L’article 552 du Code civil prévoit que la propriété du sol emporte la propriété du dessus et du dessous. Cette disposition consacre l’existence du sous-sol sur la scène juridique et lie le sort du sous-sol à celui du sol. Le législateur a souhaité accorder un droit qui se déploie dans l’espace. Se dessine alors un lien, sinon de soumission, du moins de dépendance du sous-sol envers le sol. Le débat se noue autour de l’intensité du lien existant entre le sol et le sous-sol. La recherche du régime juridique applicable au sous-sol impose nécessairement de raisonner sur la force d’attraction que revêt le sol. Doté d’un pouvoir absorbant, ce dernier semble pouvoir déterminer le régime juridique applicable au sous-sol en préservant ainsi l’unité de l’immeuble. Toutefois, leur apparente dépendance doit être nuancée et la vision unitaire s’estompe face aux spécificités du sous-sol. En effet, la compréhension du régime juridique applicable au sous-sol nécessite la prise en compte d’autres éléments permettant de révéler toute la particularité du sous-sol. Il recèle de nombreuses richesses susceptibles d’entraîner une modification de l’objet de la propriété immobilière. Les exemples de dissociation de la propriété immobilière, organisés par la loi ou la volonté, sont pléthoriques et entrainent un relâchement des liens de dépendance. La présence de mines ou de vestiges archéologiques en sont un témoignage éloquent, la propriété du sous-sol étant alors soustraite à la puissance du propriétaire du sol. Cette étude, oscillant entre dépendance et autonomie, s’attachera à démontrer les particularités du sous-sol qui ne saurait, en définitive, se définir par sa seule relation avec le sol / Article 552 of the Civil Code provides that the property of the soil embraces the property of what is above and underneath it. This provision consecrates the existence of the subsoil on the legal scene and links the fate of the subsoil to the one of the soil. The legislator wished to grant a right which is deployed in space. This creates a connection at least a dependence of the subsoil towards the soil, if not even a submission. The debate is based on the intensity of the link between the soil and the subsoil. The search for the legal regime applicable to the subsoil necessarily requires to think about the force of attraction that the soil has. Possessing an absorbing power, the latter seems to be able to determine the legal regime applicable to the subsoil, thus preserving the unity of the real estate. However, their apparent dependence should be nuanced and the unitary perception fades because of the subsoil’s specificities. Indeed, the understanding of the legal regime applicable to the subsoil requires to consider other elements revealing the particularities of the subsoil. It contains many wealth which could lead to a modification of the object of the real estate property. Examples of the dissociation of real estate property, organized by law or will, are profuse and lead to a weakening of dependency links. The presence of mines or archaeological remains is an eloquent illustration since the property of the subsoil is then subtracted from the power of the owner of the soil. This study which oscillates between dependence and autonomy, will endeavor to demonstrate the particularities of the subsoil which cannot be defined only by its relation to the soil

The Warm Springs soil series which contained variable amounts of subsoil available (sodium bicarbonate extractable) phosphorus was studied to explain the variability and distribution of the NaHCO3-P in the subsoil. Four pedons ranging in subsoil NaHCO3-P from less than 10 ppm to greater than 30 ppm were selected in an area of less than 200 ha located on a nearly level, low lake terrace east of the Great Salt Lake in Weber County, Utah. The morphology of each pedon was described in the field and samples collected from each genetic horizon or contrasting layer. Each soil sample was analyzed for total phosphorus, NaHCO3-P, water- soluble phosphorus, pH, extractable iron , calcium carbonate equivalent, electrical conductivity and water-soluble sodium. Four horizons were selected from each pedon for anal ysis of parti cle-size distribution, clay-size carbonate and non-carbonate clay. The very fine sand fraction of four horizons from two of the pedons were studied petrographically to determine the amount of apatite present. Thin strata with higher chroma were separated from adjacent layers and analyzed for extractable iron and NaHCO3-P. Cicada casts and their surrounding matrix were separated and analyzed Selected soil samples were shaken with sodiumphosphate solutions and then analyzed for NaHCO3-P to determine the influence of the amount of phosphorus in solution on the amount of phosphorus extracted. NaHCO3-P below the calcic horizons was highly variable, 10 ppm or less in two pedons and up to 40 ppm in the other two. Subsoil horizons with pH values greater than 10.0 and relatively large amounts of water-soluble sodium contained more than 10 ppm NaHCO3-P. Extractable iron and NaHC03-P were concentrated in subsoil strata with higher chroma. The results indicated that large amounts of NaHCO3-P in the subsoil were primarily due to the presence of readily soluble sodium phosphate. Weathering of apatite in the surface horizons did not contribute the NaHCO3-P below the calcic horizons. The most likely source of NaHCO3-P in the Warm Springs subsoil , however, was the sediments deposited in the low lake terraces and river flood plains by the Weber and Bear Rivers. Lateral flow and vertical fluctuations of the water table were suggested as a means by which the NaHCO3-P could be extracted from some areas and concentrated in others. Although certain soil properties might indicate the probable occurrence of more than 10 ppm NaHCO3-P in the subsoil, this study did not provide a method for identifying all subsoils with appreciable amounts of NaHCO3-P.

High bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (P) in some Utah subsoils may affect the validity of fertilizer recommendations based on plow layer samples. The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the proportion of plant P derived from subsoils at typical Utah soil P levels and soil temperatures. A calcareous soil very low in bicarbonate-soluble P was treated with various amounts of P and packed into deep pots to provide 24 centimeters of "topsoil" and 27 centimeters of "subsoil". Water baths in a growth chamber were used to control soil temperatures at 14 centigrade and 20 centigrade. Light, air temperature and humidity were varied. The treated soils were analyzed for NaHCO3-P before and after cropping, and changes were related to plant P uptake. At a topsoil NaHCO3-P level of 17 parts per million, subsoil apparently contributed no more than ten percent of the plant P in the harvested tops unless subsoil P was greater than five parts per million. At lower levels of topsoil P, subsoil P became more important. When topsoil P was five parts per million or less, 20 to 67 percent of the plant P came from the subsoils.

No description available.

Orientador: Kátia Luciene Maltoni / Resumo: Para recuperação de áreas de solo degradado, com exposição do subsolo, tem-se adotado a revegetação, para introdução de matéria orgânica, formação de serapilheira e recuperação da comunidade microbiana do solo. Esta, por meio das relações complexas que estabelece com o solo e as raízes das plantas contribuirão melhorando as condições edáficas, comprometidas pela degradação. As comunidades microbianas são influenciadas por variações na temperatura, umidade e atmosfera do solo, bem como pelas reduções da cobertura vegetal, disponibilidade de nutrientes, estabilidade estrutural do solo, entre outros fatores, que podem ser modificados pelo uso e degradação do mesmo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a recuperação do subsolo exposto, em área degradada no Cerrado, por meio do recobrimento da superfície, do levantamento da vegetação espontânea, das condições de fertilidade do solo e da atividade microbiológica. A técnica de revegetação adotada para recuperação constou de mecanização/escarificação da área (0,40 m de profundidade), incorporação de resíduos orgânico - RO (macrófitas aquáticas) nas doses 0, 16, e 32 Mg ha-1 e agroindustrial - RA (cinza), nas doses 0, 15, 30 e 45 Mg ha-1, como condicionantes do subsolo, e reintrodução da vegetação, com plantio de mudas de 10 diferentes espécies arbóreas nativas do Cerrado (espaçamento 4,0 x 5,0 m). Transcorridos 4 e 5 anos da intervenção, avaliou-se o desempenho da técnica proposta. A avaliação do recobrimento da superfície foi realizada p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

This thesis examines the growth response and inter-relationships between shoots and roots of plants grown in compact soil. In the field, two topsoil and two subsoil conditions were created with five vegetable crops sequentially grown. Between 6 and 12% of the root system grew in the compact subsoil, which had a soil strength of 3.1 c.f. 1.9 MPa in the loosened subsoil. Both the root length density (Lv) and the specific root length were lower in the compact subsoil (80% and 30%, respectively). This had no effect on shoot growth when water and nutrients were well supplied. Compensatory root growth in the lose soil above the compact subsoil occurred in broccoli plants. As a result plants grown in soil with or without a compact subsoil had a similar total root length but with altered root distribution. When the water and nitrogen supplied to the soil was reduced, the lower subsoil Lv in the compact subsoil did not restrict water or N acquisition. This was possibly due to a large increase in the specific uptake per unit length of root, by the fewer roots in the compact subsoil. Compared to the subsoil treatments, only small changes in topsoil physical properties occurred when tillage was ceased. From the field trials the proportion and time of root growth into compact soil appeared important in determining the plant response. In a series of split-root experiments (horizontal and vertical arrangements of compact and loose soil) compensatory root growth in the loose soil only occurred when the root system was exposed to horizontally compact soil When compensatory root growth did not occur shoot growth was reduced. This resulted in there being a close relationship between total root length and leaf area. Further test results support a direct effect of mechanical impedance on shoot growth with a rapid (within 10 minutes) and large (50%) reduction in leaf elongation occurring when roots were mechanically impeded. In the field only plants whose roots were totally exposed to compact soil had reduced shoot growth with very compact subsoil having no effect. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Thaís Soto Boni null (thais.sboni@gmail.com) on 2017-03-31T19:49:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Thaís Soto Boni.pdf: 4088899 bytes, checksum: ed4ad1dfde4834bfeb766b77365fefbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-04-06T17:10:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 boni_ts_me_ilha.pdf: 4088899 bytes, checksum: ed4ad1dfde4834bfeb766b77365fefbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T17:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 boni_ts_me_ilha.pdf: 4088899 bytes, checksum: ed4ad1dfde4834bfeb766b77365fefbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Para recuperação de áreas de solo degradado, com exposição do subsolo, tem-se adotado a revegetação, para introdução de matéria orgânica, formação de serapilheira e recuperação da comunidade microbiana do solo. Esta, por meio das relações complexas que estabelece com o solo e as raízes das plantas contribuirão melhorando as condições edáficas, comprometidas pela degradação. As comunidades microbianas são influenciadas por variações na temperatura, umidade e atmosfera do solo, bem como pelas reduções da cobertura vegetal, disponibilidade de nutrientes, estabilidade estrutural do solo, entre outros fatores, que podem ser modificados pelo uso e degradação do mesmo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a recuperação do subsolo exposto, em área degradada no Cerrado, por meio do recobrimento da superfície, do levantamento da vegetação espontânea, das condições de fertilidade do solo e da atividade microbiológica. A técnica de revegetação adotada para recuperação constou de mecanização/escarificação da área (0,40 m de profundidade), incorporação de resíduos orgânico - RO (macrófitas aquáticas) nas doses 0, 16, e 32 Mg ha-1 e agroindustrial - RA (cinza), nas doses 0, 15, 30 e 45 Mg ha-1, como condicionantes do subsolo, e reintrodução da vegetação, com plantio de mudas de 10 diferentes espécies arbóreas nativas do Cerrado (espaçamento 4,0 x 5,0 m). Transcorridos 4 e 5 anos da intervenção, avaliou-se o desempenho da técnica proposta. A avaliação do recobrimento da superfície foi realizada por análise de imagens obtidas com câmera fixada paralelamente à superfície e sempre à mesma altura (1,6 m). O levantamento da vegetação espontânea, em março de 2013, foi realizado na forma de censo, identificação completa (100 %) dos indivíduos presentes na área experimental - AE. Em março de 2015 as avaliações da vegetação espontânea, e do solo, foram realizadas em todas as 36 parcelas (20 x 30 m) da AE, e a identificação das espécies foi realizada em sub-parcelas de 5 x 5 m (estrato herbáceo - gramíneas, ervas e trepadeiras), e o estrato arbustivo-arbóreo foi avaliado na parcela toda (20 x 30 m). Análises de fertilidade e microbiológicas (respiração basal (C-CO2 liberado); carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM); determinação dos quocientes metabólico (qCO2) e microbiano (qMic) e da estrutura das comunidades de fungos e bactérias) foram conduzidas. O processo de recuperação estabelecido aumentou a biomassa das gramíneas e o recobrimento vegetal da área, na presença dos resíduos e diminuiu a variação na temperatura do solo. O modelo de recuperação adotado propiciou o estabelecimento de 72 espécies regenerantes (65 nativas e 7 exóticas), na área degradada, tendo a maior diversidade de espécies sido observada nos tratamentos onde o solo degradado foi condicionado. A fertilidade da AE ainda está comprometida, no entanto o pH aumentou e o Al diminuiu, sinalizando positivamente. As variáveis microbiológicas mostraram tendência de incremento em sua atividade na área em recuperação, em relação à área degradada sem intervenção. A extração de DNA não foi eficaz para o solo do Cerrado e nem para os solos degradados, devido à baixa concentração de microrganismos, o que poderá ser abordado em novos estudos. / For reclamation of degraded soil area's with subsoil exposure, the revegetation has been adopted, to introduce organic matter enhance, litter formation and recovery of soil microbial community. This, through the complex relationships that microbes establish with the soil material and the plant roots, will contribute to improve the soil conditions, compromised by degradation. Microbial communities are influenced by variations of soil temperature, moisture and atmosphere, as well as by reductions in soil plant cover, nutrient availability, soil structural stability, among other factors, that can be modified by soil use and degradation. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the recovery process of an exposed subsoil in a Cerrado degraded area, through the evaluation of surface cover, spontaneous vegetation survey, soil fertility conditions and microbiological activity. The re-vegetation technique adopted for recovery consisted of area mechanization/scarification (0.40 m depth), incorporation of organic residues - RO (aquatic macrophytes) at 0, 16, and 32 Mg ha-1 and agroindustrial - RA (ash) at 0, 15, 30 and 45 Mg ha-1, as subsoil conditioners, and reintroduction of vegetation, with seedling of 10 different tree species native from Cerrado (4.0 x 5.0 m spacing). After, elapsed 4 and 5 years of the intervention, the performance of the proposed technique was evaluated. The surface covering evaluation was performed by analyzing images obtained with a camera fixed parallel to the surface and always at the same height (1.6 m). The survey of spontaneous vegetation, in March 2013, was carried out as a census, complete identification (100%) of the individuals present in the experimental area - AE. In March of 2015, the evaluations of spontaneous vegetation and soil were performed in all 36 plots (20 x 30 m) of the AE, and the species identification was carried out in subplots of 5 x 5 m (herbaceous stratum - grasses, weeds and climbers), and the shrub-tree stratum was evaluated in the whole plot (20 x 30 m). Fertility and microbiological analyzes (basal respiration (C-CO2 released), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), determination of metabolic (qCO2) and microbial (qMic) quotients and of structure of fungal and bacterial communities) were conducted. The established recovery process increased the grasses biomass and plant vegetal cover in the area upon the addition of residues, and decreased the variation in soil temperature. The recovery model adopted allowed the establishment of 72 regenerating species (65 natives and 7 exotics) in the degraded area, with the greatest diversity of species being observed in the treatments where the degraded soil was conditioned. The fertility of the EA is still committed, however the pH increased and Al decreased, signaling positively. Microbiological variables showed a tendency to increase their activity in the recovering area, in relation to degraded area without intervention. The DNA extraction was not effective to Cerrado soil or degraded soils, due to the low concentration of microorganisms, which could be approached in new studies.

In der Dissertation ist eine Methodik beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, mittel- und langwellige Gradientenänderungen auf Grundlage der Rohdaten des bei der DB AG zur Gleisgeometrieprüfung gemäß RIL 821.2001 eingesetzten Messfahrzeuges RAILab zu detektieren. Weil mittel- und langwellige Längshöhenfehler eines Gleises die Verschlechterung der Tragfähigkeitseigenschaften von Bettung/Unterbau/Untergrund anzeigen, können mit der Methodik Zustandsänderungen von Erdkörpern kontrolliert werden. Dabei ist eine geodätische Aufnahme von Verformungen, wie sie derzeit beim Monitoring von Erdkörpern im Allgemeinen angewendet wird, nicht erforderlich. Die Methodik wurde an einem Streckenabschnitt, in welchem infolge von verformungsempfindlichen Böden im Untergrund erhebliche Gleisverformungen eingetreten waren, erprobt und durch Vergleich mit geodätischen Messdaten verifiziert. Weiterhin wurde ein Vorschlag zur Festlegung von Aufmerksamkeitswerten für mittel- und langwellige Höhenänderungen unterbreitet. Die vorgeschlagenen Aufmerksamkeitswerte wurden wirkungsbezogen auf Grundlage der Vertikalbeschleunigung abgeleitet, die ein Feder-Dämpfer-Modell bei der Überfahrt über einen aus den RAILab-Gleismessdaten rekonstruierten Höhenverlauf eines Gleises erfährt. Über zwei Beispiele der Anwendung der Methodik bei der Sonderinspektion von Erdkörpern wird berichtet.

In der Dissertation ist eine Methodik beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, mittel- und langwellige Gradientenänderungen auf Grundlage der Rohdaten des bei der DB AG zur Gleisgeometrieprüfung gemäß RIL 821.2001 eingesetzten Messfahrzeuges RAILab zu detektieren. Weil mittel- und langwellige Längshöhenfehler eines Gleises die Verschlechterung der Tragfähigkeitseigenschaften von Bettung/Unterbau/Untergrund anzeigen, können mit der Methodik Zustandsänderungen von Erdkörpern kontrolliert werden. Dabei ist eine geodätische Aufnahme von Verformungen, wie sie derzeit beim Monitoring von Erdkörpern im Allgemeinen angewendet wird, nicht erforderlich. Die Methodik wurde an einem Streckenabschnitt, in welchem infolge von verformungsempfindlichen Böden im Untergrund erhebliche Gleisverformungen eingetreten waren, erprobt und durch Vergleich mit geodätischen Messdaten verifiziert. Weiterhin wurde ein Vorschlag zur Festlegung von Aufmerksamkeitswerten für mittel- und langwellige Höhenänderungen unterbreitet. Die vorgeschlagenen Aufmerksamkeitswerte wurden wirkungsbezogen auf Grundlage der Vertikalbeschleunigung abgeleitet, die ein Feder-Dämpfer-Modell bei der Überfahrt über einen aus den RAILab-Gleismessdaten rekonstruierten Höhenverlauf eines Gleises erfährt. Über zwei Beispiele der Anwendung der Methodik bei der Sonderinspektion von Erdkörpern wird berichtet.