Lighted push button switches and indicators serve many purposes in cockpits, shipboard applications and military ground vehicles. The quality of lighting produced by switches is vital to operators' understanding of the information displayed. Utilizing LED technology in lighted switches has challenges that can adversely affect lighting quality. Incomplete data exists to educate consumers about potential differences in LED switch performance between different manufacturers. LED switches from four different manufacturers were tested for six attributes of lighting quality: average luminance and power consumption at full voltage, sunlight readable contrast, luminance contrast under ambient sunlight, legend uniformity, and dual-color uniformity. Three of the four manufacturers have not developed LED push button switches that meet lighting quality standards established with incandescent technology.

Macrophoma rot is a general term for fruit rots of Vitis spp. caused by the fungus Neofusicoccum ribis (syn. Botryosphaeria ribis) or closely related or renamed taxa, including Botryosphaeria dothidea. While mainly observed as a fruit pathogen of muscadine grape, the disease has recently been observed on bunch grapes in Virginia. Isolates (N = 835) were collected from Petit Manseng fruit clusters from seven Virginia vineyards in 2018 and 2019. A subset of these isolates was sequenced using three primer sets (ITS, RPB2, and EF). The preliminary result showed a single taxonomic strain of N. ribis. A controlled inoculation study of Petit Manseng clusters verified that infection could occur anytime between bloom and 2 weeks post-veraison; however, both the mean cluster incidence and the severity of Macrophoma rot did not differ from each other at any growth stage during the season. A season-long cluster exposure experiment showed that any amount of sun exposure significantly increased Macrophoma rot severity compared to shaded clusters, and that full sun exposure was associated with greatest rot severity. This finding contravenes current management recommendations for Macrophoma rot, and it raises yet unanswered questions as to why exposed clusters are more susceptible to Macrophoma rot than are shaded clusters. An in vitro fungicide assay study using nine fungicides identified captan, thiophanate-methyl, and tetraconazole as potential candidates for management of Macrophoma rot which need to be investigated further. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Macrophoma rot is a general term for fruit rots of grapes caused by the pathogenic fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. The rot is mainly observed on Muscadine grapes, but recently more cases were found on a wine grape cultivar Petit Manseng in Virginia. Macrophoma rot symptoms begin as dark brown, circular lesions on the surface of the berry and look similar to sunburn and other fruit rots. As the disease progresses, the lesion envelopes the entire berry and black fruiting bodies develop. Severe cases may lead to crop loss. The same group of pathogens is also associated with rots on other crops including apple, pear, olive, and kiwis. Very little is known about the disease cycle and the control of Macrophoma rot, therefore, an investigation into this fungal pathogen was needed. Multiple studies with the wine grape variety Petit Manseng were conducted during the 2018-2019 growing seasons, including a survey, leaf removal trial, and an inoculation study. Results showed that a species called Neofusicoccum ribis was found in vineyards across northern and central Virginia based on the genetic identification of fungal isolates collected at seven vineyards in those areas. Macrophoma symptoms were observed to be more prevalent and severe in more exposed clusters based on a leaf removal experiment. An artificial inoculation experiment revealed that grape clusters are susceptible to Neofusicoccum ribis at any time during the season. Based on the screening of nine fungicides, three chemicals (captan, thiophanate-methyl, and tetraconazole) showed promising results as possible management tools for Macrophoma rot. The knowledge collected will lead to an increase in understanding of this fungal pathogen and to further studies to manage Macrophoma rot.

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Med en ökande befolkning och viljan att bo i centrala lägen, kan en vertikal förtätning genom påbyggnationer i centrala stadsområden vara ett alternativ som möter efterfrågan. I dag placeras ofta nybyggnation i utkanter av städer vilket bidrar till en glesare stadsbild. Vertikal förtätning är en komplicerad strategi och påverkar ett antal faktorer i staden. Den största faktorn är att ingen ny mark tas i anspråk men samtidigt kan det leda till problem med skuggning och förändring av offentliga platser. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka för- och nackdelar med en vertikal förtätning och att genomföra en sol- och skugganalys. Studien genomfördes på Drottninggatan 18 i de centrala delarna av Gävle. Analysen ämnar att undersöka hur en höjning av byggnader påverkar de omkringliggande öppna platserna genom att utgå ifrån solstudier.Resultatet visar fyra stycken exempel på hur en vertikal förtätning kan se ut vid en förhöjning av våningsplan och hur det påverkar omgivningen. Slutsatsen av examensarbetet visar att en vertikal förtätning är ett alternativ för Gävle, men att kompromisser är nödvändiga om staden ska kunna förtätas. Angående var gränsen ska dras för en vertikal förtätning är svår att sätta, men att bostäder behöver byggas i Gävle är ett faktum och då är det självfallet bättre att bygga på redan exploaterad mark om det görs på ett sådant sätt att omgivning inte påverkas. / With an increasing population and the desire to live in central locations, a vertical densification through building in central urban areas could be an option that meets demand. In today’s cities new construction is often placed in the outskirts of cities, which contributes to a less dense cityscape. Vertical densification is a complicated strategy and affects a number of factors in the city. The biggest factor is that no new land is required but at the same time it can lead to problems with shading and changes in public places. The purpose of the study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of vertical densification and implementing a sun- and shadow analysis. The study was conducted on Drottninggatan 18 in the central parts of Gävle. The analysis aims to examine how an increase in buildings affects the surrounding open spaces by using sun studies.The results show four examples of how a vertical densification can look at an elevation of floor and how it affects the environment. The conclusion of the thesis shows that a vertical densification is an option for Gävle, but that compromises are necessary for the city to be able to densify. Regarding where to draw the lines for a vertical densification is difficult to do, but that homes need to be built in Gävle is a fact, and then it is obviously better to build on already developed land if it is done in such a way that the environment is not affected greatly.

This thesis is an intimate exploration. A personal journey between here and there: what I left behind, what I always kept close to me and all the new things that I learned and experience during the last four years. I just tried to put myself together as a person as well as an architect; taking from my personal experiences the inspiration and the tools to create a building. The building is orientated to American and foreign students coming to the metropolitan area of Washington DC to study at the Center and willing to take advantage of the opportunities of the city. The idea was to create a building for civic adaptation, to educate and inspire students not only in architecture but also in civic life and prepare them to be responsible citizens. The dormitory was inspired by the friendly spirit of the WAAC with the intention of supporting the Center in its varied goals and enhancing its academic perspectives. / Master of Architecture

Sunlight is a multidimensional phenomenon that influences occupant’s comfort and well-being through its dynamic visual and thermal attributes. Previous studies suggested that the presence of sunlight patterns in space was cheering and visually interesting, which could improve visual comfort and space quality. However, it remains unclear what the attributes of visually interesting sunlight patterns are, and whether their visual interest influences visual comfort. This dissertation aims to answer three main questions: (1) is there a difference in visual interest and mood response among different projected light patterns? (2) How do sunlight patterns of different geometries influence visual interest and visual comfort in offices? And (3) what are the geometrical attributes of sunlight patterns that should be implemented in office spaces? To address these questions, a series of four studies were conducted. The first two studies extended empirical findings on visual interest and mood responses elicited by varying complexities of fractal and non-fractal light patterns projected on walls and floors of an interior space. These two studies determined which patterns to be further examined in Studies 3 and 4, which investigated the visual comfort, visual interest of sunlight patterns, and view quality under three different window conditions in office spaces. The results of studies 1 and 2 suggested that fractal light patterns of medium to medium-high complexity, quantified by the fractal dimension in the range (D=1.5-1.7), were significantly more visually interesting than other patterns. Both studies found that fractal compared to non-fractal light patterns provided a better balance between relaxation and excitement. Study 3 found that the fractal pattern was associated with a significant increase in visual comfort, compared to the striped pattern, though the difference in visual interest between the two patterns was not statistically significant. Study 4 found that the effect of the fractal pattern on visual comfort, visual interest of sunlight patterns, and view quality was dependent on occupant’s view direction and façade orientation. These findings can have implications for the design and control of facade systems to improve occupant’s visual comfort, interest, and view quality in work environments. This dissertation includes both previously published/unpublished and co-authored material. / 2019-01-27

Um híbrido inorgânico-orgânico formado por nanozeólita L (nZeol-L) funcionalizada em sua superfície com ftalocianina de silício (SiPC) foi investigado visando uma potencial aplicação para descontaminação de água, via geração de oxigênio singleto (1O2), que por sua vez é citotóxico para sistemas biológicos. Ftalocianinas são corantes orgânicos que possuem comprovada eficiência na geração de oxigênio singleto. No entanto, estes corantes possuem tendência para formar agregados, o que torna ineficiente a formação de 1O2. nZeol-L constitui-se como um material apropriado para suportar SiPC covalentemente em sua superfície com o objetivo de prevenir o processo de agregação, mantendo assim as propriedades fotofísicas dos monômeros do corante. Neste estudo, um híbrido foi preparado visando a fotoinativação da bactéria E. coli (facilmente encontrada em água contaminada) através da luz solar natural. A superfície da nanozeólita L foi funcionalizada com o fotossensitizador (SiPC) e com moléculas de 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APTES) para criar cargas positivas na superfície do material, tornando o híbrido capaz de interagir eletrostaticamente com a superfície negativa das bactérias. Testes de viabilidade celular foram realizados com dois tipos de células: BALB/c 3T3 clone A31 e células de E. coli suspensos em uma solução de PBS (pH 7,4) com a presença do híbrido (nZeol-SiPC/APTES). Foi verificada uma alta eficiência de nZeol-SiPC/APTES em induzir a morte de ambas as células em grande quantidade e dentro de um curto período de tempo. Estes resultados indicam que o nanomaterial (nZeol-SiPC/APTES) possui uma potencial aplicação para a descontaminação de água, quando ativado pela luz do sol. / An inorganic-organic hybrid based on nanozeolite L (nZeol-L) surface-functionalized with silicon phthalocyanine (SiPC) has been investigated aiming its future use in water decontamination by singlet oxygen generation, which is cytotoxic for biological systems. Phthalocyanines are dyes with great efficacy in singlet oxygen generation. However, these dyes have tendency to form aggregates, and hence, the formation of this reactive species of molecular oxygen turns to be inefficient. nZeol-L is an appropriate material to covalently support SiPC on its surface to avoid the aggregation process, thereby maintaining the photophysical properties of the monomer. In this study, a hybrid was prepared aiming the photoinactivation of E. coli bacteria (which is easily found in contaminated water) by natural sunlight. The nanozeolite L surface was functionalized with the photosensitizer (SiPC) and then with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) molecules to create a positive charge on the material surface, enabling the hybrid to interact with the negative charge to the E. coli bacteria. Cell viability tests were performed with two types of cells: BALB/c 3T3 clone A31 and E. coli cells suspended in PBS solution (pH 7.4) in the presence of the hybrid (here called nZeol-SiPC/APTES). It was verified that nZeol-SiPC/APTES gives rise to the death of the both cells in a large quantity and within a short time interval. These results indicate that the nanomaterial (nZeol-SiPC/APTES) has potential application for water decontamination when activated by sunlight.

Orientador: Ana Sueli Rodrigues Cavalcante / Banca: Marília Trierveiler Martins / Banca: Janete Dias Almeida / Resumo: A queilite actínica (QA) é uma lesão multifocal do vermelhão do lábio com potencial de malignização para carcinoma epidermóide (CE). O principal fator etiológico envolvido nestas doenças é a exposição excessiva ou em longo prazo à radiação ultravioleta (UV) do sol. Além dos danos diretos aos tecidos do lábio, a radiação UV induz mastócitos (MCs) a liberarem substâncias que participam do processo de imunossupressão permitindo o desenvolvimento neoplásico. Estas células também são associadas a um pior prognóstico e favorecimento a metástase de diversas neoplasias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a densidade de MCs a fim de melhorar o entendimento da patogenia da QA e o possível mecanismo de sua progressão para o CE. Estudou-se 66 casos de QA, com diferentes graus de atipia epitelial, 57 de CE e 28 casos de mucosa de lábio com lesão benigna não relacionada à exposição solar (grupo controle), diagnosticados clínica e histologicamente, no Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal da FOSJC-UNESP. A amostra foi corada histoquimicamente com hematoxilina-eosina e azul de toluidina e imunoistoquimicamente com anticorpo anti-triptase. Em todos os casos a contagem de MCs foi realizada em microscópio de luz, com aumento final de 400x, em três campos com área de 0,04 mm2 cada. A densidade de MCs no CE, QA e grupo controle foi de 36,91 ± 17,43; 22,17 ± 11,49; 8,86 ± 3,98 ( triptase) e 22,71 ± 11,48; 13,30 ± 6,08; 7,29 ± 3,22 ( azul de toluidina) cells/mm2 , respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal-wallis, Wilcoxon e Dunn, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na densidade de MCs entre os três grupos estudados (p=0,0001). Concluiu-se que os MCs participam das alterações que ocorrem na matriz extra-celular da QA, o que pode ser um indício do favorecimento à malignização da QA para CE. / Abstract: Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a multifocal lesion of lip vermillion with malignant potential to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The main etiology involved in this disease is excessive or long exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) of sunlight. UV radiation damages lip tissues, furthermore it is able to activate mast cells (MCs) that participate of immunossupression process, contributing to tumour development. These cells are associated with a worst prognosis and contribute to tumour metastasis. The aim of this study was perform an assessment of MCs density which can improve the knowledge of AC pathogenesis and the possible mechanism of its progression to SCC. Sixty six cases of AC with different levels of epithelial atypia, fifty seven cases of SCC and twenty eight cases of lip mucosa with benign lesion non related to sunlight exposure (Control group) were studied in Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis of São Paulo State University/UNESP. Samples were stained by histochemistry with hematoxylin/eosin, toluidine blue and, by immunohistochemistry with antitryptase. Quantitative analysis was done in all cases by light microscopy (magnification x400), in three fields with 0,04 mm2 each one. Mast cell density in SCC, AC and control group was 36,91 ± 17,43; 22,17 ± 11,49; 8,86 ± 3,98 cells/mm2 (triptase) and 22,71 ± 11,48; 13,30 ± 6,08; 7,29 ± 3,22 cells/mm2 (toluidine blue), respectively. Data was analyzed by Kruskal-wallis, Wilcoxon and Dunn's tests, p-values of < 0,05. There was statistically significant difference in mast cell density between the experimental and control groups (p=0,0001). This study concluded that mast cells contribute to changes in extracelular matrix in AC and may be used as indicators for disease progression in lip carcinogenesis. / Mestre

Um híbrido inorgânico-orgânico formado por nanozeólita L (nZeol-L) funcionalizada em sua superfície com ftalocianina de silício (SiPC) foi investigado visando uma potencial aplicação para descontaminação de água, via geração de oxigênio singleto (1O2), que por sua vez é citotóxico para sistemas biológicos. Ftalocianinas são corantes orgânicos que possuem comprovada eficiência na geração de oxigênio singleto. No entanto, estes corantes possuem tendência para formar agregados, o que torna ineficiente a formação de 1O2. nZeol-L constitui-se como um material apropriado para suportar SiPC covalentemente em sua superfície com o objetivo de prevenir o processo de agregação, mantendo assim as propriedades fotofísicas dos monômeros do corante. Neste estudo, um híbrido foi preparado visando a fotoinativação da bactéria E. coli (facilmente encontrada em água contaminada) através da luz solar natural. A superfície da nanozeólita L foi funcionalizada com o fotossensitizador (SiPC) e com moléculas de 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APTES) para criar cargas positivas na superfície do material, tornando o híbrido capaz de interagir eletrostaticamente com a superfície negativa das bactérias. Testes de viabilidade celular foram realizados com dois tipos de células: BALB/c 3T3 clone A31 e células de E. coli suspensos em uma solução de PBS (pH 7,4) com a presença do híbrido (nZeol-SiPC/APTES). Foi verificada uma alta eficiência de nZeol-SiPC/APTES em induzir a morte de ambas as células em grande quantidade e dentro de um curto período de tempo. Estes resultados indicam que o nanomaterial (nZeol-SiPC/APTES) possui uma potencial aplicação para a descontaminação de água, quando ativado pela luz do sol. / An inorganic-organic hybrid based on nanozeolite L (nZeol-L) surface-functionalized with silicon phthalocyanine (SiPC) has been investigated aiming its future use in water decontamination by singlet oxygen generation, which is cytotoxic for biological systems. Phthalocyanines are dyes with great efficacy in singlet oxygen generation. However, these dyes have tendency to form aggregates, and hence, the formation of this reactive species of molecular oxygen turns to be inefficient. nZeol-L is an appropriate material to covalently support SiPC on its surface to avoid the aggregation process, thereby maintaining the photophysical properties of the monomer. In this study, a hybrid was prepared aiming the photoinactivation of E. coli bacteria (which is easily found in contaminated water) by natural sunlight. The nanozeolite L surface was functionalized with the photosensitizer (SiPC) and then with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) molecules to create a positive charge on the material surface, enabling the hybrid to interact with the negative charge to the E. coli bacteria. Cell viability tests were performed with two types of cells: BALB/c 3T3 clone A31 and E. coli cells suspended in PBS solution (pH 7.4) in the presence of the hybrid (here called nZeol-SiPC/APTES). It was verified that nZeol-SiPC/APTES gives rise to the death of the both cells in a large quantity and within a short time interval. These results indicate that the nanomaterial (nZeol-SiPC/APTES) has potential application for water decontamination when activated by sunlight.

No description available.