Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA APARECIDA JOAO.pdf: 13614051 bytes, checksum: 7d071a80e981abbf95a9074b2c139bba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cracks in concrete are a problem caused by the shrinkage of the mixture. This retraction can be plastic, autogenous, by drying or carbonation may occur and more than one type of retraction. One of the retraction methods of warfare is by curing of the concrete, the usual method of healing with external wetting, causes waste of water. Thus a new curing method has been studied via light aggregates or saturated superabsorbent polymer, inserted into the concrete mass, known as internal cure. The research in this paper aims to verify the influence of superabsorbent polymer as an internal curing agent to combat the decline in conventional concrete. The materials used for the development of this research were cement, natural sand, coarse aggregate (gravel), water and superabsorbent polymer of sodium polyacrylate. Initially it was performed characterization tests of the raw materials used, then made the specimens and then the characterization of concrete specimens with and without superabsorbent polymer. Properties in the fresh state (consistency) and hardened (compressive strength and shrinkage) were evaluated. The samples were subjected to physical-chemical and structural micro, through techniques of X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR), stereoscopic images and scanning electron microscopy. Six mixtures were prepared, a reference superabsorbent polymer with five levels (PSA). The PSA was inserted into the concrete as addition and replacement of mixing water with different grades and sizes. The tests showed that the superabsorbent polymer has affected the workability of concrete mixtures, the compressive strength after 28 and 60 days of curing and shrinkage. The polymer did not change the phases of the concrete, and microstructure was possible to see that the PSA was not crowded. The test results in some mixtures showed improved mechanical properties over the internal cure with superabsorbent polymer. / As fissuras no concreto são um problema ocasionado pela retração da mistura. Esta retração pode ser plástica, autógena, por secagem ou carbonatação, e pode ocorrer de forma combinada. Um dos métodos de combate à retração é realizado durante a cura do concreto. O método usual de cura com molhagem externa ocasiona desperdício de água. Desta forma, um novo método conhecido como cura interna vem sendo estudado, por meio da utilização de agregados leves ou polímeros superabsorventes saturados, inseridos na massa de concreto. A pesquisa realizada no presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influência do polímero superabsorvente como agente de cura interna para combater a retração em concreto convencional. Os materiais utilizados para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram: cimento CP-II 32 Z, agregado miúdo (areia natural média), agregado graúdo (brita no 0 e no 1), água e polímero superabsorvente de poliacrilato de sódio. Inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios normalizados de caracterização das matérias primas utilizadas para produzir os corpos de prova. Em seguida, realizou-se a caracterização dos corpos de prova de concreto com e sem polímero superabsorvente. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas as propriedades no estado fresco (consistência) e no endurecido (resistência à compressão e retração). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos à caracterização físico-química e micro estrutural, por meio de técnicas de difratometria de raios X, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), imagens de estereoscópio e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram produzidas seis misturas, uma de referência e cinco com teores diferentes de polímero superabsorvente (PSA). O PSA foi inserido no concreto tanto como adição quanto como substituição da água de amassamento, com diferentes teores e tamanhos. Os ensaios mostraram que o polímero superabsorvente afetou a trabalhabilidade das misturas de concreto, a resistência à compressão aos 28 e aos 60 dias de cura e a retração. O polímero não interferiu no processo de hidratação do concreto, além disso, foi possível visualizar que o PSA não ficou aglomerado na microestrutura. Os resultados dos ensaios em algumas misturas mostraram melhora nas propriedades mecânicas por meio da cura interna com o polímero superabsorvente estudado.

Les mousses polymères appartiennent à la famille des mousses solides qui sont des matériaux polyvalents, largement utilisés dans un grand nombre d'applications telles que l'automobile, l'emballage, produits de sport, isolants thermiques et acoustiques ou l'ingénierie tissulaire. Composé de bulles d'air piégées dans un réseau continu solide, elles allient les propriétés du polymère avec ceux de la mousse pour créer un matériau intéressant et complexe. L'intégration d'une mousse dans un réseau de polymère permet non seulement d'utiliser la vaste gamme de propriétés intéressantes offertes par les polymères, mais permet aussi de profiter des propriétés avantageuses des mousse telles que la légèreté, la faible densité, la compressibilité et un rapport surface/volume grande surface élevé. En général, les propriétés des mousses polymères sont fortement liées à leur densité et leur structure (la taille des bulles, l’arrangement des bulles dans l’espace, la structure des cellules ouvertes ou fermées). Le contrôle des propriétés finales de ces mousses est donc régi par le contrôle de sa densité et sa structure.Nous avons développé une technique dans laquelle des mousses solides sont générées essentiellement suivant un processus à deux étapes dans lequel une mousse liquide suffisamment stable ayant des propriétés bien contrôlées est générée dans une première étape, puis solidifiée. Avec une telle approche, la production des mousses solides peut être divisé en un certain nombre de sous-tâches qui peuvent être contrôlées et optimisées séparément.Le passage de l'état liquide à l'état solide est essentiellement composé de trois étapes principales: la production de la mousse, le mélange des réactifs et la solidification de la mousse. Ce dernier nécessite l'optimisation de la stabilité de la mousse et des paramètres expérimentaux tels que le choix du temps de moussage et de solidification. En outre, une bonne homogénéité de la mousse polymère appelle à un bon mélange des différents réactifs impliqués dans la formulation de la mousse et de la polymérisation.Une illustration des avantages de cette approche est donnée par la solidification de mousses liquides monodisperses générées à l’aide de la technique millifluidique. Dans une telle mousse, des bulles de volume égal, s’auto-organisent sous l’effet de la gravité et du confinement pour former des structures cristallines. Ainsi, les mousses monodisperses permettent d’avoir un contrôle simultanément sur la taille et la distribution des bulles du matériau poreux final, ce qui donne lieu à une meilleure compréhension de la corrélation entre sa structure et ses propriétés. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d'explorer le nouveau spectre de propriétés, que des mousses polymère offrent lorsque l’on y introduit une structure ordonnée et de démontrer la faisabilité de cette approche à deux étapes pour différentes classes de polymères (hydrogel, polymère super-absorbant et polyuréthane).La génération de ces mousses polymères structurées a été réalisée à l’aide d’un laboratoire sur puce qui permet le rétrécissement des dispositifs expérimentaux à l'échelle micro / millimétrique. Il permet également l’injection et le mélange divers ingrédients liquides et gazeux de la mousse. / Polymer foams belong to the solid foams family which are versatile materials, extensively used for a large number of applications such as automotive, packaging, sport products, thermal and acoustic insulators, tissue engineering or liquid absorbents. Composed of air bubbles entrapped in a continuous solid network, they combine the properties of the polymer with those of the foam to create an intriguing and complex material. Incorporating a foam into a polymer network not only allows one to use the wide range of interesting properties that the polymer offers, but also permits to profit from the advantageous properties of foam including lightness, low density, compressibility and high surface-to-volume ratio. Generally, the properties of polymer foams are strongly related to their density and their structure (bubble size and size distribution, bubble arrangement, open vs closed cells). Having a good control over foam properties is thus achieved by first controlling its density and structure.We developed a technique in which solid foams are generated essentially in a two-step process: a sufficiently stable liquid foam with well-controlled structural properties is generated in a first step, and then solidified in a second one. With such a two-step approach, the generation of solid foams can be divided into a number of well-separated sub-tasks which can be controlled and optimised separately. The transition from liquid to solid state is a sensitive issue of a great importance and therefore needs to be controlled with sufficient accuracy. It is essentially composed of three key steps: foam generation, mixing of reactants and foam solidification and requires the optimisation of foam stability in conjunction with an appropriate choice of both foaming time and solidification time. Furthermore, a good homogeneity of the polymer foam calls for a good mixing of the different reactants involved in the foaming and the polymerisation.A particularly powerful demonstration of the advantages of this approach is given by solidifying monodisperse liquid foams generated using millifluidic technique, in which all bubbles have the same size. In a liquid foam, equal-volume bubbles self-order into periodic, close-packed structures under gravity or confinement. As such, monodisperse foams provide simultaneous control over the size and the organisation of the pores in the final solid with an accuracy which is expected to give rise to a better understanding of the structure-property relationship of porous solids and to the development of new porous materials.We therefore aim to explore the new spectrum of properties, which polymer foams offer when we introduce an ordered structure into them since the most widely used polymer foams nowadays have disordered structures. The goal of our study is to demonstrate the feasibility of this two-step approach for different classes of polymers, including biomolecular hydrogel, superabsorbent polymer and polyurethane.For the generation of the structured polymer foams we use Lab-on-a-Chip technologies which allow the “shrinking” of large-scale set-ups to micro/millimetic scale. It permits also to perform “flow chemistry” in which the various liquid and gaseous ingredients of the foam are injected and mixed in a purpose-designed network of the micro- and millifluidic Lab-on-a-Chip. We adjust this approach according to the requirements of each polymer system, i.e. the foaming and the mixing techniques are chosen to fit the properties of each system, and can be exchanged to fit the properties of the studied systems.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El hormigón, material de construcción fundamental en la ingeniería civil, ha sido muy estudiado para cuantificar y mejorar su resiliencia y vida útil. La exposi-ción prolongada a ciertas condiciones ambientales, y la carga mecánica en con-diciones de servicio, pueden resultar en la aparición de fisuras (< 0.4 mm), que no amenazan la integridad de la estructura, pero en algunos casos pueden redu-cir su durabilidad. En los últimos años, se han buscado nuevos enfoques para ob-tener la autosanación o autorreparación de fisuras en el hormigón. El hormigón autosanable se considera un enfoque prometedor para desarro-llar materiales de construcción duraderos y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. La autosanación en el hormigón implica la reducción de las fisuras, lo que reduci-ría las consecuencias negativas de su presencia. El hormigón tiene una capacidad inherente de autosanación, denominada sanación autógena, pero su capacidad es limitada. Se han investigado diversos enfoques para estimular la autosanación, incluida la introducción de productos innovadores dentro de la matriz del hor-migón o la mejora de sus capacidades inherentes. Esta tesis examina la capacidad de autosanado de varios tipos de hormigón, incluidos los convencionales, de altas prestaciones y de ultra altas prestaciones, y estudia y propone diferentes metodologías para evaluar y comparar hormigones con diferente comportamiento, como aquellos con tendencia a la multifisura-ción. Las metodologías realizadas son ensayos de cierre de fisuras, ensayos de permeabilidad y ensayos de penetración de cloruros. La tesis también examina la incorporación de diversos aditivos, como Aditivos Cristalinos, Polímeros Su-perabsorbentes, sepiolita, nanofibras de alúmina, nanocelulosa y bacterias, con el fin de estudiar su potencial mejora de la capacidad de autosanado. El objetivo de esta investigación surge de la necesidad de comprender me-jor los mecanismos de autosanado y su efecto en la durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón. Esto incluye la evaluación y cuantificación del autosanado de dife-rentes hormigones, que sanaron en diferentes ambientes y condiciones de ini-ciación. Estos parámetros se eligen para proporcionar una evaluación integral de la respuesta del material. La aplicabilidad práctica de los resultados obtenidos se verifica en prototipos reducidos y a escala real, ampliando los experimentos más allá de las limitaciones del laboratorio y aumentando el nivel de madurez de la tecnología. Esta tesis proporciona un análisis amplio y en profundidad del hormigón au-tosanable. Los resultados obtenidos tienen el potencial no sólo de mejorar el conocimiento académico en el campo sino también de estimular mejoras en el diseño y la construcción de estructuras de hormigón duraderas y resilientes. / [CA] El formigó, un material de construcció fonamental a l'enginyeria civil, ha es-tat estudiat sovint per quantificar i millorar la seva resiliència i vida útil. L'exposi-ció perllongada a certes condicions ambientals, i la càrrega mecànica en condi-cions de servei, pot resultar en l'aparició de fisures (< 0.4 mm), que no suposen un perill per a la integritat de l'estructura, però que en alguns casos poden re-duir la seua durabilitat. En els últims anys, s'han buscat nous enfocs per obtenir l'autosanació o autoreparació de fissures al formigó. El formigó autosanable es considera un enfoc prometedor per desenvolupar materials de construcció duraders i respectuosos amb el medi ambient. L'auto-sanació al formigó implica la reducció de les fissures, cosa que reduiria les con-seqüències negatives de la seva presència. El formigó té una capacitat inherent d'autosanació, anomenada sanació autògena, però la seva capacitat és limitada. S'han investigat diversos enfocs per estimular l'autosanació, inclosa la introduc-ció de productes innovadors dins la matriu del formigó o la millora de les capaci-tats inherents. Aquesta tesi examina la capacitat d'autosanat de diversos tipus de formigó, inclosos els convencionals, d'altes prestacions i d'ultra altes prestacions, i estudia i proposa diferents metodologies per avaluar i comparar formigons amb com-portament diferent, com aquells amb tendència a la multifisuració. Les metodo-logies realitzades són assaigs de tancament de fissures, assaigs de permeabilitat i assaigs de penetració de clorurs. La tesi també examina la incorporació de diver-sos additius, com Additius Cristal·lins, Polímers Superabsorbents, sepiolita, nano-fibres d'alumini, nanocel·lulosa i bactèries, per tal d'estudiar la potencial millora de la capacitat d'autosanat. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació sorgeix de la necessitat de comprendre mi-llor els mecanismes dautosanat i el seu efecte en la durabilitat de les estructures de formigó. Això inclou l'avaluació i la quantificació de l'autosanat de diferents formigons, que van curar-se en diferents ambients i condicions d'iniciació. Aquests paràmetres es trien per proporcionar una avaluació integral de la res-posta del material. L'aplicabilitat pràctica dels resultats obtinguts es verifica en prototips reduïts ia escala real, ampliant els experiments més enllà de les limita-cions del laboratori i augmentant el nivell de maduresa de la tecnologia. Aquesta tesi proporciona una anàlisi àmplia i en profunditat del formigó au-tosanable. Els resultats obtinguts tenen el potencial no només de millorar el coneixement acadèmic al camp sinó també d'estimular millores en el disseny i la construcció d'estructures de formigó duraderes i resilients. / [EN] Concrete, a primary construction material in civil engineering, has been fre-quently examined to quantify and improve its resilience and lifespan. Prolonged exposure to certain environmental conditions, as well as mechanical loading in service conditions, may result in the development of small cracks (< 0.4 mm), which do not threaten the safety of the structure but, in some cases, may reduce its durability. In the last few years, researchers have pursued novel approaches to obtain self-healing or self-repair of cracks in concrete. Self-healing concrete has emerged as a promising approach to developing durable and environmentally friendly construction materials. Self-healing in concrete involves the reduction of cracks, which would reduce the negative consequences of its presence. Concrete has an inherent self-healing capacity and autogenous healing, but its capability is limited. Diverse approaches have been investigated to stimulate self-healing, including introducing innovative products inside concrete matrix or improving its inherent abilities. The current thesis examines the self-healing capability of various concrete types, including conventional, high-performance, and ultra-high-performance concretes, and studies and proposes different methodologies for evaluating and comparing concretes with different behavior, such as those with the tendency to show multi-cracking. The methodologies performed are crack closing tests, permeability tests, and chloride penetration tests. The thesis also examines the incorporation of various additives, such as Crystalline Admixture, Superabsor-bent Polymers, sepiolite, alumina nano-fibers, nanocellulose, and bacteria, to study their potential enhancement of the self-healing capability. The purpose of this research comes from the need to comprehend the self-healing mechanisms and their influence on the durability of concrete structures. This includes the evaluation and quantification of the material's performance in different concretes that healed in different healing exposures and with different initiation conditions. These parameters are chosen to provide a comprehensive assessment of the material's performance. The practical applicability of the re-sults obtained is verified in reduced and full-scale prototypes, upgrading the experiments beyond the limitations of the laboratory and increasing the Tech-nology Readiness Level. This thesis provides a broad and in-depth analysis of self-healing concrete, ex-amining its potential. The findings cannot only enhance academic knowledge but also stimulate improvements in the design and construction of long-lasting and resilient concrete structures. / Doostkami, H. (2024). Chloride penetration assessment on self-healing capability of conventional, high-performance, and ultra high-performance concrete [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207287 / Compendio