The estimation of anisotropic parameters in the shallow subsurface becomes increasingly important for 4C seismic data processing in order to obtain accurate images in both time and depth domain. I focus on two approaches to evaluate anisotropy in seismic data: using P-wave data and PS-converted (C-wave) data. To gain better insight into the accuracy and sensitivity of anisotropic parameters to for instance layering and compaction gradients, I undertake numerical modelling studies and verify the results with full-wave modelling as well as findings from the real data from a 4C data set from the Alba field. The focus of this thesis is on vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) which widely occurs in marine sediments and cannot be neglected in seismic processing. P-wave data alone cannot constrain the vertical velocity and the depth scale of the earth model for a VTI medium. Therefore, the joint inversion of non-hyperbolic P- and converted wave (C-wave) or S-wave data from long offsets has been suggested. I carried out a detailed analysis of the resolution and accuracy of non-hyperbolic moveout inversion for P-, S- and C-waves for a single VTI layer in two parts. First, I introduce the concept of the inherited error delta inh as a measure of the possible resolution of the moveout approximations for the different wave types. The range of this error stays constant regardless of the magnitude of the anisotropic parameter for each wave type. Second, I analyse the accuracy of non-hyperbolic moveout inversion. I find that for anisotropy parameter eta the error of estimation from C-wave data is in most cases about half that from P-wave data. Inversion of non-hyperbolic S-wave moveout data does not resolve the anisotropy parameter due to the presence of cusps in the data. The study is then extended to a multilayered medium considering only P- and C-waves. The results confirm the findings from the single layer case. Furthermore, I investigate phase effects on parameter estimation for P- and C-waves. It is suggested that eta estimated from C-wave data gives a better description of the anisotropy found in a medium than the eta values picked from P-wave data. To verify the above findings near-surface effects are studied on the 4C data from the Alba field and accompanied by a full-waveform modelling study. I find that the picked eta values from P-wave data are distinctly larger than the eta values from C-wave data and also larger than the eta values from VSP data. The full-wave modelling study shows that picked eta values from P-wave data may account for influence of structure such as velocity gradients in the near-surface and are influenced by high velocity ratios and phase reversals. Finally, I have carried out an integrated analysis of the Alba 4C data to demonstrate how seismic anisotropy can be estimated from 4C seismic data and how such information can be used to improve subsurface imaging. The results are presented in two parts. The first part deals with non-hyperbolic moveout analysis for estimating anisotropic parameters to gain improved stacked sections. The second part describes migration model building and final imaging. The models are evaluated by comparison with VSP data results and with a synthetic modelling study for three events of the overburden. The evaluation confirms that the anisotropy parameter obtained from C-wave moveout corresponds better with the VSP data than the values directly estimated from P-wave data.

Midlatitudinal hydrated sulfates on Mars may influence brine pH, atmospheric humidity, and collectively water activity. These factors affect the habitability of the planetary subsurface and the preservation of relict biomolecules. Regolith at grain sizes smaller than gravel, constituting the bulk of the Martian subsurface at regional scales, may be a primary repository of chemical alteration, mechanical alteration, and biosignatures. The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer with hundreds of kilometers of lateral resolution and compositional sensitivity to decimeter depth provides unique insight into this component of the regolith, which we call soil. Advancing the globally compelling association between H2O and S established by our previous work, we characterize latitudinal variations in the association between H and S, as well as in the hydration state of soil. Represented by H2O:S molar ratios, the hydration state of candidate sulfates increases with latitude in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, hydration states generally decrease with latitude in the south. Furthermore, we observe that H2O concentration may affect the degree of sulfate hydration more than S concentration. Limited H2O availability in soil-atmosphere exchange and in subsurface recharge could explain such control exerted by H2O on salt hydration. Differences in soil thickness, ground ice table depths, atmospheric circulation, and insolation may contribute to hemispheric differences in the progression of hydration with latitude. Our observations support chemical association of H2O with S in the southern hemisphere as suggested by Karunatillake et al. (2014), including the possibility of Fe sulfates as a key mineral group.

The objective of this study is to estimate 2-D spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of Zhuoshui River alluvial fan, Taiwan, using groundwater level data from 88 wells and stream stage data from 4 gauging stations. In order to accomplish this analysis, wavelet analysis is first carried out to investigate the periodic cycles of groundwater level, precipitation, and stream stage. The results of the analysis show that variations of groundwater level and stream stage are highly correlated in terms of seasonal and annual periods. Subsequently, seasonal variations of groundwater level in response to stream stage variation are utilized to estimate the Ks spatial distribution by spatiotemporal cross correlation analysis, cokriging, and river stage tomography. Prior to applications of these methods to the alluvial fan, performances of each approach are evaluated and compared with reference field of a noise free synthetic experiment. It is found that all of the approaches could yield similar general spatial pattern of Ks. Nevertheless, river stage tomography seems to reveal a higher resolution of spatial Ks distribution. When the geologic zones are provided in river stage tomography analysis as prior information, the accuracy of estimated Ks values improves. Finally, results of the applications to data of the alluvial fan reveal that the apex and southeast of the alluvial fan are regions with relative high Ks and the Ks values gradually decrease toward the shoreline of the fan. These two areas are considered as the possible main recharge regions of the aquifer. It is also observed that Ks at northern alluvial fan is slightly larger than that at southern. These findings seem consistent with the geologic evolution of this alluvial fan.

O uso de agroquímicos pode causar uma grande variedade de impactos negativos em ambientes aquáticos. Em áreas de exploração agrícola, onde são usados tais produtos, há uma demanda por sistemas de bioremediação que conjuguem baixos custos e simplicidade operacional. Na presente tese são apresentados os resultados da pesquisa que consistiu em se investigar o destino ambiental do agroquímico ametrina quando adicionado a alagados construídos. Foram utilizados sistemas em micro e mesoescala, construídos em Viçosa-MG, que consistiam de macrófitas aquáticas (T. latifolia) plantadas sobre um leito de brita. Para melhor avaliação dos mecanismos nos alagados foi realizado um estudo hidrodinâmico e observou-se que as células operam com boa eficiência hidráulica. No experimento em mesoescala verificou-se a retenção/remoção de 39% da massa de ametrina aplicada, não sendo observadas diferenças significativas entre as 4 unidades utilizadas. No estudo em microcosmo, não foram observadas variações em relação ao teor de nutrientes e a morfo-anatomia das macrófitas. Tal fato pode ser interpretado positivamente, visto que mesmo sob perturbação ambiental a planta adulta conseguiu manter suas características. Como fator a ser considerado, verificou-se que o desenvolvimento inicial da T. latifolia pode ser prejudicado por reduzidas concentrações de ametrina. De uma maneira geral, observou-se que sistemas alagados construídos operando sob escoamento subsuperficial poderão vir a ser usados na mitigação da contaminação de águas por praguicidas. / Pesticides can cause a great spectrum of negative impacts in aquatic environmental. In agricultural lands, these products are largely used and in these regions there is a demand for low costs and simple bioremediation systems. In the present thesis, the results of the research about ametryn environmental fate in subsurface flow constructed wetlands systems are presented. The wetlands cells were built in microcosms and mesocosms scales at Viçosa city, Minas Gerais state. The experimental system was consisted of aquatic macrophytes (T. latifolia) cultivated on a porous gravel bed. A hydrodynamic study was performed for the better knowledge of the mechanisms of pesticide transport. The cells presented good hydraulic efficiency and in mesocosms wetlands were observed that 39% of ametryn amended was removed/retained. No statistical difference among the 4 cells performances was registered. At green house (microcosm) tests, no effects in nutrients and morpho-anatomy were observed. This fact can be interpreted positively, because ever under environmental disturbance, the macrophyte maintained its characteristics. However, aqueous 10-d germination and growth experiment indicate possible ametryn harmful effects to T. latifolia development. In general way, it was observed that vegetated constructed wetlands can be used in depollution of pesticides-contaminated waters.

Neste trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado um estudo do método de deconvolução visando melhor adequação à situação encontrada na escala de investigação rasa para a estimativa da forma de onda e da resposta impulsiva da Terra. Procedimentos determinísticos e estatísticos (métodos cegos) foram avaliados sobre dados sintéticos e dados reais adquiridos com fontes de impacto e com uma fonte pseudo-aleatória. / In this research work a study of the method of deconvolution was conducted in order to improve the adequacy to the shallow subsurface scale of investigation to the estimate of the seismic wavelet and of the earth impulse response. Deterministic and statistical (blind) procedures were evaluated over synthetic and real data acquired with impact sources and a pseudo-random source.

Devido à crise que o setor sucroenergético vem sofrendo ultimamente, mediante baixas nas cotações de açúcar e etanol nos mercados internacionais, a técnica de irrigação em cana-de-açúcar vem passando por alguns questionamentos quanto a viabilidade de implantação dos sistemas. Diante disso, novos sistemas de irrigação vêm surgindo no meio sucroenergético em busca da redução de perdas de água por evaporação e lixiviação e, também buscando uma maior longevidade de canaviais a fim de obter maior lucro líquido ao longo da vida útil da lavoura. A exemplo disso tem-se o sistema de gotejamento subsuperficial já bastante difundido na Austrália. Outro aspecto é a aplicação de vinhaça em cana-de-açúcar, cuja técnica vem sendo adotada há muito tempo visto que promove melhorias nas condições físico-química do solo além de promover economias com redução da aplicação de fertilizantes minerais visto que a vinhaça é rica no nutriente potássio. Diante disso, buscouse conduzir uma pesquisa sobre fertirrigação com aplicação de vinhaça e adubação mineral, em diferentes doses, via gotejamento subsuperficial em um Argissolo vermelho-amarelo com a variedade de cana-de-açúcar CTC15, buscando verificar os seus efeitos na produtividade da variedade e parâmetros biométricos, visto que, irrigação por gotejamento subsupercial em cana-de-açúcar é uma tecnologia relativamente nova para cultura no Brasil. Portanto, foi instalado um experimento de campo em área de aproximadamente 1600 m2, composto por 6 tratamentos compostos de diferentes doses de vinhaça, adubação mineral e sequeiro, e 4 repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, conduzidos por duas safras de cana (2013-2014 e 2014-2015), sendo o T1 sem irrigação e com adubação convencional junto ao plantio, T2 fertirrigado convencionalmente, T3 ½ DoseCETESB, T4 dose calculada a partir dos critérios da norma P4.231/2015 (DoseCETESB), T5 2xDoseCETESB e T6 3xDoseCETESB. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado por tensiômetros instalados em profundidades de 20, 40 e 60 cm. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: biometria completa da parte aérea (altura de planta, comprimento de limbo foliar, largura de limbo foliar, distância entre internódios, número de colmos, diâmetro de colmos, número de folhas e de perfilhos, clorofila a, b e total), produção por área e avaliação tecnológica (Brix, Pureza, Fibra, Cinzas e ATR). Os parâmetros foram avaliados por análise estatística de variância e teste de comparação entre médias por Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados obtidos, comparado à condição de sequeiro (T1), a irrigação exercida no ciclo da cana planta promoveu ganhos em número de perfilhos da ordem de 16%, número de colmos na ordem de 10% e largura de limbo foliar em 15%. A fertirrigação com vinhaça no ciclo de primeira soca, em comparação ao sequeiro (T1), promoveu ganhos de 13% para altura de plantas, 5% para comprimento de folhas, 12% para número de perfilhos e 4% para largura de limbo foliar. E não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para clorofila a, b e total e nem para parâmetros tecnológicos nos dois ciclos. O tratamento que melhor respondeu a fertirrigação com vinhaça em produtividade foi T4 (DoseCETESB) obtendo um valor de 190 ton ha-1. / Due to low sugar and ethanol prices in international markets, questions have arisen about the economic feasibility of implementing new irrigation techniques. Consequently, irrigation systems with reduced leaching and evaporative water loss, and with greater longevity, are being developed to achieve higher net income for sugarcane. The use of subsurface drip is already widespread in Australia, for example. One such management technique is the use of vinasse in sugarcane crops in Brazil. Vinasse has a long history of use in sugarcane production in Brazil, since it promotes improvements in the physical-chemical conditions of the soil and reduces the use of mineral fertilizers, as it is rich the potassium. This research relates to subsurface drip fertigation of the CTC15 variety of sugarcane in a redyellow Argisol, with vinasse and mineral fertilizer. The objective was to characterize the effect of fertigation on yield and several biometric parameters, since subsurface drip irrigation/fertigation is a relatively new technology for sugarcane production in Brazil. A drip irrigation system was installed in a 1600 m2 field, consisting of 4 replications of 6 treatments with different vinasse doses, mineral fertilizer and rainfed conditions, in a completely randomized design. The treatments were T1: No irrigation and conventional fertilization at planting, T2: fertigation at conventional fertilizer levels, T3: fertigation at ½ the standard P4.231/2015 CETESB rate, T4: fertigation at the standard CETESB rate, T5: fertigation at twice the CETESB rate and T6: fertigation at three times the CETESB rate. Data were collected for the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 sugarcane crops. Irrigation was scheduled based on the moisture content in tensiometers installed at 20, 40 and 60 cm depth. The parameters evaluated were complete shoot biometrics (plant height, leaf blade length, width of leaf blade, the distance between internodes, number of stems, stalk diameter, number of leaves and tillers, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll), crop yield, and sugarcane quality (Brix, Purity, Fiber, Embers and ATR). The parameters were evaluated by statistical analyses of variances, and comparison test of means by Tukey at 5% probability. Based on these results, compared to rainfed condition (T1), irrigation improved tiller number by 16 %, culm number by 10%, and width of leaf blade at 15%. The fertigation with vinasse in the first ratoon cycle, improved plant height by 13%, sheet length by 5%, number of tillers by 12%, and width of leaf blade by 4%. There were no statistical differences in chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total chlorophyll and sugarcane quality in either of the two crop cycles. The T4 treatment, fertigation at the standard CETESB rate, had the best yield response to fertigation with vinasse (190 ton ha-1).

<div><p>Hourly photos were taken from the<b> </b>Field W located at Davis Purdue Agricultural Center (DPAC) in eastern Indiana using time-lapse cameras. These photos were taken during the daytime from four different plots that are described below. </p> <p><b>Site description:</b> Field W is relatively flat (slope < 1%), divided into four plots, northwest (NW), southwest (SW), northeast (NE), and southeast (SE) with areas ranging from 3.5 ha to 3.7 ha. Drainage in the SE and NW plots was controlled during some periods, while the SW and NE were allowed to drain freely.</p><br></div>

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta pesquisa investigou a formação de depósitos arenosos localizados na planície costeira da Baixada de Sepetiba, em Itaguaí, estado do Rio de Janeiro. A deposição sedimentar e a evolução desta área, na Baixada de Sepetiba tem sido estudada nas três últimas décadas, principalmente, porque é um ambiente de depósitos arenosos antigo de idade Holocênica a Pleistocênica que corresponde a uma linha de praia, originada com eventos transgressivos e/ou regressivos que tiveram seu ápice durante o Quaternário. A metodologia de Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR) é usada, principalmente nos casos de trabalho em que se estuda um ambiente costeiro arenoso. Este campo da Geofísica tem sido usado para examinar características, tais como: a espessura de depósitos arenosos, a profundidade de um aqüífero, a detecção de uma rocha ou um aqüífero, e determina a direção de progradação. Esta pesquisa usa técnicas de radar de penetração no solo (GPR) para analisar as estruturas, em subsuperfície desde que o ambiente estudado seja definido como linha de costa, as margens de uma lagoa mixohalina, chamada Baía de Sepetiba. Neste trabalho realizamos um total de 11 perfis, que foram processados pelo software ReflexWin. Durante o processamento do dado aplicamos alguns filtros, tais como: subtract-mean (dewow), bandpassfrequency e ganhos. E as melhores imagens dos perfis foram realizadas usando-se uma antena de 200 MHz (canal 1) e outra antena de 80 MHz. Neste caso, obtivemos imagens de alta resolução a uma profundidade de até 25 metros. / This research investigated the formation of sandstones located in the coastal plain region of Sepetiba, in Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro State. The deposition sedimentary and the evolution of the coastal plain Sepetiba has been studied in the last three decades, mainly because it is an ancient environment of sandy deposits formed during the Holocene. In addition, diverse authors define the sediments as deposited at beaches originated with transgressive and/or regressive that peaked during the Quaternary. The methodology of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) was here used to study the coastal sandy environment. This geophysical technique has been used to examine characteristics such as: thickness of the sand deposits, the detection of the bedrock and to determinate the direction of progradation. This research also used the technique of ground penetrating radar to analyze the structures in the subsurface since the environment studied can be defined as the shoreline, the margins of lagoon, called Sepetiba Bay. In this work we realized a total of eleven (11) profiles, which have been processed with the software Reflex win. During data processing apply some filters, such as: subtract mean (dewow), bandpassfrequency and gains. And the much better images of radargramas have been realized using a 200 MHz antenna (channel 1) and an antenna 80 MHz In this case, obtained images of radargramas with high resolution to 25 meters depth. The results were used to build sections and their interpretations allowed to conclude that the studied sedimentary sequence was deposited in delta and shorelines Quaternary environments.

Decision making in environmental management is faced with uncertainties associated with related environmental variables and processes. Decision makers are inclined to use resources to acquire better information in one or more uncertain variable(s). Typically, with limited resources available, characterizing the feasibility of such investment is desirable yet complicated. In the context of reducing inherent uncertainty, decision makers need to tackle two difficult questions, first, the optimal selection of variable(s) and second, the optimal level of information collection which produces maximum gain in benefits. We develop a new framework to assess the socioeconomic value of potential decisions of collecting additional information for given variable(s) to reduce inherent uncertainty. The suggested framework employs advanced social welfare concepts to facilitate eliciting the social acceptability of decisions to collect better information. The framework produces estimates of changes in utility levels and willingness to pay for target population using the benefit transfer method. The practicality of the framework is established using the following common problems in the field of water resources: 1) the uncertainty in exposure to health risk due to drinking a groundwater source contaminated with a carcinogen, 2) the uncertainty in non point source pollution loadings due to unknown hydrologic processes variability, and 3) the equity level in allocating mitigation responsibilities among polluters. For the three applications, the social acceptability of potential decisions is expressed in monetary terms which represent an extension on typical cost benefit analysis by including the socioeconomic value of a decision. The specific contribution of this research is a theoretical framework for a detailed preliminary analysis to transform and represent the given problem in useable terms for the social welfare analysis. The practical framework is attractive because it avoids the need to employ prohibitively expensive survey-based contingent valuation methods. Instead, the framework utilizes benefit transfer method, which imposes a theoretical behavioral structure on population characteristics such as age and income and to produce empirical estimates for a new problem setting.

One of the major water quality issues affecting waterways is eutrophication. Controlling the input of nutrients from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WTP’s) is a significant step in reducing eutrophication. Tertiary wastewater treatment for water quality improvement in particular Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is often expensive to construct with high maintenance costs. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer an alternative wastewater treatment and have been used successfully worldwide to treat various types of wastewater. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Oxley Creek horizontal subsurface flow (SSF) CW for tertiary municipal wastewater treatment and the suitability of four native macrophyte species, Baumea articulata, Carex fascicularis, Philydrum lanuginosum and Schoenoplectus mucronatus. The investigation consisted of four main components: 1) Plants: monitoring plant establishment, growth, impact of cropping, gravel size, nutrient content and storage for the four macrophyte species trialed; 2) Water quality - effluent treatment: monitoring water quality and quantity entering and leaving the wetland to determine wastewater treatment; 3) Organic matter: accumulation of organic carbon within the wetland cells for the different gravel sizes (5mm and 20mm) and 4) Mass balance: combining nutrient storage by macrophytes with wastewater nutrient removal to determine proportion of nutrient removal by plant uptake. The Oxley horizontal SSF CW is situated at the Oxley Creek WTP in Brisbane (South- East), Queensland, Australia which has a sub-tropical climate. The experimental design involved four different substrate treatments: Cell A new 5mm gravel, Cells B and C old 20mm gravel and Cell D old 5mm gravel. Cells B, C and D had been operational since 1995 whereas Cell A had been in use since 2000. The wetland received secondary treated effluent direct from the Oxley Creek WTP at an average flow rate of 8L/min with a median hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.12m/day and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 to 3 days. Each cell consisted of three gravel sections (Section 1 to 3) separated by 1m wide open water sections. Gravel Sections 2 and 3 were planted out with the four macrophyte species in October 2000, Section 1 remained unplanted. Plant health and leaf height was monitored to assess plant establishment and growth. Investigations into plant establishment and growth demonstrated that Carex was most suitable. Carex achieved the highest maximum leaf height and was not affected by pests and disease unlike Schoenoplectus and Philydrum. Above ground biomass was cropped in May and August 2001, with biomass of cropped material measured on both occasions. Plant health and re-growth following cropping of above ground biomass in May and August 2001 demonstrated that cropping retarded regrowth of Schoenoplectus and Philydrum. Carex and Baumea recovered quickest following cropping, with Carex achieving leaf height prior to cropping within 6 months. Proportion of biomass contained above and below ground was measured by collecting biomass samples three times over 9 months and dividing into plant components (roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers and stems). Investigations into the proportion of above and below ground components indicated that >80% of biomass is contained above ground. Therefore cropping above ground biomass would potentially remove a significant proportion of nutrient storage from the CW. The results indicated that the ideal time for cropping was in spring/summer when plants are flowering particularly for Philydrum, whose flowering stems comprised 40% of total plant biomass. Flowering stems of Philydrum could potentially have a commercial use as a cut flower. Nutrient content of the four species in each cell was measured for individual plant components when first planted and after three (summer) and six (autumn) months growth. This was combined with biomass data to quantify nutrient bioaccumulation (nitrogen and phosphorus) by the four species in each cell. In terms of ability to bioaccumulate nitrogen and phosphorus, measurements of nutrient content and storage indicated that all four species were suitable. Nutrient storage was highest for Baumea and Carex. However high nutrient content may make the macrophytes more susceptible to pest and disease attack as found in this study for Philydrum and Schoenoplectus. Nutrient storage was highest in Cell A (new 5mm gravel) as a result of higher biomass achieved in this cell. The cropping and nutrient storage experiments indicated that Carex was the most suitable species for use in SSF CWs. Carex achieved the highest nutrient storage and had the fastest regrowth following cropping. Organic carbon accumulation between gravel particles measured as the proportion of material lost at 500oC was determined for gravel samples collected from each section for all four cells at 10cm depth increments (0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm). Investigations into organic carbon accumulation within the gravel substrate showed that organic accumulation was higher in the planted sections particularly for cells that had previously been planted with Phragmites australis. Organic accumulation was highest in the top 20cm of the gravel, which can be attributed to litter fall and root material. The effect of gravel size on plant growth, biomass, root depth and organic accumulation was assessed throughout the study. Investigations indicated that gravel size did not appear to affect biomass, maximum root penetration, re-growth following cropping and organic accumulation. Water quality from the inlet and outlet of each cell was measured fortnightly over 12 months (May 2001 to May 2002). Water quantity (HLR) was measured weekly using tipping buckets located at the inlet and outlet of each cell. Water quality and quantity were combined to investigate the nutrient removal efficiency of the wetland. The Oxley wetland was highly effective in reduction of TSS (<2mg/L) and COD (<30mg/L). Principal TSS and COD removal mechanism was physical with the first gravel section acting as a filter removing the majority of particulate material. Average loading rates to the wetland were 7.1 kg/ha/d PO4-P, 14 kg/ha/d NH4-N and 5.4 kg/ha/d NOx-N. Average daily mass removal rates ranged from 7.3 kg/ha NH4-N in Cell D to 4.6 kg/ha in Cell C (i.e. 37%-22% removal efficiency respectively); 5.2 kg/ha NOx-N in Cell C to 1.3 kg/ha in Cell A (i.e. 75%-22% removal efficiency) and 0.8 kg/ha PO4-P in Cell A to 0.1 kg/ha in Cell C (i.e. 10%-1% removal efficiency). Removal efficiency was calculated on a loads basis. Insufficient retention times (2-3 days based on tracer study) and anaerobic conditions (<1mg/L) limited further nitrogen removal. Negligible phosphorus removal for all cells was attributed to short retention time and likelihood of phosphorus adsorption being close to capacity. Investigation into the proportion of nutrient removal attributed to plant uptake demonstrated that nutrient uptake and storage in plant biomass accounted for <12% TN and <5% TP. This research project has provided several useful outcomes that can assist in future guidelines for designing effective SSF CWs in the subtropics/tropics. Outcomes include the importance of maintaining an adequate water level during the initial establishment phase. Maximising effluent treatment by pre-treatment of wastewater prior to entering SSF CWs to enable ammonia to be converted to nitrate and ensuring adequate hydraulic retention time. Carex fascicularis was the most suitable species particularly where harvesting regimes are employed. Philydrum flowering stems could be used as a cut flower in the florist trade.