanismes de la création de la couche intermédiaire et de remontée boueuse, un modèle physique de 550 mm de diamètre intérieur a été développé. Des échantillons de sol qui représentent la sous-structure ferroviaire ancienne avec une couche de ballast posée sur une couche de limon artificielle (mélange de sable concassé et du kaolin) ont été testés. Les effets des charges monotones et cycliques, de la teneur en eau et de la masse volumique sèche du sol support ont été étudiés. Il a été constaté que la pression interstitielle développée dans le sol support et la rigidité du sol support sont des facteurs clés pour la migration des particules fines ou la création de la couche intermédiaire/la remontée boueuse. L'eau est la condition nécessaire, mais c'est la compressibilité du sol support qui gouverne le phénomène à se produire / The present work deals with the behavior of ancient railway sub-structure in France. A statistical study was firstly undertaken on problems occurred in the whole ancient French railway network. The analysis evidenced the particular importance of sub-grade quality for the performance of the sub-structure and the track geometry. Afterwards, an ancient railway line in the West of France was investigated. The analysis showed that the degradation speed of this line was correlated with different parameters such as the nature of sub-grades and the thickness of different layers. An increase trend of degradation speed with the increase in interlayer thickness was identified. The interlayer has a positive impact since it reduces the train-induced stress applied to the sub-grade. The hydro-mechanical behavior of interlayer soil under different conditions (water content, fines content, stress, number of cycles) was investigated. A set of triaxial tests and infiltration tests were performed for this purpose. By analyzing the shear strength properties, the permanent axial strain and the resilient modulus of interlayer soil, we found that the water content and the fines content must be considered together. Adding more fines into the interlayer presents a positive impact under unsaturated conditions thanks to the suction effect, but a negative impact under saturated conditions. The infiltration column tests with drying/wetting cycles showed that the hydraulic conductivity of interlayer soil is governed by fines fraction but did not change significantly with fines content. In order to study the mechanism of interlayer creation and mud pumping, a physical model of 550 mm inner diameter was developed. Soil samples representing the ancient French railway substructure with a ballast layer overlying an artificial silt layer (mixture of crushed sand and kaolin were tested. The effects of monotonic and cyclic loadings, water content and dry unit mass of sub-soil were investigated. It was found that the pore water pressure developed in the sub-soil and the sub-soil stiffness are the key factors for the migration of fine particles or the creation of interlayer/mud pumping. Water is the necessary condition, but it is the soil compressibility that governs the phenomenon to occur