We hypothesized that beef patties formulated with the addition of a beef fat, plant oil and rosemary extract (antioxidant) blend would increase unsaturated fatty acid content and maintain desirable sensory attributes as compared to 10 and 20% fat control beef patties. Treatment patties were formulated by combining beef trimmings (6% fat) with a lipid blend mixture (4% or 14% addition, respectively) containing 57% beef tallow, 0.3% rosemary extract and 43% of either high oleic safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO), or corn oil (CO) to achieve a total fat content of 10 or 20%. Treatment patties were similar to control patties for lipid oxidation at 0 and 3 d of refrigerated (2oC) storage and up to 56 d of frozen (-10oC) storage. Cooked lipid blend patties at 10 or 20% fat content were similar to or higher, respectively, than control patties for juiciness and were no different for other sensory attributes evaluated. At 10 and 20% fat levels, oleic acid (18:1) in cooked SO patties (46.1 and 50.3%, respectively) and OO patties (43.8 and 48.1%, respectively) was higher than the control (37.3 and 37.6%, respectively). Unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios at the 10 and 20% fat levels were higher in SO (1.37 and 1.60, respectively) and CO (1.40 and 1.48, respectively) patties than the control (0.97 and 0.94, respectively). The incorporation of nutritionally enhanced lipid blends increased unsaturated fatty acid content and maintained desirable sensory attributes of beef patties while suppressing lipid oxidation.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among older adults in long-term care (LTC) contributing to increased risk of falls and fractures, and decreased quality of life. The primary factors include limited dietary sources containing vitamin D, poor dietary intake, and low sunlight exposure. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended in LTC; however this practice varies across Canada. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to 1) examine the perceptions of LTC health professionals, staff, and visitors (family and friends) regarding vitamin D supplementation in LTC facilities; and (2) determine what barriers exist in providing vitamin D supplementation to all residents in LTC facilities. Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1: Five focus group sessions (9-12 health professionals per group) were conducted in 5 LTC facilities within a Manitoba Regional Health Authority. Each focus group session was audio recorded to assist in generating themes. Phase 2: A self-administered nutrition survey was completed by LTC staff, health professionals, and visitors (family and friends) in all five recruited LTC facilities. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted. Results: Phase 1: A total of 51 individuals participated (mean age = 46.7 years ± 10.3; female = 90.2%). The majority of participants consisted of Registered Nurses, Health Care Aides, Clinical Dietitians, Pharmacists, Social Workers, Recreation Therapists, and Administrators. Phase 2: A total of 102 individuals participated with an average age of 48.4 ± 13.8 years and were predominately (87.3%) female. Eighty-five percent of participants were LTC health professionals and staff, and 14.7% were visitors (family or friend) of a LTC resident. The results from both phases found that perceptions were positive about providing vitamin D supplementation to residents. Eighty-two percent (phase 1) and 92.2% (phase 2) of participants thought that receiving a supplement would make a difference to the overall health of LTC residents. The major barriers to vitamin D supplementation were: cost (healthcare cost, cost of the supplement, and cost of laboratory tests for serum vitamin D levels), the complexity of residents due to swallowing problems and reluctance with taking medications, polypharmacy, physician resistance, and differences between participants’ knowledge and education on vitamin D. Conclusions: Providing vitamin D supplementation to LTC residents was deemed important and would improve their overall health, but more education is needed to prevent vitamin D deficiency in LTC.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / Three studies were conducted to assess effects of mineral supplementation on growing cattle performance, mineral status, and in vitro fermentation. Exp. 1 was a 3-part study that measured effects of Cu source and concentration on in vitro fermentation by mixed ruminal microbes. An initial in vitro experiment was performed to identify a Cu concentration (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg Cu/kg substrate DM) that would yield a 50% decrease in gas production. This concentration (100 mg Cu/kg substrate) was then used to evaluate varying Cu sources in the 3rd part of Exp.1. Titration of Cu (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 mg Cu/kg DM substrate) linearly decreased (P < 0.01) in vitro gas production, acetate, and propionate production. Inhibition of ruminal fermentation by Cu sources (CuSO₄, CuCl₂, CuCO₃, CuO, and tribasic copper chloride) also was evaluated using an in vitro fermentation system. Sources were incorporated into cultures at 100 mg Cu/kg substrate DM, a concentration great enough to elicit an inhibitory response. Copper sulfate and CuCl₂ were more inhibitory to in vitro fermentation, as indicated by decreases in gas production, VFA, and IVDMD, and increases in pH (P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, heifers were fed 3 different free-choice minerals: salt (S), a dry mineral basemix with salt (M), and a cooked molasses block (B); M and utilized the identical basemix. Mineral source had no effect on DMI, G:F, or concentrations of plasma P and Zn (P > 0.10). Average daily gain was greatest for M (P = 0.03), and not different between S and B (P = 0.98). Liver Cu concentrations were different among treatments (P < 0.01), with M having the greatest, B intermediate, and S having the least. Total dietary mineral intake also was different among treatments (P < 0.01), and was greatest for M, intermediate for B, and the least for S (P < 0.01). Experiment 3 × 4 factorial design and evaluated minerals added as different supplement types and trace mineral concentrations (0, 1, 5, or 10×) in an in vitro batch culture fermentation. Cooked molasses mineral blocks were compared to a dry mineral premix, and a dry mineral premix + molasses block added separately. In vitro fermentation was not different between the two molasses block treatments (P > 0.01); however, addition of molasses blocks increased fermentation to a greater extent than dry mineral alone (P < 0.01). Increasing trace mineral concentration decreased fermentation linearly (P < 0.01). In conclusion, excesses of trace elements can adversely affect fermentation by ruminal microbes. Mineral status in growing cattle was reflective of mineral intake; however, block supplements may be a method to control mineral intake to minimize overconsumption.

Orientador: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Antonio Celso Pezzato / Banca: Juliana Celia Denadai / Banca: Isabel Cristina Boleli / Banca: Ricardo de Albuquerque / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação da dieta com aditivos fitogênicos (AFs) e glutamina mais ácido glutâmico (GLn/Glu), associados ou não, como alternativa aos antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidianos (AMD/AC), sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e partes de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção. Foram alojados 500 pintos machos em galpão experimental na densidade de 10 aves/m2, conforme recomendação para criação alternativa de frangos de corte, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos: dieta controle (DC); DC + AMD/AC; DC + Gln/Glu; DC + AFs; DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. Foram coletados dados de desempenho nos períodos acumulados de 1 a 7, 1 a 21 e 1 a 42 dias de idade. Os dados de rendimento de carcaça e partes foram obtidos aos 42 dias de idade. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para as variáveis de desempenho nos períodos analisados. O maior rendimento de carcaça (P<0,05) foi observado nos tratamentos DC + Gln/Glu e DC + Gln/Glu + AFs em relação ao DC, não diferindo do tratamento com AMD+AC e AFs que não diferiram entre si. O maior rendimento de peito (P<0,05) foi observado no tratamento DC + Gln/Glu em relação ao tratamento DC e AMD/AC, que não diferiram entre si, não diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Nas condições deste experimento, glutamina mais ácido glutâmico não diferem do controle e antibiótico melhorador de desempenho mais anticoccidiano quando se considera características de desempenho, porém melhoram o rendimento de carcaça e de peito de frangos de corte criados no sistema alternativo de produção / Abstract: The objective of this work was evaluate the effect the diet supplementation with the phytogenics additives (AFs) and glutamine added glutamic acid (Gln/Glu), in association or not, as an alternative to antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial drugs (AMD/AC), in the performance and carcass and parts yield of the broilers created in the alternative system of production. It was housed 500 male chicks in the experimental aviary, the density was 10 chicks/m2, corresponding the recommendation of alternative breeding of broilers, which was allotted to completely randomized design, with 5 treatments: control diet (DC), DC + AMD/AC; DC + Gln/Glu; DC + AFs; DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. The datas of performance was collected in the accumulated periods of 1 at 7, 1 at 21 and 1 at 42 days of age. The datas of carcass and parts yield was obtained at 42 days of age. Did not have effect of the treatment to the performance on analysed periods. The biggest carcass yield (P<0,05) was observed in the DC + Gln/Glu and DC + Gln/Glu + AFs treatment compared with DC, did not have difference with the AMD/AC and AF which did not differ between. The biggest breast yield (P<0,05) was observed in the DC + Gln/Glu treatment compared to DC and AMD/AC treatments, which did not differ between, did not have differences to others treatments. In the condition of this experiment, glutamine added glutamanic acid do not differ from control and antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial drugs when it is considered that features of performance, but improve the carcass and breast yield of broilers created in alternative system of production / Doutor

Please read the abstract in the dissertation. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Class of 2013 Abstract / Specific Aims: To assess whether vitamin D supplementation is associated with a reduced risk of type I diabetes in infants. Methods: This study was a systematic review using Pubmed, Google Scholar and reference lists of retrieved articles. Only randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies were considered for this study. Data were extracted and organized into tables. The data were organized into three categories; study characteristics, patient characterisitics and study outcomes. The main outcomes were association of type I diabetes with vitamin D deficiency and identify the proper dose of vitamin D in pediatric population. Main Results: A total of 3 randomized controlled trials and 2 prospective observational studies were found that met the inclusion criteria; retrospective studies and case control studies were excluded. Combining all studies, no association was seen between vitamin D supplement and control group. Most of the randomized control studies have not shown a statistically significant association between Hb A1C, C-Peptide and vitamin D level with type I diabetes. The Gabbay et al. study showed that vitamin D serum concentrations (25(OH)D3) in the cholecalciferol and placebo groups were not significant at 6 ( P= 0.93),12( P= 0.81), and 18 (P= 0.53) months of follow up. The vitamin D concentration was increased during the 6 months period compared to baseline value (Basal: 26.34ng/ml vs 6 months: 60.88 ng/mL; P <001). Also, Bizzarri et al. study showed that at 6, 12, and 24 months the A1C and insulin usage in both calcitrol and placebo groups were not different. On the other hand, the observational study by Vojtková et al. showed that two thirds of children with type I diabetes had insufficient vitamin D concentration and lower Z score of lumbar spine. Also, the Fronczak observational study showed that maternal Intake of vitamin D via food was significant in decrease of IA-2 autoantibodies in offspring ( HR=0.37;95%Cl 0.17-0.78). Variety of different dosage of vitamin D supplement has been used in primary literatures. The data from Wicklow and Hypponen et al. used 2000IU/d that decreased risk of type I diabetes in diabetes type I. Conclusion: Reported studies did not have consistent conclusion for association of type I diabetes and vitamin D. The data from the randomized clinical trials have shown that vitamin D supplementation can increase serum vitamin D >30 ng/ml but none support the use of vitamin D in prevention of type I diabetes. Given the lack of data to support the use of vitamin D to reduce the risk of type I diabetes, vitamin D supplementation should be used to supplement vitamin D levels in children not exposed to adequate sunlight. There is no clear recommendation dose for treatment and prevention of vitamin D supplementation for pediatric patients. Therefore, monitoring and routine measurements of vitamin D by physician can play an important role. More randomized control trials with large sample would be needed to answer all of the unknown questions regarding the dosage of vitamin D supplement.

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects 12% of Peruvians under 5 years of age. Recent studies have shown an association with hematopoiesis and iron metabolism. In Peru, 3-quarters of a million children have anemia. We aimed to identify an association between Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) and anemia in children under 5 years of age. A cross-sectional secondary analytical study from the Peruvian Demographic Survey and Family Health (DHS) was conducted. The primary outcome, anemia, was measured through hemoglobin concentration and adjusted by altitude. The DHS interviewer ensured the participant’s VAS in the last 6 months through a structural healthcare card. The association was statistically significant using crude regression but disappeared when adjusted per socioeconomic level and gender. VAS was not significantly associated with a lower prevalence of anemia. Further studies are required to help identify the association between VAS and anemia. / Revisión por pares

Glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid calcium (GAKIC) is an amino acid combination postulated to improve dynamic performance of skeletal muscle during acute, anaerobic exercise in healthy individuals. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the ergogenic effects of GAKIC ingestion on resistance training performance in both trained male and female participants. Methods: Utilizing a double-blinded, crossover design, male participants completed a lower body leg press resistance exercise protocol and female participants completed a lower body leg extension resistance exercise protocol once using 10.2 g GAKIC and the other with a placebo. Results: A significant increase in TLV after GAKIC supplementation was observed in both male and female participants performing a lower body resistance exercise. No significant differences were found in lower body 1RM, HR, BLa, and Glucose between conditions in both groups. Conclusion: We concluded with the specific exercise protocols that were implemented, GAKIC increased TLV in the lower body exercises.

Early life is critical for the development of an organism. External factors alter placental efficiency which can lead to consequential effects. The objective of the current study was to (1) examine placental characteristics and molecular factors affected by nutrient restriction (2) evaluate the mitigating properties of melatonin in a nutrient restricted pregnancy in regard to circadian, myogenic and adipogenic factors in fetal muscle and (3) evaluate the effects of prenatal and postnatal melatonin supplementation on offspring performance. In study 1, cows were fed a control (CON) or a 60% restricted (RES) diet from day 140 to 240 of gestation. Animals were slaughtered for placentome collection. Nutrient restriction increased vessel perimeter, downregulated genes related to blood vessel development, and upregulated ribosomal and translation factor expression. In lieu of downregulated vessel development, a compensatory effect geared towards nutrient-transport apparent. The 2nd study utilized spring-calving and fall-calving heifers in two trials with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Treatments were adequately-fed (ADQ) or 60% restricted (RES) dams along with melatonin (MEL) or no melatonin (CON) from day 160 to 240 of gestation. Cesarean sections were performed either in the morning (AM) or afternoon (PM). Circadian, myogenic and adipose-related factors in fetal loin muscle (LM) were analyzed. Fetal LM from the spring-calving (fall) group experienced a downregulation of circadian genes, myogenic genes and tendency for downregulation in lipolysis genes. Fetal LM collected from the fall-calving (summer) group had interactions in myogenic expression. Results demonstrate photoperiod and seasonal effects on nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation in regard to tissue prioritization. In study 3, melatonin was supplemented to calves during the prenatal and postnatal period in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Supplementation did not alter offspring performance. A lack of differences may be attributed to similar endogenous melatonin levels in dams. Despite no differences in calf performance, tendencies for decreased milk yield and fat were observed in MEL versus CON dams. This demonstrates that melatonin may influence feed efficiency in calves that receive less nutrients during early life. The programming effects of melatonin after birth appear to be low.

No description available.