Many theories of physics beyond the Standard Model predict the existence of TeV-scale resonances that decay to top quark pairs. This thesis presents a search for such resonances produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with 4.7 fb−1 of data collected by the ATLAS detector in 2011. The search is performed in the channel where both top quarks decay hadronically and emerge in highly boosted states, and the collimated decay products of each boosted top quark are reconstructed as a single large jet (a “top quark jet”). A tagging technique based on the distinctive masses and substructures of these top quark jets is used to distinguish them from light quark and gluon jets. The data are found to be consistent with Standard Model predictions, and 95% credibility level upper limits are set on the cross section times branching ratio for leptophobic Z' bosons in a Topcolour model and Kaluza-Klein gluons as predicted by the bulk Randall-Sundrum model. These limits exclude Kaluza-Klein gluons with masses between 1.02 TeV and 1.62 TeV. The substructure of light quark and gluon jets, which form the dominant background to hadronically decaying boosted top quarks, is studied in an auxiliary measurement using 35 pb−1 of data collected by ATLAS during the 2010 run period. The observed substructure of these jets are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Many theories of physics beyond the Standard Model predict the existence of TeV-scale resonances that decay to top quark pairs. This thesis presents a search for such resonances produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with 4.7 fb−1 of data collected by the ATLAS detector in 2011. The search is performed in the channel where both top quarks decay hadronically and emerge in highly boosted states, and the collimated decay products of each boosted top quark are reconstructed as a single large jet (a “top quark jet”). A tagging technique based on the distinctive masses and substructures of these top quark jets is used to distinguish them from light quark and gluon jets. The data are found to be consistent with Standard Model predictions, and 95% credibility level upper limits are set on the cross section times branching ratio for leptophobic Z' bosons in a Topcolour model and Kaluza-Klein gluons as predicted by the bulk Randall-Sundrum model. These limits exclude Kaluza-Klein gluons with masses between 1.02 TeV and 1.62 TeV. The substructure of light quark and gluon jets, which form the dominant background to hadronically decaying boosted top quarks, is studied in an auxiliary measurement using 35 pb−1 of data collected by ATLAS during the 2010 run period. The observed substructure of these jets are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Title: Extremal combinatorics of matrices, sequences and sets of permutations Author: Josef Cibulka Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr., Department of Applied Mathematics Abstract: This thesis studies questions from the areas of the extremal theory of {0, 1}-matrices, sequences and sets of permutations, which found many ap- plications in combinatorial and computational geometry. The VC-dimension of a set P of n-element permutations is the largest integer k such that the set of restrictions of the permutations in P on some k-tuple of positions is the set of all k! permutation patterns. We show lower and upper bounds quasiexponential in n on the maximum size of a set of n-element permutations with VC-dimension bounded by a constant. This is used in a paper of Jan Kynčl to considerably improve the upper bound on the number of weak isomorphism classes of com- plete topological graphs on n vertices. For some, mostly permutation, matrices M, we give new bounds on the number of 1-entries an n × n M-avoiding matrix can have. For example, for every even k, we give a construction of a matrix with k2 n/2 1-entries that avoids one specific k-permutation matrix. We also give almost tight bounds on the maximum number of 1-entries in matrices avoiding a fixed layered...

Orientador: Márcio Rogério Silveira / Banca: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Banca: Adauto de Oliveira Souza / Resumo: A mundialização do capital se caracteriza pela existência de espaços relativos, que são decorrentes da própria lógica do sistema capitalista. Partindo dessa premissa, é notório que o crescimento da produção da natureza, das paisagens materiais e dos meios de produção conduz ao aumento progressivo da divisão do trabalho e das contradições sociais, diante de uma dialética intrínseca aos diferentes espaços geográficos. A acumulação de capitais no início do século XXI se baseia em processos de re-ordenamentos, como os de caráter técnicocientífico- informacional e público-privado, resultando num desenvolvimento desigual entre os diferentes territórios, sendo que as ações, articulações e investimentos do capital privado são fatores que possibilitam a existência desses antagonismos. A Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná e os portos interiores de Pederneiras-SP, Anhembi-SP e Santa Maria da Serra-SP representam a utilização da intermodalidade visando a otimização do transporte de mercadorias, a integração de diferentes territórios e a intensificação das interações espaciais e econômicas. / Abstract: The mundialization of capital is characterized by the existence of relative spaces resulted from the logic of the capitalistic system. Thus, it's notorious that the growth of nature production, material landscapes and productive forces lead to a progressive increase of the work division and social antagonisms, in front of a dialectic common to different geographic spaces. The capital accumulation in the beginning of the 21st century is based on the reorganization of technical, scientific, informative and public private proceedings, resulting in an unequal development among the different territories. The actions, articulations and investments on private capital are factors that enable the existence of these contradictions. The Tietê-Paraná Waterway and the inside ports of Pederneiras-SP, Anhembi-SP e Santa Maria da Serra-SP represents the use of the intermodality aiming the improvement on merchandises transportation, the integration of different territories and intensification of spatial and economical interactions. / Mestre

Este trabalho consistiu em analisar a possibilidade de verificação da violação de sabor em correntes neutras intermediadas por glúons de Kaluza-Klein (GKK) através do modelo de dimensões extras compactas e curvas. Este introduz a possibilidade de violação de sabores em correntes neutras através de processos do tipo próton/próton em top/anti-quark c. Inicialmente estudamos o comportamento de jatos com altos momentos transversos (da ordem de 300 GeV) e suas subestruturas. Após isto, estudamos a detecção do quark top através dos algoritmos HEPTopTagger e Johns Hopkins (fizemos uma breve comparação entre eles). Por último, propusemos duas maneiras de encontrar os GKK. Uma delas, através da procura de somente quarks top. A outra, através da procura de um quark top e um jato sem subestrutura (algoritmo do tipo TJ). Pudemos ver que a possibilidade de encontrar o fenômeno de violação de sabores é acessível (a razão S/B da ordem de 0,1) para ambos os casos de massa analisados através do algoritmo do tipo TJ. / This study was to examine the possibility of verifying the violation of flavor in neutral currents mediated by Kaluza-Klein gluons (GKK), in which it was introduced by compact warped extra dimensions. The possibility of violation of flavors in neutral currents occurs through processes like proton/proton into quark top/ antiquark charm. Initially we studied the behavior of jets with high transverse momentum (the order of 300 GeV) and its substructures. After this, we studied the detection of the top quark via HEPTopTagger and Johns Hopkins algorithms (we did a brief comparison between them). Finally, we proposed two ways to find the GKK. One of them, by searching for only quark top. The other, by looking for a quark top and a jet without substructure (algorithm of TJ type). We could see that the possibility of encountering the phenomenon of violation of flavors is accessible (the ratio S/B is the order of 0.1) in both cases of mass analyzed by TJ type algorithm.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

So often in astronomy, an object is not considered for its individual merits, but for what we may learn from its properties regarding some larger population. The existence of dark matter is a prime example of this; we cannot see it directly but we can infer its presence by noting its effects on the stars orbiting within its potential. This thesis describes how various sets of tracer populations can be used to probe the properties of a variety of galaxies in the Local Group. I begin by describing the extraction of a variable catalogue from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82 dataset and then use the catalogue to select a high-quality set of RR Lyrae stars. Analysing the distribution of the RR Lyraes reveals three significant substructures in the Milky Way halo: the Hercules-Aquila Cloud and the Sagittarius Stream, which were already known to exist, and the Pisces Overdensity, which was previously undetected. It is a faint, extended structure found at ~80 kpc and is of unknown origin. Altogether, I find that nearly 80% of the RR Lyraes are associated with substructures, consistent with the theory that galaxy halos are predominantly, or even entirely, made up from disrupted satellites. I also investigate the density distribution of RR Lyraes in the halo, finding that it is best fit by a broken-power-law model, in good agreement with previous work. I go on to develop a set of tracer mass estimators that build on previous work which make use of actual (and not projected) distance and proper motion data, reflecting the amount and quality of data now available to us. I show that proper motion data is, in theory, very useful and can greatly increase the accuracy of the mass estimates; in practice, however, current analysis is hampered by the large errors inherent in the proper motion data. The results are also subject to mass-anisotropy degeneracy, which current data is not yet able to break. Nevertheless, I am able to estimate the mass of the Milky Way to be M = 2.7 ± 0.5 x 10¹² Msun and the mass of M31 to be M = 1.5 ± 0.4 x 10¹² Msun. Andromeda XII and Andromeda XIV are two M31 satellites that have been dubbed 'extreme' and are thought to be on first infall into the M31 system. I modify the classical Timing Argument so that it can be applied to two external galaxies and then apply it to M31 and each of And XII and And XIV in turn to investigate the properties of their orbits. I then run a series of Monte Carlo simulations to investigate how likely such satellites are to exist and conclude that they are not as unusual as previously believed. Finally, I discuss three upcoming wide-field, all-sky surveys and their implications for the future of the study of the Local Group.

In der Dissertation ist eine Methodik beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, mittel- und langwellige Gradientenänderungen auf Grundlage der Rohdaten des bei der DB AG zur Gleisgeometrieprüfung gemäß RIL 821.2001 eingesetzten Messfahrzeuges RAILab zu detektieren. Weil mittel- und langwellige Längshöhenfehler eines Gleises die Verschlechterung der Tragfähigkeitseigenschaften von Bettung/Unterbau/Untergrund anzeigen, können mit der Methodik Zustandsänderungen von Erdkörpern kontrolliert werden. Dabei ist eine geodätische Aufnahme von Verformungen, wie sie derzeit beim Monitoring von Erdkörpern im Allgemeinen angewendet wird, nicht erforderlich. Die Methodik wurde an einem Streckenabschnitt, in welchem infolge von verformungsempfindlichen Böden im Untergrund erhebliche Gleisverformungen eingetreten waren, erprobt und durch Vergleich mit geodätischen Messdaten verifiziert. Weiterhin wurde ein Vorschlag zur Festlegung von Aufmerksamkeitswerten für mittel- und langwellige Höhenänderungen unterbreitet. Die vorgeschlagenen Aufmerksamkeitswerte wurden wirkungsbezogen auf Grundlage der Vertikalbeschleunigung abgeleitet, die ein Feder-Dämpfer-Modell bei der Überfahrt über einen aus den RAILab-Gleismessdaten rekonstruierten Höhenverlauf eines Gleises erfährt. Über zwei Beispiele der Anwendung der Methodik bei der Sonderinspektion von Erdkörpern wird berichtet.

Le Large Hadron Collider (LHC) fonctionne à une énergie dans le centre-de-masse de 13 TeV, atteignant ainsi des énergies bien au-dessus de l'échelle électrofaible. Pour la première fois, des particules lourdes sont produites dans le régime boosté, c'est-à-dire avec une impulsion transverse beaucoup plus grand que leur masse. Leur produits de désintégration hadronique sont collimatés et finisseent par être regroupé dans un seul jet. Dans cette situation, il n'est pas facile de discriminer le signal des particules lourdes du bruit de fond formé par des jets originés par les partons, il faut examiner la dynamique interne du jet avec des techniques de sous-structure des jets. Les outils de la sous-structure de jet sont divisés en trois catégories : « Jet shapes » qui contraient la radiation des gluons mous dans le jet ; « Taggers » qui cherchent plusieurs cœurs d'énergie dans le jet, une situation plus courant dans les jets de signaux que dans les jets QCD ; et les « Groomers » qui éliminent la radiation molle et à grand angle dans le jet, souvent dominés par l'événement sous-jacent.Dans cette thèse, on propose une approche analytique qui nous permet de comprendre les sources des différences de performance entre les méthodes. On utilise des techniques de resommation à tous les ordres en théorie des perturbations, pertinentes pour les régimes bostés où l'échelle de masse et de l'impulsion transverse sont largement séparées. On motive le besoin de resommation et on introduit les éléments de base qui sont utilisés tout au long de la thèse. Cette thèse se concentre sur les jets à deux cœurs, comment les bosons W/Z/H.Premièrement, on explore comment un tagger spécifique, le Y-splitter, peut être combiné avec une variété de techniques de grooming : le MassDrop Tagger (mMDT), trimming et SoftDrop. Selon des études Monte Carlo, cette combinaison augmente la performance du Y-splitter. On explique l’origine de se comportement par des calculs théoriques et étudie l'impact des effets non-perturbatives. On présente également des variantes améliorées de la méthode Y-Splitter originale.Ensuite, on étudie l'utilisation des jet shapes comment une variable discriminante entre les désintégrations hadroniques à deux cœurs des bosons électrofaibles et le bruit de fond des jets QCD. On calcule analytiquement la distribution de masse avec une coupure sur la variable jet shape. On considère 3 shapes couramment utilisées : N-subjettiness, « Energy Correlation functions » et le paramètre MassDrop. Nos résultats expliquent la différence entre les performances des différentes méthodes. On compare également nos résultats aux générateurs de Monte Carlo et on étudie l'impact des effets non-perturbatifs.Notre étude suivant examine la combinaison des techniques de grooming/tagging avec des jet shapes, en particulier le N-subjettiness. On propose le rapport dichroïque de N-subjettiness, où on utilise un gros jet (avec ou sans pre-grooming) pour calculer tau ₂ et un jet plus petit, avec tagging pour tau₁. Cette version donne une performance améliorée par rapport aux versions utilisées actuellement par les expériences, tout en maintenant les effets non-perturbatifs sous contrôle.Enfin, on effectue une étude phénoménologique de la distribution de masse des jets avec mMDT. Ceci est actuellement mesurée par des expériences au LHC. Nos prédictions théoriques prennent en compte les logarithmes dominants du rapport de la masse de jet sur l'impulsion transverse et on fait le « matching » avec les éléments de matrice à ordre fixe calculés au NLO. On discute deux options possibles, selon que les distributions sont mesurées dans des bins de l'impulsion transverse avant ou après le mMDT. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is running at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, thus reaching energies far above the electroweak scale. For the first time, heavy particles are produced in the boosted regime, i.e. with transverse momentum much larger than their mass. Their hadronic decay products are collimated and end up being clustered into a single jet. In this situation is not easy to discriminate the heavy particle signal from the background, formed by jets originated from QCD partons, so one has to examine the internal dynamics of the jet using jet substructure techniques. Jet substructure tools are divided in three main categories: Jet shapes, which constrain soft-gluon radiation inside jets; Taggers which look for multiple hard cores inside the jet, a situation more common in signal jets than in QCD jets; and Groomers which clean the fat jets of soft-and-large-angle radiation, often dominated by the underlying event.This thesis proposes an analytical approach which allows us to understand the sources of performance differences between methods. We will use all-order resummation techniques, relevant for the boosted regime where the mass and transverse-momentum scale are widely separated. We motivate the need for resummation and introduce the basic elements (building blocks) that are used throughout the thesis. In this thesis, we focus on two-pronged jets, like W/Z/H decays.We first study how a specific tagger, namely Y-splitter, can be combined with a variety of grooming techniques: the modified MassDrop Tagger (mMDT), trimming and SoftDrop. It is known from Monte Carlo studies that such combination increases the Y-splitter performance. We study the origin of this behaviour from a theoretical point of view and the impact of non-perturbative effects. We also introduce improved variants of the original Y-splitter method.Next, we study the use jet shapes as a discriminant variable between two-pronged hadronic decays of electroweak bosons and the QCD jets background. We compute analytically the jet mass distribution with an additional cut on the jet shape variable. We obtain results for 3 common shapes: N-subjettiness, Energy Correlation function and MassDrop parameter. Our results explain differences in discriminating power between the shapes. We also compare our results to Monte Carlo generators and study the impact of non-perturbative effects.Our next study investigates the combination of grooming/tagging techniques with jet shapes, in particular N-subjettiness. In this work, we propose the dichroic N-subjettiness ratio, where we use a large jet (with or without a pre-grooming step) for calculating tau ₂ and a smaller, tagged subjet for tau₁. This observable gives an enhanced performance compared to the variants currently used in experimental analyses, while keeping non-perturbative effects under control.Finally, we perform a phenomenological study of the jet mass distribution after applying the mMDT. This is currently being measured by LHC experiments. Our theoretical predictions account for the resummation of the leading-logarithm of the ratio of the jet mass over the jet transverse momentum and it is matched to fixed-order matrix elements computed at next-to-leading order. We discuss two options according to whether the distributions are measured in bins of the jet transverse momentum before or after the mMDT.

The objective of my masters thesis is to design a modernization of the railway station Hanušovice. Main requirements of this thesis include the reconstruction of both end sections of the station, increasing the speed of the main track and to design the platforms for persons with reduced mobility. At least four platform edges are required. The last requirement is the design of substructure including drainage.