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No description available.

No description available.

Desde 2008 o óleo diesel comercializado no território nacional tem recebido a adição crescente de biodiesel, além da redução gradativa nos teores de enxofre, que é uma tendência mundial de minimizar o impacto gerado pela queima de combustíveis fósseis. Aspectos relacionados com a qualidade final das misturas diesel com biodiesel, desde a produção até o armazenamento, tem recebido especial atenção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade à contaminação microbiana, durante o armazenamento simulado, do óleo diesel puro e mistura B10 com diferentes teores de enxofre: ULSD (S10), LSD (S50), HSD (S500) e UHSD (S1800). Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostraram que Pseudallescheria boydii apresentou maior habilidade de crescer na mistura B10 que Paecilomyces variotii. As análises de degradação, por espectroscopia no infravermelho, revelaram que os combustíveis avaliados possuem distintas características moleculares de acordo com os teores de enxofre. Os dados de RMN H-1 mostraram que o diesel com maior teor de enxofre (UHSD) apresentou reduzido teor de ramificações e compostos aromáticos comparado ao diesel com menor teor de enxofre (ULSD). O sequenciamento de alto rendimento (Illumina) do rDNA 16 e 18S mostrou que os Filos mais abundantes presentes no inóculo misto ao longo do tempo foram: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota e Basidiomycota. Os prováveis metabólitos identificados por UPLC/Q-ToF - MS, na fase aquosa, foram os ácidos: mirístico, palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico e α-linolênico com abundância relativa de 2-10 vezes superior aos controles, indicando degradação de origem microbiana. Entre os 10 parâmetros avaliados de estabilidade química, somente a estabilidade oxidativa apresentou desconformidade com o Regulamento Técnico ANP e os níveis de contaminação microbiana, ao final de 90 dias, foram considerados aceitáveis. O conjunto de dados sugere que a redução de compostos sulfurados no diesel não induz suscetibilidade à contaminação microbiana, porém fatores como a origem da matéria prima, processo de refino e adição de biodiesel devem ser considerados. Os resultados desses estudos auxiliam na melhor compreensão dos microrganismos e metabólitos envolvidos nos processos de biocorrosão e biodeterioração do diesel e suas misturas visando a qualidade final do combustível. / Since 2008, the diesel fuel sold in the country has received the increasing addition of biodiesel, in addition to the gradual reduction in sulfur content, which is a global trend to minimize the impact generated by burning fossil fuels. Aspects related to the final quality of diesel and biodiesel blends, from production to storage, has received special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to microbial contamination during simulated storage, in pure diesel and blend B10 with different sulfur contents: ULSD (S10), LSD (S50), HSD (S500) and UHSD (S1800). The results of this research showed that Pseudallescheria boydii had greater ability to grow in the blend B10 than Paecilomyces variotii. The degradation analysis, infrared spectroscopy, showed that these fuels have different molecular characteristics according to their sulfur content. The data H1 NMR showed that the diesel with higher sulfur content (UHSD) showed a low level of branching and aromatic compounds compared to diesel fuel with lower sulfur content (ULSD). The high throughput sequencing (Illumina) of 16S and 18S rDNA showed the Phyla most abundant present in the mixed inoculum over time were: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Putative metabolites identified by UPLC / Q-ToF-MS in the water phase were: myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids with relative abundance of 2-10 times higher than controls indicating degradation of microbial origin. Among the 10 evaluated parameters for chemical stability, only oxidative stability showed nonconformity with the ANP Technical Regulation and microbial contamination levels at the end of 90 days were considered acceptable. The data set suggest that the reduction of sulfur compounds in diesel fuel are not induced microbial susceptibility contamination, but factors such as the origin of the raw material, refining process and adding biodiesel to be considered. The results of these studies help to better understand the microorganisms and metabolites involved in the biocorrosion and biodeterioration processes of diesel and their blends aiming at the final quality of the fuel.

Laboratory and field studies were completed to characterize the geochemistry and microbiology of drainage emanating from low-S content waste-rock test piles at the Diavik Diamond Mine (Diavik) from 2007 through 2010. The potential use of small-scale laboratory humidity-cell experiments to predict the water quality from larger-scale field-based experiments also was examined. Waste rock at Diavik is segregated into three categories according to sulfide content: Type I (target concentration: < 0.04 wt. % S), Type II (target concentration: 0.04 to 0.08 wt. % S) and Type III (target concentration: > 0.08 wt. % S). Four high-density polyethylene tanks, 2 m in diameter by 2 m in height, were filled with and surrounded by waste rock (active zone lysimeters; AZLs) at the Diavik site to study the upper 2 m of the active zone within a waste-rock pile and to evaluate the quality of effluent released from waste rock with differing S contents (Type I AZLs: 0.014 wt. % S and Type III AZLs: 0.035 wt. % S). In addition, three waste-rock test piles also were constructed at Diavik, two uncovered test piles (Type I test pile: 0.035 wt. % S and Type III test pile: 0.053 wt. % S) and a third pile was constructed based on the mine-closure plan which consists of waste rock (Type III: 0.082 wt. % S) capped with a 1.5 m layer of till and a 3 m layer of Type I material (Covered test pile). Each test pile is underlain by a high-density polyethylene geomembrane that captures and directs water to outflow drains. Results show that the release and transport of blasting residuals could be used as a resident tracer, indicating the first flush of water through the AZLs and the test piles. Variations in concentrations of blasting residuals and the gradual rate of dissipation provide an indication of the heterogeneity of the distribution of blasting residuals and the relative contributions of water and solutes from different flow paths. As temperatures within the test piles increase in response to ambient air temperature increases, larger proportions of the test pile contributed to the outflow, and increased concentrations of blasting residuals were observed in waste-rock test pile effluent. Effluent from the Type I AZLs and test pile maintained near-neutral pH (ranged from 5.8 to 8) with concentrations of SO₄²⁻ < 500 mg L⁻¹. These results suggest that the near-neutral pH values were associated with the presence of carbonates in the waste rock and the lack of intense acid generation. As ambient air temperatures increased in spring and summer of each year, the measured pH in the Type III test-pile drainage decreased from near-neutral in May (pH 7.5) to acidic conditions by October (ranged from 5 to 4.5). As the pH in the Type III test pile decreased, concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and dissolved metals increased (e.g. SO₄²⁻ > 1500 mg L⁻¹) suggesting sulfide oxidation was occurring. Maximum concentrations of SO₄²⁻, Al, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu were observed in 2009 during the first flush of water through the Type III test pile. A sequence of acid-neutralization reactions was inferred based on the water chemistry of the effluent derived from the Type III AZLs and waste-rock test pile. This acid-neutralization sequence is similar to those observed at other AMD impacted sites. A series of mineral dissolution-precipitation reactions controlled pH and metal mobility; carbonate-mineral dissolution consumed H⁺ generated from sulfide-mineral oxidation at near neutral pH and the dissolution of Al and Fe (oxy)hydroxides consumed H⁺ at pH < 5.0. The cover system on the Covered test pile dampened the effects of ambient air temperature on the internal temperatures within the core of the Covered test pile. As a result, the Covered test pile had a relatively steady change in flow rate, with decreased flow from June to August, which led to a slow but prolonged release of sulfide-mineral oxidation products, such as SO₄²⁻ and dissolved metals, including Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, and Cu, compared to the uncovered Type III test pile. The pH decreased in 2008 and remained low for the duration of the study, whereas the pH in the uncovered test pile was near-neutral at the beginning of each field season in May and decreased to < 4.2 by the end of the field season in November. The microbiological-community profiles observed in the AZLs and waste-rock test piles suggest typical AMD-related species were present in acidic effluent with elevated concentrations of metals, whereas typical soil microbes were present in effluent with a near-neutral pH and lower concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and dissolved metals. The Type III AZLs, Type III test pile, and Covered test pile maintained populations of acidophilic Fe-oxidizers, whereas, the Type I AZLs and Type I test pile maintained populations of neutrophilic S-oxidizers. Laboratory humidity-cell (1 kg) results were scaled up to estimate the water quality from the Type III AZLs (6 t) using measured physical and chemical parameters. The results suggested over-prediction of SO₄²⁻ and metal concentrations when low mean annual precipitation occurred, limiting flushing of predicted oxidation products. In subsequent years with higher mean annual precipitation oxidation products from previous years were liberated and resulted in the under prediction of SO₄²⁻ and metal concentrations. Additionally, Fe and Al were over-predicted because Fe and Al concentrations in the AZL effluent may be controlled by the solubility and formation of secondary minerals, such as Fe oxyhydroxides, jarosite, and goethite, which were not included in the scaling procedure.

Laboratory and field studies were completed to characterize the geochemistry and microbiology of drainage emanating from low-S content waste-rock test piles at the Diavik Diamond Mine (Diavik) from 2007 through 2010. The potential use of small-scale laboratory humidity-cell experiments to predict the water quality from larger-scale field-based experiments also was examined. Waste rock at Diavik is segregated into three categories according to sulfide content: Type I (target concentration: < 0.04 wt. % S), Type II (target concentration: 0.04 to 0.08 wt. % S) and Type III (target concentration: > 0.08 wt. % S). Four high-density polyethylene tanks, 2 m in diameter by 2 m in height, were filled with and surrounded by waste rock (active zone lysimeters; AZLs) at the Diavik site to study the upper 2 m of the active zone within a waste-rock pile and to evaluate the quality of effluent released from waste rock with differing S contents (Type I AZLs: 0.014 wt. % S and Type III AZLs: 0.035 wt. % S). In addition, three waste-rock test piles also were constructed at Diavik, two uncovered test piles (Type I test pile: 0.035 wt. % S and Type III test pile: 0.053 wt. % S) and a third pile was constructed based on the mine-closure plan which consists of waste rock (Type III: 0.082 wt. % S) capped with a 1.5 m layer of till and a 3 m layer of Type I material (Covered test pile). Each test pile is underlain by a high-density polyethylene geomembrane that captures and directs water to outflow drains. Results show that the release and transport of blasting residuals could be used as a resident tracer, indicating the first flush of water through the AZLs and the test piles. Variations in concentrations of blasting residuals and the gradual rate of dissipation provide an indication of the heterogeneity of the distribution of blasting residuals and the relative contributions of water and solutes from different flow paths. As temperatures within the test piles increase in response to ambient air temperature increases, larger proportions of the test pile contributed to the outflow, and increased concentrations of blasting residuals were observed in waste-rock test pile effluent. Effluent from the Type I AZLs and test pile maintained near-neutral pH (ranged from 5.8 to 8) with concentrations of SO₄²⁻ < 500 mg L⁻¹. These results suggest that the near-neutral pH values were associated with the presence of carbonates in the waste rock and the lack of intense acid generation. As ambient air temperatures increased in spring and summer of each year, the measured pH in the Type III test-pile drainage decreased from near-neutral in May (pH 7.5) to acidic conditions by October (ranged from 5 to 4.5). As the pH in the Type III test pile decreased, concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and dissolved metals increased (e.g. SO₄²⁻ > 1500 mg L⁻¹) suggesting sulfide oxidation was occurring. Maximum concentrations of SO₄²⁻, Al, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu were observed in 2009 during the first flush of water through the Type III test pile. A sequence of acid-neutralization reactions was inferred based on the water chemistry of the effluent derived from the Type III AZLs and waste-rock test pile. This acid-neutralization sequence is similar to those observed at other AMD impacted sites. A series of mineral dissolution-precipitation reactions controlled pH and metal mobility; carbonate-mineral dissolution consumed H⁺ generated from sulfide-mineral oxidation at near neutral pH and the dissolution of Al and Fe (oxy)hydroxides consumed H⁺ at pH < 5.0. The cover system on the Covered test pile dampened the effects of ambient air temperature on the internal temperatures within the core of the Covered test pile. As a result, the Covered test pile had a relatively steady change in flow rate, with decreased flow from June to August, which led to a slow but prolonged release of sulfide-mineral oxidation products, such as SO₄²⁻ and dissolved metals, including Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, and Cu, compared to the uncovered Type III test pile. The pH decreased in 2008 and remained low for the duration of the study, whereas the pH in the uncovered test pile was near-neutral at the beginning of each field season in May and decreased to < 4.2 by the end of the field season in November. The microbiological-community profiles observed in the AZLs and waste-rock test piles suggest typical AMD-related species were present in acidic effluent with elevated concentrations of metals, whereas typical soil microbes were present in effluent with a near-neutral pH and lower concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and dissolved metals. The Type III AZLs, Type III test pile, and Covered test pile maintained populations of acidophilic Fe-oxidizers, whereas, the Type I AZLs and Type I test pile maintained populations of neutrophilic S-oxidizers. Laboratory humidity-cell (1 kg) results were scaled up to estimate the water quality from the Type III AZLs (6 t) using measured physical and chemical parameters. The results suggested over-prediction of SO₄²⁻ and metal concentrations when low mean annual precipitation occurred, limiting flushing of predicted oxidation products. In subsequent years with higher mean annual precipitation oxidation products from previous years were liberated and resulted in the under prediction of SO₄²⁻ and metal concentrations. Additionally, Fe and Al were over-predicted because Fe and Al concentrations in the AZL effluent may be controlled by the solubility and formation of secondary minerals, such as Fe oxyhydroxides, jarosite, and goethite, which were not included in the scaling procedure.

Desde 2008 o óleo diesel comercializado no território nacional tem recebido a adição crescente de biodiesel, além da redução gradativa nos teores de enxofre, que é uma tendência mundial de minimizar o impacto gerado pela queima de combustíveis fósseis. Aspectos relacionados com a qualidade final das misturas diesel com biodiesel, desde a produção até o armazenamento, tem recebido especial atenção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade à contaminação microbiana, durante o armazenamento simulado, do óleo diesel puro e mistura B10 com diferentes teores de enxofre: ULSD (S10), LSD (S50), HSD (S500) e UHSD (S1800). Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostraram que Pseudallescheria boydii apresentou maior habilidade de crescer na mistura B10 que Paecilomyces variotii. As análises de degradação, por espectroscopia no infravermelho, revelaram que os combustíveis avaliados possuem distintas características moleculares de acordo com os teores de enxofre. Os dados de RMN H-1 mostraram que o diesel com maior teor de enxofre (UHSD) apresentou reduzido teor de ramificações e compostos aromáticos comparado ao diesel com menor teor de enxofre (ULSD). O sequenciamento de alto rendimento (Illumina) do rDNA 16 e 18S mostrou que os Filos mais abundantes presentes no inóculo misto ao longo do tempo foram: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota e Basidiomycota. Os prováveis metabólitos identificados por UPLC/Q-ToF - MS, na fase aquosa, foram os ácidos: mirístico, palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico e α-linolênico com abundância relativa de 2-10 vezes superior aos controles, indicando degradação de origem microbiana. Entre os 10 parâmetros avaliados de estabilidade química, somente a estabilidade oxidativa apresentou desconformidade com o Regulamento Técnico ANP e os níveis de contaminação microbiana, ao final de 90 dias, foram considerados aceitáveis. O conjunto de dados sugere que a redução de compostos sulfurados no diesel não induz suscetibilidade à contaminação microbiana, porém fatores como a origem da matéria prima, processo de refino e adição de biodiesel devem ser considerados. Os resultados desses estudos auxiliam na melhor compreensão dos microrganismos e metabólitos envolvidos nos processos de biocorrosão e biodeterioração do diesel e suas misturas visando a qualidade final do combustível. / Since 2008, the diesel fuel sold in the country has received the increasing addition of biodiesel, in addition to the gradual reduction in sulfur content, which is a global trend to minimize the impact generated by burning fossil fuels. Aspects related to the final quality of diesel and biodiesel blends, from production to storage, has received special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to microbial contamination during simulated storage, in pure diesel and blend B10 with different sulfur contents: ULSD (S10), LSD (S50), HSD (S500) and UHSD (S1800). The results of this research showed that Pseudallescheria boydii had greater ability to grow in the blend B10 than Paecilomyces variotii. The degradation analysis, infrared spectroscopy, showed that these fuels have different molecular characteristics according to their sulfur content. The data H1 NMR showed that the diesel with higher sulfur content (UHSD) showed a low level of branching and aromatic compounds compared to diesel fuel with lower sulfur content (ULSD). The high throughput sequencing (Illumina) of 16S and 18S rDNA showed the Phyla most abundant present in the mixed inoculum over time were: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Putative metabolites identified by UPLC / Q-ToF-MS in the water phase were: myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids with relative abundance of 2-10 times higher than controls indicating degradation of microbial origin. Among the 10 evaluated parameters for chemical stability, only oxidative stability showed nonconformity with the ANP Technical Regulation and microbial contamination levels at the end of 90 days were considered acceptable. The data set suggest that the reduction of sulfur compounds in diesel fuel are not induced microbial susceptibility contamination, but factors such as the origin of the raw material, refining process and adding biodiesel to be considered. The results of these studies help to better understand the microorganisms and metabolites involved in the biocorrosion and biodeterioration processes of diesel and their blends aiming at the final quality of the fuel.

Desde 2008 o óleo diesel comercializado no território nacional tem recebido a adição crescente de biodiesel, além da redução gradativa nos teores de enxofre, que é uma tendência mundial de minimizar o impacto gerado pela queima de combustíveis fósseis. Aspectos relacionados com a qualidade final das misturas diesel com biodiesel, desde a produção até o armazenamento, tem recebido especial atenção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade à contaminação microbiana, durante o armazenamento simulado, do óleo diesel puro e mistura B10 com diferentes teores de enxofre: ULSD (S10), LSD (S50), HSD (S500) e UHSD (S1800). Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostraram que Pseudallescheria boydii apresentou maior habilidade de crescer na mistura B10 que Paecilomyces variotii. As análises de degradação, por espectroscopia no infravermelho, revelaram que os combustíveis avaliados possuem distintas características moleculares de acordo com os teores de enxofre. Os dados de RMN H-1 mostraram que o diesel com maior teor de enxofre (UHSD) apresentou reduzido teor de ramificações e compostos aromáticos comparado ao diesel com menor teor de enxofre (ULSD). O sequenciamento de alto rendimento (Illumina) do rDNA 16 e 18S mostrou que os Filos mais abundantes presentes no inóculo misto ao longo do tempo foram: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota e Basidiomycota. Os prováveis metabólitos identificados por UPLC/Q-ToF - MS, na fase aquosa, foram os ácidos: mirístico, palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico e α-linolênico com abundância relativa de 2-10 vezes superior aos controles, indicando degradação de origem microbiana. Entre os 10 parâmetros avaliados de estabilidade química, somente a estabilidade oxidativa apresentou desconformidade com o Regulamento Técnico ANP e os níveis de contaminação microbiana, ao final de 90 dias, foram considerados aceitáveis. O conjunto de dados sugere que a redução de compostos sulfurados no diesel não induz suscetibilidade à contaminação microbiana, porém fatores como a origem da matéria prima, processo de refino e adição de biodiesel devem ser considerados. Os resultados desses estudos auxiliam na melhor compreensão dos microrganismos e metabólitos envolvidos nos processos de biocorrosão e biodeterioração do diesel e suas misturas visando a qualidade final do combustível. / Since 2008, the diesel fuel sold in the country has received the increasing addition of biodiesel, in addition to the gradual reduction in sulfur content, which is a global trend to minimize the impact generated by burning fossil fuels. Aspects related to the final quality of diesel and biodiesel blends, from production to storage, has received special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to microbial contamination during simulated storage, in pure diesel and blend B10 with different sulfur contents: ULSD (S10), LSD (S50), HSD (S500) and UHSD (S1800). The results of this research showed that Pseudallescheria boydii had greater ability to grow in the blend B10 than Paecilomyces variotii. The degradation analysis, infrared spectroscopy, showed that these fuels have different molecular characteristics according to their sulfur content. The data H1 NMR showed that the diesel with higher sulfur content (UHSD) showed a low level of branching and aromatic compounds compared to diesel fuel with lower sulfur content (ULSD). The high throughput sequencing (Illumina) of 16S and 18S rDNA showed the Phyla most abundant present in the mixed inoculum over time were: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Putative metabolites identified by UPLC / Q-ToF-MS in the water phase were: myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids with relative abundance of 2-10 times higher than controls indicating degradation of microbial origin. Among the 10 evaluated parameters for chemical stability, only oxidative stability showed nonconformity with the ANP Technical Regulation and microbial contamination levels at the end of 90 days were considered acceptable. The data set suggest that the reduction of sulfur compounds in diesel fuel are not induced microbial susceptibility contamination, but factors such as the origin of the raw material, refining process and adding biodiesel to be considered. The results of these studies help to better understand the microorganisms and metabolites involved in the biocorrosion and biodeterioration processes of diesel and their blends aiming at the final quality of the fuel.

No description available.

It is not known whether seed inoculated soybean intercropping can increase the number of nodules, nitrogen uptake and yield of the subsequent main crop, soybean. For this reason, the soybean intercropping approach, sole or mixed cropping with buckwheat, was adopted to examine the influence of inoculation and intercropping of soybean and buckwheat on the subsequent main crop, soybean. Field trials were conducted from 2016 to 2019 in Germany and Poland. For this purpose, soils on which soybeans had not been grown in the past were selected as experimental plots and laid out in a split-plot design. It was surprising that even without inoculation a nodule growth could be documented. However, intercrop inoculation resulted in an average of 12 times more nodules per plant at four out of five sites. In addition, a 43% higher number of nodules was found on the lateral roots of the main soybean crop when intercropping with inoculated soybean occurred. The influence of the intercrop on the main crop soybean also depended on their growth in late summer and autumn. Further, there was a medium relationship (R = 0.7) between the number of nodules in the intercrop soybean and the nitrogen content of the soybean grain in the main crop. In terms of soybean grain yield, a single inoculation of the intermediate soybean crop contributed an average of 5% higher yield and inoculation of both the intercrops, and the main crop improved yield by 15%.