Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-30T14:07:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO BATISTA QUEIROZ DE CARVALHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1975..pdf: 23722015 bytes, checksum: 8472b04995abaef083f89dbe9bba109e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-30T14:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO BATISTA QUEIROZ DE CARVALHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1975..pdf: 23722015 bytes, checksum: 8472b04995abaef083f89dbe9bba109e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1975-03 / 0 propósito desta dissertação foi estudar "algumas propriedades físico-químicas e de engenharia de uma argila orgânica" que forma parte do subsolo da cidade do Recife. As "amostras indeformadas" foram retira das do subsolo pelo uso de tubos de parede fina sem costura conhecidos por tubos tipo "Shelby". Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório foram obtidos com amostras retiradas ao longo da camada de argila orgânica com intervalos de 1,0 metro. Os ensaios, teor de umidade de campo, limites de Atterberg, análise granulométrica , área específica , pH, composição mineralógica, adensamento e triaxial não consolidado não drenado, permitiram não somente o estudo do solo em função da profundidade mas também sua caracterização. O estudo mostra que a homogeneidade e uniformidade da "argila orgânica" é provavelmente função da variação do teor de matéria orgânica. O solo é caracterizado como uma "argila orgânica" com baixo teor de matéria orgânica finalmente dividida, apresentando alta plasticidade, composta predominantemente do argilo-mineral caulinita, normalmente adensada e de baixa sensibilidade. Análise de regressão linear foi usada para explorar possíveis correlações entre os valores dos diferentes ensaios realizados. Isto mostra que, dentro das limitações do estudo, existem correlações entre os parâmetros medidos. Propõe-se que estas correlações sejam usadas preliminarmente para avaliar as propriedades de engenhar i d do solo estudado. / The purpose of this dissertation was to study some physico-chemical and engineering properties of an "organic clay" which forms part of the soil profile underlying the city of Recife. Undisturbed specimens were recovered from the subsoil by the use of seamless, thin walled steel tubes known as "Shelby type tubes". Results during the laboratory testing programme were obtained from specimens recovered at 1 m intervals along the depth of the organic clay strata. Field moisture content, Atterberg limits, grain size distribution, specific gravity, specific surface, pH, minera1ogica1 analysis, consolidation and unconsolidated undrained triaxiol tests allowed not only the study of the soil as a function of depth but its characterization as well. The study shows that the homogeneity and uniformity of the "organic clay" is probably a function of the variation of organic matter content.- The soil is characterized as a: "soft organic clay with traces of highly divided inactive organic matter, exhibiting high plasticity, composed predominantly of kaolinite cl y mineral, normally consolidated and of low sensitivity". Linear regression analysis was used to explore possible correlations between the values of the different tests carried out. It is shown that, within the limitations of the study, statistical relations do exist between the parameters measured. It is proposed that these correlations may be used for preliminary evaluation of the engineering properties of the soil studied.

Radon Study of a Sample of Chosen Municipalities of South Bohemia - Measurment, Results Analysis and Inhabitants´ Perception of Risk The topic of my diploma thesis is radon study of a sample of chosen municipalities of South Bohemia - measurment, results analysis and inhabitants´ perception of risk. Czech inhabitants anxiety about radioactivity is usually focused on artificial sources of radiation, mainly on nuclear radiation. However, most of the irradiation of people is caused by natural radiation, espacially by radon. Within my diploma thesis I distributed 100 of detectors to measure volume activity of radon. After about six months I collected data to be processed. During the time of measuring I got know lots of people and I used the possibility to talk to them. That is why one of the aims of my thesis was to assess reaction of people to radon, to values of radon measured in their houses, people´s fears or indolence. I also tried to make the problem of radon easier to larger amount of inhabitants and I tried to make them understand this problem. I intended to inform people about results of radon radiation on human body. Main goal of my diploma thesis was to process data of volume activity of radon which were measured in the premises, to compare these data with the radon index of subsoil and to set a relation between volume activity of radon and other parameters as the age of the premises, contact with subsoil, tightness of windows, construction material used, and water source.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T18:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T13:08:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T13:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The inclusion of the Cerrado of Goiás in the national and international production of goods is directly connected to geopolitics and strategies aimed at seizing territories disputed by the hydro-agribusiness, the pharmaceutical-chemical industry, tourism, and mining. Territorial resources such as land, water and ores become vital for the capital to keep its expansionary pace and income generation, focused on disputes over territories and class struggle in the face of a worldwide demand for agricultural-mineral commodities. The social-spatial effects caused by large extraction enterprises bring about social-environmental conflicts and impact the organization of spaces of collective existence of Peasant Communities, land workers, quilombolas and indigenous peoples in Goiás – the Cerradeiros Peoples. Thus, the purpose of the research was to understand the social-spatial effects of the large mineral extraction projects in Goiás, mainly the Mining-Chemical Complex in the cities of Catalão and Ouvidor, in southeastern Goiás. The methodology employed used techniques involving qualitative research and quantitative data collection. The comprehension of the reality and the subjects investigated was made possible by methodological procedures such as field research, interviews, participative research, a field journal, audiovisual records, data tabulation and informative tables, charts and diagrams. It was argued that mining is inseparable from the economic and social formation of Goiás at different production stages of its territory. It was found that the mining companies have their own geopolitics concerning occupying the Goiás’ Cerrado with an unequal, contradictory appropriation of the subsoil by strategies for control and expansion of large mining enterprises. Hence, besides land and water, the subsoil is considered to be a disputed territory. Such process is attached to the globalization of capital and the reprimarization of the Brazilian exporting agenda, with the participation of Goiás in the context of the megacycle of commodities in the 21st century’s first decade. This (re)positioned the Cerrado within the production of goods, as of the modernization of territory and commoditization of nature. Consequently, struggles for land, water and the subsoil are inseparable from the contemporary agrarian issue, and constitute what has been called the agricultural-hydro-mining business. This process also binds together resistances/existences and the working class collective organization, without overlooking the meanings and cultural practices of the subjects who resist/exist. However, the thematic approach focusing on the large mineral extraction projects in Catalão/Ouvidor has shown that conflicts with Peasant Communities, overexploitation of labor, exhaustion of landscapes, and expropriation of peasant families are concrete examples of a primitive capital accumulation and its continuous role in the dynamics of capitalism. It has also revealed the unreformability, uncontrollability, and destructiveness of capital. On the horizon, exhaustion. / A inserção do Cerrado goiano na produção capitalista nacional e internacional de mercadorias relaciona-se diretamente com a geopolítica e as estratégias de apropriação dos seus territórios, disputados pelo agrohidronegócio, indústria farmacoquímica, turismo e mineração. Recursos territoriais como terra, água e minérios tornam-se imprescindíveis para que o capital mantenha sua marcha expansionista e geração de renda, apresentando a centralidade das disputas por território e de classe diante da demanda mundial por commodities agrominerais. Os efeitos socioespaciais de grandes empreendimentos extrativistas geram conflitos socioambientais e impactam a organização dos espaços da existência coletiva de Comunidades Camponesas, trabalhadores da terra, quilombolas e povos indígenas em Goiás – os Povos Cerradeiros. Desse modo, o objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender os efeitos socioespaciais dos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral em Goiás, com foco no Complexo Mínero-Químico nos municípios de Catalão e Ouvidor, localizados no Sudeste Goiano. A metodologia utilizada contou com técnicas no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa e levantamento de dados quantitativos. Procedimentos metodológicos como pesquisa de campo, entrevistas, pesquisa participante, diário de campo, registros audiovisuais, tabulação de dados e informações em tabelas, mapas e quadros possibilitaram a apreensão da realidade e dos sujeitos pesquisados. Defendeu-se que a mineração é indissociável da formação econômica e social de Goiás em diferentes fases da produção do seu território. Constatou-se que há uma geopolítica das empresas mineradoras na ocupação do Cerrado goiano com a apropriação desigual e contraditória do subsolo pelas estratégias de controle e expansão dos grandes empreendimentos de mineração. Por isso, além de terra e água, entende-se o subsolo como território em disputa. Esse processo está associado à mundialização do capital e à reprimarização da pauta exportadora brasileira, com a participação de Goiás no contexto do mega ciclo das commodities na primeira década do século XXI. Isso (re)colocou a posição do Cerrado na produção de mercadorias a partir da modernização do território e da commoditização da natureza. Em razão disso, os conflitos por terra, água e subsolo são indissociáveis da questão agrária contemporânea e constituem o que se denominou de negócio da agro-hidro-mineração. Esse processo também aglutina (Re)Existências e organização coletiva da classe trabalhadora, sem perder de vista os significados e as práticas culturais e políticas dos sujeitos que (Re)Existem. No entanto, o recorte temático com ênfase nos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral de Catalão/Ouvidor demonstrou que os conflitos com as Comunidades Camponesas, superexploração do trabalho, exaustão das paisagens e expropriação das famílias camponesas são exemplos concretos da acumulação primitiva do capital e sua presença permanente no movimento processual do capitalismo. Ainda revelaram a irreformabilidade, incontrolabilidade e destrutividade do capital. No horizonte, a exaustão.

Potatoes in the Eastern Shore of Virginia are traditionally planted between late February and early April and harvested between early June and late August. Potato prices are usually higher early into the harvest season and decrease slowly as the season progresses. Early planting dates are desirable for farmers, as it allows them to perceive higher prices for their product, but early planting is also associated with lower air temperature during the early season, which in turn can affect plant development, water and nutrient uptake, and overall yield. Additionally, variations in soil properties often affect nutrient and water availability for plants, as well as the distribution of soil-borne insect pests. Additionally, several techniques are available to map the variations of soil properties in commercial potato fields, but little effort has been made to relate this information to the potential presence of soil-borne pests. Hence, the objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of planting dates, nitrogen (N) rates, and irrigation regimes on potato production. Two comprehensive studies were conducted between February and July 2022 and 2023. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the effect of N rates, planting dates, and soil physicochemical properties in potato production and the presence of soil-borne pests. This study was established in a split-plot design with four replications, with planting dates on the main plot and N rates and time of application on the sub-plot. Late March planting resulted in the highest total tuber yield, while early planting produced significantly larger tubers. Early March planting reduced plant development and emergence, probably due to lower air and soil temperatures. There was no interaction between planting dates and N applications. Using N rates higher than 147 kg ha-1 resulted in no significant differences in total tuber yield. Regression analyses showed that the Normalized Differences Red Edge (NDRE) is an excellent predictor of N content in plant tissue and tuber yield. Moreover, Ca and H saturation percentages were linked to wireworm damage levels using classification algorithms. Similarly, K saturation percentage was identified as a potential predictor of nematode presence in this region. A second study was established with the objective of evaluating the effect of N rates and irrigation regimes on potato production. The study was established in a split-plot design with four replications, with the irrigation method on the main plot and total N rate on the subplot. Results from these experiments showed higher growth and tuber yield when combining overhead irrigation with crop evapotranspiration (ETc) estimation. Moreover, there were no significant differences when using N rates higher than 112 kg ha-1. Overall, results from these experiments suggest no changes in current N rate recommendations for this region. Additionally, these results suggest planting in late March and using irrigation regimes based on evapotranspiration with overhead irrigation systems. Future research should focus on adaptive fertilization based on growing degree days and refinement irrigation determination practices. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / In the Eastern Shore of Virginia, nearly 4,000 acres are annually dedicated to fresh white potato farming. The established planting window extends from early March to early April, aligned with peak market demands in late April. However, this traditional planting strategy exposes crops to varying temperatures, potentially affecting water and nutrient demands, as well as overall yield. A research project consisting of two studies was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of planting dates, nitrogen (N) rates, and irrigation regimes on potato production. The first study was conducted with the aim of optimizing yield and nutrient management by exploring the interplay between planting dates, N rates, and application timing. The second study evaluated overhead and subsurface drip irrigation systems with irrigation regimes determined either by crop evapotranspiration (ETc) or by soil moisture content through soil water sensors (SWS). Results demonstrated that early March planting resulted in delayed emergence and overall growth due to colder temperatures, while late March plantings produced the highest tuber yields. On the irrigation front, overhead irrigation integrated with ETc estimation consistently improved plant health and augmented yield. In addition, the Normalized Differences Red Edge (NDRE) index, obtained from multispectral drone imaging, produced a significant correlation with N content in plant tissue and with total tuber yields for both studies. This suggests its high potential as a yield prediction tool. Overall, results from these studies reinforce current N rate recommendations for Virginia. Furthermore, they not only refine regional potato cultivation practices but also suggest the need for research pivoting around adaptive fertilization based on growing degree days and the potential refinement of irrigation regimens.

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acidic soils are a major limitation to agriculture worldwide. The Highveld in South Africa has many acidic soils and several coal burning power stations. These coal burning power stations generate alkaline fly ash as a waste material and it can thus serve as an ameliorant to the surrounding acidic soils. A two year field trial was undertaken to compare fly ash and other calcium ameliorants to alleviate the effects of subsoil acidity on maize root development. The field trail was established on Beestepan Farm in Middelburg, Mpumalanga. It consisted of 24 treatments, each done in triplicate, rendering a total of 72 plots. The materials used were unweathered fly ash (CCE 10%), calcitic lime (CCE 77%) and Calmasil (a calcium silicate slag, CCE 99%). Calmasil and lime were applied at rates of 0-, 1-, 2-, and 4t/ha, while fly ash was applied at 0-, 7-, 14- and 28t/ha. These treatments were applied to an acidic sandy loam soils in the presence or absence of 4t/ha gypsum. Beans were harvested after the first season following the application of amendments and maize was harvested in the second season. Yield, root length, leaf and soil analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the different liming materials. The effect of the treatments on fertility indicators such as pH, exchangeable acidity, Ca and Mg was investigated. Results indicated that all liming materials increased topsoil pH, soil nutrient and base status and crop yield in both seasons. Calmasil was the superior liming material in all respects. Fly ash increased pH minimally but reduced exchangeable acidity by 12% and 24% in the first and second seasons, respectively. Fly ash increased topsoil Ca levels from 74 to 102mg/kg and subsoil Ca from 61 to 114mg/kg. Topsoil Mg levels were increased from 7.3 to 16mg/kg and subsoil Mg was increased from 9.4 to 13mg/kg. The consequence of these increased nutrients was the subsequent increased foliar uptake of Ca and Mg. The substantial increase in bean yield from 958 to 1724kg/ha and maize yield from 5569 to 7553kg/ha following ash application compared well with results obtained from lime and Calmasil application. This may partly be due to the presence of additional plant nutrients such as P and K in the fly ash. Dissolution behaviour of fly ash indicates that upon exposure to acidity the release of micronutrients like B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn and Zn occurs, and preliminary data shows that there is comparatively little concern regarding heavy metal accumulation in crops. The application of 4t/ha gypsum had no effect on pH and decreased subsoil acidity only minimally however, subsoil Ca status and acid saturation levels were considerably improved which would possibly account for the overall beneficial effect on maize yield, increasing by an average of 1071kg/ha. It was not possible to make any conclusions relating treatment application and maize root length. This field trial has confirmed that fly ash can be used as an efficient liming material and that it compares well with traditional liming materials. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suurgronde is ‘n groot beperking tot landbou wêreldwyd. Die Suid Afrikaanse Hoëveld het menigte suurgronde en verskeie steenkool-aangedrewe kragstasies. Hiedie kragstasies produseer alkaliese vliegas as ‘n afvalproduk. Hierdie vliegas kan dus dien as ‘n grondverbeteringsmiddel vir die aangrensende suurgronde. ‘n Tweejarige veldproef was onderneem om vliegas met ander kalsium-bevattende grondverbetereringsmiddels te vergelyk om die effek van ondergrondse suurheid op mielies op te hef. Hierdie veldproef was opgeset te Beestepan plaas in Middelburg, Mpumalanga. Dit het bestaan uit 24 behandelings wat drie keer herhaal was en lewer dus ‘n totaal van 72 persele. Die kalkmateriale wat gebruik was, is onverweerde vliegas (KKE 10%), kalsitiese kalk (KKE 77%) en Calmasil (‘n kalsium silikaat slak, KKE 99%). Calmasil en kalk was toegedien teen 0-, 1-, 2-, en 4t/ha, en vliegas teen 0-, 7-, 14- en 28t/ha. Hierdie behandelinge was toegedien tot ‘n suur leemsand met of sonder gips. Gips was toegedien teen 4t/ha. Een jaar nadat behandelinge toegedien was, is boontjies geoes en mieles was die daaropvolgende jaar geoes. Opbrengs, wortel lengte blaar- en grondontledings was uitgevoer om effektiwiteit te evalueer. Die effek van die behandelinge op indikatore van grondvrugbaarheid soos pH, uitruilbare suurheid, Ca en Mg was ondersoek. Resultate dui daarop dat alle kalkmateriale die grond se voedingstof- en basisstatus, bogrond pH asook gewasopbreng verhoog het. Calmasil was die beste kalkmateriaal in alle opsigte. Vliegas het die pH minimaal verhoog, terwyl dit die uitruilbare suurheid verminder het met 12% en 24% in die eerste en tweede jaar onderskeidelik. Vliegas het bogrond Ca vlakke vanaf 74 tot 102mg/kg vermeer, sowel as ondergrond Ca vanaf 61 tot 114mg/kg. Bogrond Mg was vermeer vanaf 7.3 tot 16mg/kg, asook ondergrond Mg vanaf 9.4 tot 13 mg/kg. Die gevolg van hierdie verhoogde voedingstowwe was die toename van Ca en Mg in die blare van die gewasse. Die beduidende toename in opbrengste van boontjies vanaf 958 tot 1724mg/kg en mielies vanaf 5569 tot 7553kg/ha na die toediening van vliegas vergelyk goed met die resultate van kalk en Calmasil. Dit is gedeeltelik toe te skryf aan die teenwoordigheid van addisionele plantvoedingstowwe soos P en K in vliegas. Oplossingstudies van vliegas dui op die teenwoordigheid van mikrovoedingstowwe soos B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn en Zn. Aanvanklike data wys dat daar relatief min kommer oor swaarmetaal akkumulasie in gewasse is. Alhoewel 4t/ha gips geen effek op pH gehad het nie, en ondergondrondse suurheid minimaal verminder het, het ondergrondse Ca en gevolglik suurversadiging heelwat verbeter. Dit mag moontlik as verduideliking dien vir die oorhoofse voordelige effek van gips op mielie opbrengste, wat verhoog het met ‘n gemiddelde 1071kg/ha. Oorvleuende omstandighede het daartoe gelei dat geen konkrete afleidings gemaak kon word oor die wortel lengte van die mielies nie. Hierdie veldproef bevestig dat vliegas as ‘n effektiewe kalkmateriaal gebruik kan word en goed vergelyk met tradisionele kalkmateriale.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Susana Churka Blum.pdf: 549899 bytes, checksum: 3f19c8ae259235e6dc9a590dce6fda78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gypsum application provides chemical changes on soil that can improve crop yield. This study was carried out to investigate the gypsum application and reapplication effects on soil chemical attributes, mineral nutrition and wheat and soybean grain yields under a no-till system. A field experiment was established in 1998 on a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox, in Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil. A randomized complet block design was used, with three replications, in a split plot experiment. Gypsum was surface-applied at rates of 0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha-1 in 1998 (main plots) and two rates of gypsum at 0 and 6 t ha-1 were reapplied on the soil surface in 2004 (subplots). Mineral nutrition and graind yields of wheat (cv. OR 1), conventional soybean (cv. BRS 154) and tansgenic soybean (cv. CD 214 RR) were evalueted in the period of 2005-2007. Gypsum rates applied in 1998 presented long-term effects, mainly increasing the S-SO4 2- content and raising wheat dry mass. Grain yields of wheat, conventional soybean and transgenic soybean were not influenced by gypsum applied in 1998. Gypsum reaplication in 2004 increased the exchangeable Ca2+ and S-SO4 2- contents in all soil profile (0-60 cm), increased Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, mainly on topsoil (0-5 and 5-10 cm), decreased Al3+ saturation on subsoil (20-40 and 40-60 cm) and provided leaching of exchangeable Mg2+ from topsoil (0-5 cm). Gypsum reapplication increased the concentrations of K, Ca, and S in wheat leaves and the Ca concentration in conventional soybean (cv. BRS 154) leaves. Grain yields of wheat and transgenic soybean (cv. CD 214 RR) were increased by gypsum reapplication. The increment in wheat yield with gypsum reapplication was related to increase in exchangeable Ca2+, Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, and S-SO4 2- content, and also to decrease in exchangeable Al3+ and Al3+ saturation in the subsoil layers. Transgenic soybean yield (CD 214 RR) was higher with gypsum reapplication due to increase in the S-SO4 2- level in the soil, showing that the transgenic genotype (CD 214 RR) has probably demand higher in sulfur than the conventional genotype (cv. BRS 154). Gypsum reapplication at 6 t ha-1 in 2004 increased the cumulative grain yield of wheat and soybean in 7% in the period from 2005 through 2007, indicating technical viability on soil with low acidity in the subsurface layers. / A adição de gesso agrícola proporciona modificações químicas no solo que podem beneficiar a produção das culturas. Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da aplicação e reaplicação de gesso agrícola nos atributos químicos do solo, na nutrição mineral e na produção de grãos de trigo, soja convencional e soja transgênica cultivados em sistema plantio direto, realizou-se um experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico textura argilosa, em Ponta Grossa (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas receberam quatro doses de gesso (0, 3, 6 e 9 t ha-1) em 1998 e, nas subparcelas, foram reaplicadas duas doses de gesso (0 e 6 t ha-1) em 2004. As culturas de trigo (cv. OR 1), soja convencional (cv. BRS 154) e soja transgênica (cv. CD 214 RR) foram avaliadas quanto a nutrição mineral e a produção de grãos no período de 2005-2007. As doses de gesso aplicadas em 1998 tiveram efeito de longa duração no solo, principalmente no aumento da disponibilidade de S-SO4 2-, aumentaram a produção de massa seca do trigo, mas não influenciaram a produção de grãos de trigo e soja - convencional e transgênica. A reaplicação de gesso efetuada em 2004 aumentou os teores de Ca2+ trocável e de sulfato disponível em todo o perfil do solo (0-60 cm), aumentou a relação Ca2+/Mg2+, principalmente nas camadas superficiais do solo (0-5 e 5-10 cm), reduziu a saturação por Al3+nas camadas do subsolo (20-40 e 40-60 cm) e promoveu lixiviação de Mg2+ trocável da camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm). A reaplicação de gesso aumentou os teores de K, Ca e S nas folhas de trigo e de Ca nas folhas de soja convencional (cv. BRS 154). A produção de grãos do trigo e de soja transgênica (cv. CD 214 RR) foi aumentada com a reaplicação de gesso. O aumento na produção de trigo com a reaplicação de gesso esteve relacionado com o aumento de Ca2+trocável, da relação Ca/Mg e do sulfato disponível no solo, e ainda, com a diminuição do Al3+trocável e da saturação por Al3+ nas camadas do subsolo. A produção de soja transgênica (cv. CD 214 RR) foi aumentada devido ao aumento de sulfato disponível no solo proporcionado pela reaplicação de gesso, mostrando que o genótipo transgênico (CD 214 RR) provavelmente possui maior exigência em enxofre do que o genótipo convencional (cv. BRS 154). A reaplicação de 6 t ha-1 de gesso em 2004 aumentou em 7% a produção acumulada de grãos de trigo e soja no período de 2005–2007, mostrando viabilidade técnica em solo com baixa acidez em subsuperfície.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julius Blum.pdf: 529195 bytes, checksum: f22e38fddc3f7dc09890ece44ddbb80b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gypsum applied on the soil surface reduces subsoil Al3+ toxicity and increases the Ca2+ and S-SO42- levels, promoting better development of plant roots. Gains in productivity has observed with the use of gypsum in annual and perennial crops, but lacking studies regarding to gypsum application on grapevines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gypsum on soil chemical attributes and the production of the ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape. A field trial was carried out in a 8 years old orchard, on a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil. The soil had low acidity and sufficient nutrient levels in the top soil (0-20 cm), and high concentration of exchangeable Al3+ in subsurface. A randomized block design was used and five gypsum rates were surface applied (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 t ha-1), with four replications. After 8 months of the application, there was an increase in soil pH below 20 cm and decrease in the Al3+ content. These effects were intensified after 20 months. Was an increase in Ca2+ and S-SO42- levels in all soil profile after gypsum application. Movement of Mg2+ from the top soil to deeper layers occurred after 8 months, and this effect was intensified after 20 months. The improvement on soil fertility had no effect on grape nutrition in the first year. There was a decrease in leaf magnesium concentration at the second year. Gypsum application had negative effect on fruit production due to leaching of exchangeable Mg2+ from the topsoil. Chemical changes at layer 0-20 cm depth were better correlated with the plant nutrition. There was correlation between the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, and saturation and concentration of Mg2+ in the soil with foliar concentration of magnesium and grape productivity. The critical level of Mg2+ in the soil (90 of relative production) was 42 mmolc dm-3. The Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio and the percentage of Mg2+ in CEC at pH 7 were more appropriate than just the concentration of Mg2+ for the diagnosis of the nutrient in the soil. A Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio of 1.9 and 25 of magnesium in CEC at pH 7 were established for 90 relative production. The Ca/Mg ratio was better to nutritional diagnosis on plants than the magnesium concentration. A 2 Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in leaves was the critical level for 90 relative production. The application of gypsum caused increase in soluble solids in the berries, ameliorating grape quality. / O gesso agrícola, quando aplicado na superfície do solo, diminui a toxicidade de Al3+ e aumenta a disponibilidade de Ca2+ e S-SO42- no subsolo, melhorando o ambiente para o desenvolvimento das raízes das plantas. Ganhos na produtividade têm ocorrido com o uso do gesso agrícola em culturas anuais e perenes, mas faltam estudos relacionados à aplicação do produto na videira. O estudo objetivou de verificar o efeito do gesso nos atributos químicos do solo e na produção da videira cv. Niagara Rosada em pomar de 8 anos, conduzido em latada, em um Latossolo Vermelho textura argilosa do município de Ponta Grossa (PR). O solo tinha baixa acidez e teores suficientes de nutrientes na camada de 0-20 cm, e concentração superior a 8 mmolc dm-3 de Al3+ em subsuperfície. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1 de gesso agrícola na superfície em delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Após 8 meses da aplicação, o gesso aumentou o pH do solo em profundidades abaixo de 20 cm, que foi acompanhado de diminuição no teor de Al3+ trocável. Esses efeitos foram intensificados após 20 meses da aplicação de gesso. As concentrações de Ca2+ e S-SO42- aumentaram em todo o perfil de solo estudado (0-80 cm). Houve movimentação de Mg2+ trocável da camada de 0-20 cm para a camada de 60-80 cm de profundidade após 8 meses da aplicação e das camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm para a de 60-80 após 20 meses. A melhoria na disponibilidade de Ca2+ e S-SO42- e a diminuição do Al3+ trocável no subsolo não foi refletida na nutrição das plantas no primeiro ano de avaliação. No segundo ano de avaliação ocorreu diminuição no teor foliar de magnésio em decorrência da lixiviação de Mg2+ trocável na camada superficial do solo, com reflexos negativos na produção de uva. As alterações químicas da camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade foram mais bem correlacionadas com a nutrição das plantas. Houve correlação entre a relação Ca2+/Mg2+, concentração e saturação de magnésio no solo com a concentração foliar de magnésio e a produtividade de uva. O nível crítico de Mg2+ no solo (produção relativa de 90 foi de 42 mmolc dm-3. A relação Ca2+/Mg2+ e a porcentagem de Mg2+ trocável na CTC a pH 7 foram mais adequados que a concentração isolada do nutriente para o diagnóstico de magnésio no solo. A relação Ca2+/Mg2+ de 1,9 ou 25 de Mg2+ da CTC a pH 7 resultaram em produção relativa de 90. A relação Ca/Mg também se mostrou mais adequada para o diagnóstico de magnésio na planta, com nível critico 2 para produção relativa de 90. A aplicação de gesso agrícola melhorou a qualidade da uva ocasionando aumento de sólidos solúveis na baga.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Itacir Feldhaus.pdf: 550488 bytes, checksum: 13f0af90b9e23ee384c7dd7fe7d06acb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-17 / The effects of surface liming and nitrogen application on soil chemical attributes, on the dry matter production of black oats and on the root growth, mineral nutrition and grain yield of corn, under a no-till system, were evaluated in a field trial carried out on a loamy Typic Hapludox, in Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil. A randomized complete block, split-plot design was employed, with three replications. The plots received four treatments of lime: no lime, 4, 8 and 12 t ha-1 of dolomitic lime applied on the surface before the sowing of the oats. In the subplots were employed four treatments of nitrogen: without nitrogen, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of nitrogen spread out manually at tillering of oat plants. After 110 days of the application, liming provided soil acidity correction to a depth of 20 cm, with effects of larger magnitude in the uppermost soil layer (0-5 cm). After 330 days of the application, liming raised pH and reduced the potential acidity (H+Al) to a depth of 20 cm, reduced Al3+ to a depth of 40 cm and raised bases saturation to a depth of 60 cm. The treatments of N promoted acidification of the uppermost soil layers and raised the levels of N-Mineral in the uppermost soil layers 60 days after the application, and in the subsoil 280 after the application. The levels of Ca2+ in the uppermost layers were reduced with N application, but there was no correlation between NO3 - leaching and the amelioration in the subsoil chemical attributes with liming. The dry matter production of oats was not affected by the treatments of liming and N. The root growth of the corn cultivated in succession was also not affected by the treatments. Liming increased the Ca and S levels in the leaves and in the grains of corn, respectively, and reduced the leaf Mn content. The treatments of N fertilization increased the content of N in the grains and of Mn in the leaves and in the grains of corn. Liming had no effect in the dry matter production, grain yield and content of oil and protein of corn. The N treatments had no effect in the dry matter production, but raised the grain yield and the content of oil and protein of corn. / Os efeitos da calagem superficial e da adubação nitrogenada nas alterações químicas do solo, na produção de massa seca de aveia preta e no crescimento radicular, nutrição mineral e rendimento de grãos da cultura do milho, em sistema plantio direto, foram avaliados em um experimento realizado em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico textura média, em Ponta Grossa (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas receberam quatro tratamentos de calagem: sem calcário, 4, 8 e 12 t ha-1 de calcário dolomítico na superfície antes da semeadura da aveia. Nas subparcelas foram empregados quatro tratamentos de adubação nitrogenada: sem N, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N aplicados a lanço no perfilhamento da aveia. Aos 110 dias após a aplicação, a calagem proporcionou correção da acidez do solo até a profundidade de 20 cm, apresentando efeito de maior magnitude na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm). Aos 330 dias após a aplicação, a calagem elevou o pH e reduziu a acidez potencial até a profundidade de 20 cm, reduziu o Al3+ até a profundidade de 40 cm e elevou a saturação por bases até a profundidade de 60 cm. As doses de N promoveram acidificação das camadas superficiais do solo e elevaram os teores de N-Mineral nas camadas superficiais aos 60 dias após a aplicação, e nas do subsolo, aos 280 dias após a aplicação. Houve redução dos teores de Ca2+ nas camadas superficiais com a adubação nitrogenada, mas não houve correlação entre a lixiviação de NO3 - e as melhorias nos atributos químicos do subsolo pela calagem. A produção de massa seca de aveia não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos de calagem e de N. Também não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o crescimento radicular do milho cultivado em sucessão à aveia. A calagem aumentou a concentração de Mg e de S nas folhas e nos grãos de milho, respectivamente, e reduziu a concentração foliar de Mn. Os tratamentos de adubação nitrogenada aumentaram a concentração de N nos grãos e de Mn nas folhas e nos grãos de milho. A calagem não influenciou a produção de massa seca, o rendimento de grãos e a concentração de óleo e de proteína de milho. Os tratamentos de N não afetaram a produção de massa seca, mas aumentaram o rendimento de grãos e o teor de óleo e de proteína de milho

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shivelly Galetto.pdf: 3409300 bytes, checksum: 3a6b231c97f2d660f8aa073c74bf43f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphate fertilization influenced by the application of agricultural gypsum for wheat and soybean crops under notillage system. For this, two experiments were carried out in the field and two in a greenhouse.The experiments in the field were installed in October 2013 in the municipality of Ponta Grossa – PR, in two Oxisols with different textural classes: a Red Oxisol (LV) clay texture and a Red-Yellow Oxisol (LVA) sandy-loam texture. The experimental design of the two soils was a randomized complete block in a split-plot, with three replications. In the plots,four rates of P (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP) were applied at sowing and, in the subplots, four rates of agricultural gypsum (0, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1),on the soil surface, before soybean sowing. In both soils, the immediate effects of treatments with P2O5 and gypsum in the soybean crop were evaluated. The effects of treatments on the succession of wheat (2014) – soybean (2014–15) were also evaluated in the clay Red Oxisol.In this case, in each crop (soybean and wheat), the same rates of P P2O5, in the form of TSP,were applied at the sowing, and the residual effect of the application of agricultural gypsum was evaluated. The experiments in greenhouse were carried out with wheat and soybean crops in undisturbed columns of soil. The PVC columns were taken from the Red Oxisol used in the field experiment. The experimental design used for each culture was in randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were: control, agricultural gypsum and pure CaSO4.2H2O, without and with application of P2O5, in the form of TSP. The rate of agricultural gypsum and pure CaSO4.2H2O was corresponding to 6 t ha-1 and the rate of P was 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5. In all experiments, soil chemical attributes, plant attributes (nutrient extraction and dry mass production) and root attributes were evaluated. In the field experiments, nutritional diagnosis, nutrient exportation and grain yield of the crops were also evaluated. The P utilization efficiencies were calculated for wheat and soybean crops. In general, it was observed that, in the short term, gypsum did not influence P use efficiency (PUE) by soybean cultivated in RL and BL, but the residual effect of gypsum increased PUE by the rate of 5 t ha-1, and also the PUE of the soybean, up to the rate of 4.3 t ha-1. Adjusting the gypsum and P at sowing rates appropriately, it was possible to obtain high grain yields of wheat (above 4,5 t ha-1) and soybean (above 4 t ha-1) and provides economy of the phosphate fertilizer. However, it has been observed in all years that the highest rate of P at sowing (90 kg ha-1 of P2O5) associated with the highest rate of agricultural gypsum (6 t ha-1), in soils that had high levels of P, impaired root growth and wheat and soybean grain yields. In the experiments in greenhouse, it was verified that the application of pure CaSO4.2H2O and with 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5 at the sowing promoted improvement in the root system and in the production of wheat dry mass, and did not interfere in the soybean crop. These results have shown that the use of gypsum can increase PUE and improve the productive performance of wheat and soybean plants. However, the use of high rates of P at sowing associated with high rates of agricultural gypsum should be carried out with caution, especially in soils that already have adequate levels of available P, so that crop performance do not be impaired. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da adubação fosfatada influenciada pela aplicação de gesso agrícola para as culturas de trigo e soja, em sistema plantio direto. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos em campo e dois em ambiente protegido. Os experimentos no campo foram instalados em outubro de 2013 no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, em dois solos com diferentes classes texturais: um Latossolo Vermelho (LV) textura argilosa e um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) textura franco-arenosa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, foram aplicadas, no sulco de semeadura, quatro doses de P (0,30, 60 e 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) na forma de superfosfato triplo (SFT) e, nas subparcelas, foram empregadas doses de gesso agrícola (0, 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1), antes da semeadura da soja. Em ambos os solos, foram avaliados os efeitos imediatos dos tratamentos com P2O5 e gesso na cultura da soja. No Latossolo Vermelho argiloso também foram avaliados os efeitos dos tratamentos na sucessão de culturas trigo (2014) – soja (2014–15). Nesse caso, em cada cultivo de soja e trigo, as mesmas doses de P2O5, na forma de SFT, foram aplicadas no sulco de semeadura, sendo avaliado o efeito residual da aplicação de gesso agrícola. Os experimentos em ambiente protegido foram realizados com as culturas de trigo e soja, em colunas indeformadas de solo. As colunas em PVC foram retiradas do Latossolo Vermelho utilizado no experimento de campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado, para cada cultura, foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: controle, gesso agrícola e CaSO4.2H2O puro, sem e com aplicação de P2O5, na forma de SFT. A dose de gesso agrícola e de CaSO4.2H2O puro foi correspondente a 6 t ha-1 e a dose de P foi de 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Em todos os experimentos foram avaliados atributos químicos de solo, atributos de planta (extração de nutrientes e produção de massa seca) e atributos de raízes. Nos experimentos no campo foram ainda avaliados a diagnose nutricional, a exportação de nutrientes e o rendimento de grãos das culturas. As eficiências de aproveitamento do P também foram calculadas paras culturas de trigo e soja. De maneira geral, observou-se que,em curto prazo, o gesso não influenciou a eficiência de uso do P (EUP) pela soja cultivada nos solos LV e LVA, mas o efeito residual do gesso aumentou a EUP pela cultura do trigo,até a dose de 5 t ha-1, e também a EUP da soja, até a dose de 4,3 t ha-1. Ajustando-se adequadamente as doses de gesso e as doses de P na semeadura, além da economia do fertilizante fosfatado, foi possível obter altas produtividades de grãos de trigo (acima de 4,5 t ha-1) e soja (acima de 4 t ha-1). Porém, observou-se, em todos os anos, que a dose mais elevada de P na semeadura (90 kg ha-1 de P2O5) associada à dose mais elevada de gesso agrícola (6 t ha-1), em solos que continham altos teores de P, prejudicou o crescimento radicular e o rendimento de grãos de trigo e soja. Nos experimentos em ambiente protegido, constatou-se que a aplicação de CaSO4.2H2O puro juntamente com 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na semeadura promoveu melhoria no sistema radicular e na produção de massa seca da parte área de plantas de trigo, e não interferiu na cultura da soja. Esses resultados comprovaram que a utilização de gesso pode aumentar a EUP e melhorar o desempenho produtivo das plantas de trigo e soja. Porém, a utilização de altas doses de P na semeadura associada com altas doses de gesso agrícola deve ser realizada com cautela, principalmente em solos que já apresentem teores adequados de P disponível, para que o desempenho das culturas não seja prejudicado.