Most contemporary South African businesses are facing tough times. This is the result of emerging trends such as intense global competition which requires businesses to be quick, agile and flexible; new technology available to any business willing to adopt it; more advanced customer expectations and the implementation of new strategic, proactive management approaches. In fact, many of them (including wholesalers) will succeed only if they can successfully integrate strategy, processes, business arrangement, resources, systems and empowered workforces to render their core business effectively. Choosing suppliers and purchasing products are critical wholesaling activities and often determine the success of wholesalers. Wholesaling institutions, however, vary considerably in size, activity, style of business, types of products provided and services rendered. These variables imply that the complexity of wholesaling activities differs. It therefore stands to reason that the level of sophistication with which these wholesalers manage their purchasing, sourcing and supply activities may differ. The level of sophistication with which wholesalers manage their purchasing, sourcing and supply function may vary from traditional management approaches to advanced integrated management approaches. The use of the new management approaches by businesses is a vital instrument in facilitating change. This leads to the development of more focused, specialised and high-performance organisations. Manufacturers are not geared to deal directly with the thousands of small retailers and therefore use wholesalers for this function. Wholesalers provide a vital link between manufacturers and retailers, and play a pivotal role in efficiency of the whole supply chain. Adapting to the supply chain management approach may thus mean the difference between success, failure and the continued existence of the wholesaler in supply chains. This research study was undertaken to determine to what extent wholesalers in South Africa have adapted to new demands and developments in their purchasing, sourcing and supply functions. Secondary to this objective was the need to (1) investigate the scope of wholesaling, with reference to the global and South African context; (2) investigate the concepts of and the evolution of purchasing to strategic sourcing as part of the broader supply chain management approach; (3) analyse the scope and concept of supply chain management; and (4) determine the purchasing, sourcing and supply management approaches used by the wholesale sector in South Africa. The study was conducted in several phases. Firstly, a literature research was conducted to gather and integrate secondary data in order to (1) expound the definitions, importance, types, activities and trends of wholesalers; and (2) investigate the development of purchasing to strategic sourcing and evolution of supply chain management, and to give an overview of purchasing, strategic sourcing and supply chain management. Secondly, a questionnaire was compiled containing all the relevant issues identified in the literature research to enable the researcher to establish how far South African wholesalers have advanced in adopting new approaches to managing the purchasing, sourcing and supply function. This questionnaire was pretested on two respondents to verify its validity, before proceeding to the next step. Thirdly, a letter and the refined and tested questionnaire were mailed to all the wholesalers identified to be involved in the survey, informing them of the research study and soliciting their cooperation. The letter requested the participants to return the questionnaire via facsimile. Fourthly, to improve the response rate, after the date for returning the questionnaire had lapsed, additional questionnaires were faxed to all the respondents who had not completed the initial questionnaire. The literature research established that the new demands and developments facing wholesalers in managing their purchasing, sourcing and supply function are a reality. Wholesalers are confronted with a variety of challenges concerning these demands and developments which is jeopardising their vital role in the supply chain, and they need to adopt a more sophisticated method of managing these activities, not only to ensure their own survival, but also to lower the costs of the wholesale operation, and ultimately allow an increase in shareholders' wealth. The empirical study, however, clearly indicated that South African wholesalers are still significantly focused on the tactical aspects of purchasing, incorporating only a few aspects of strategic sourcing and supply chain management. The position of South African wholesalers regarding the level of sophistication in their management approach to the purchasing, sourcing and supply chain management approach can be regarded as a mechanical approach, with proactive tendencies. It is therefore clear that South African wholesalers have not adapted to the strategic sourcing and supply chain management approaches, and need to prepare themselves for this change - or risk failure. / Business Management / M. Comm.

The provision of goods and services by aquatic ecosystems plays an important role in socio-economic development and livelihoods in the southern African region. Water resource management in South Africa developed from an agrarian and pastoral focus up to 1956 to also supporting mining and industrial activities. This led to the introduction of the resource water quality objectives and pollution prevention approaches, which balanced the needs for development and protection. Prior to 1994, access to water resources was limited to riparian property owners and a minority of the population who controlled industrial and mining activities. The establishment of a democratic government amplified the need for accelerated socio-economic development, with equity, efficiency and sustainability being the principles of such development. New approaches were needed, which could achieve these development objectives and secure the resource base for future generations. An overview of the scientific process highlighted a risk based approach as potentially supporting the much needed balance between development and protection. The aims of this thesis is to develop a framework and process for the application of ecological risk assessment to water resource management in South Africa, to use case studies to draft guidelines for ecological risk assessment and to assess the degree to which ecological risk assessment can contribute to effective water resource management in South Africa. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines for ecological risk assessment were identified amongst international best practice as meeting the requirements for local application. A framework was drafted for ecological risk assessment in South Africa, with the main phases being to agree on objectives, formulate the analysis plan, analyse information, characterise risk and manage risk. Modifications from the Environmental Protection Agency’s process include the order of activities in the first phase, the explicit testing of hypotheses and clarification of the evaluation of existing data or collection of new data. An industrial effluent case study was used to assess the applicability of the proposed framework. The case study dealt specifically with the assessment of risks posed by current conditions and long term licence conditions. The framework was found to be useful to identify weaknesses in the established monitoring programme and to evaluate lines of evidence to assess the degree to which the stated conditions would have unacceptable consequences. The study highlighted several weaknesses in the suggested framework, of which the most critical is the interpretation of the risk hypothesis as a testable null hypothesis. It became clear that cause-effect relationships should be stated as the risk hypothesis, whereas the assessment should evaluate expressed or expected conditions against a risk profile for a given stressor to benefit fully from the risk assessment approach. Changes to the framework terminology were suggested as well as nested feedback loops to allow for iterative processes where new information becomes available. The proposed guidelines incorporate the learning from the case study application as well as feedback from a peer review process. The guidelines incorporate the suggested actions under each phase as well as notes providing the rationale for each step. Three case study outlines were provided to assist users with the interpretation of the guidelines in different applications. The proposed guidelines are applied in an ecological Reserve determination case study, which specified the ecological water quality requirements. The study found that a risk-based approach was followed in the development of the water resource management policy, but the Reserve determination method is generally hazard based, with site specific modifications of the target values being allowed on a conservative basis. The case study highlighted a lack of readiness of water resource managers to accommodate scientific results expressed as probability distributions in support of management decisions. The thesis is concluded with a discussion of the key learning points of the ecological risk assessment development process. The evaluation highlights the move from stating and testing a null hypothesis to stating the risk hypothesis and evaluating the stated conditions against a risk profile. Several implementation challenges are highlighted, with specific recommendations made for adopting the proposed guidelines.

abstract: The dissertation aims to provide a new perspective on the management of multi-tier supply chains. When a firm decides to buy a product from a supplier, the buying firm also needs to decide whether to use the supplier to make the lower-tier sourcing decisions or to make those decisions in-house. I call the former "supply chain-buy" and the latter "supply chain-make." If the choice is supply chain-buy, the buying firm releases sourcing control of its bill of materials (BOM) to the top-tier supplier and this supplier, then engages with the supply base to determine the BOM's supply chain. If the choice is supply chain-make, the buying firm maintains sourcing control of the BOM and engages with its own supply base to select the lower-tier suppliers. The dissertation provides a theoretical foundation and empirical observations for understanding the supply chain make-buy decisions. The dissertation consists of three main chapters: Chapter 2 extends the make-or-buy literature into the multi-tier supply management context to provide theoretical reasons for engaging in supply chain-make as opposed to supply chain-buy. Building on transaction cost economics, the knowledge-based view, and structural hole theory, Chapter 2 explains the phenomenon that cannot be fully explained by a single-theoretic perspective. Chapter 3 empirically investigates the economic and behavioral factors that influence individual purchasing managers' supply chain make-buy decision-making. Specifically, the roles of behavioral uncertainty, interpersonal trust, and familiarity are considered. A scenario-based behavioral experiment involving the members of the Institute for Supply Management is employed. Lastly, Chapter 4 studies the performance implications of particular supply network structures influenced by supply chain make-buy decisions. Supply chain make-buy decisions can affect the prevalence of structural holes in supply networks. Chapter 4 investigates the different types of structural holes in supply networks. It provides a novel way of understanding structural holes in the supply network context by distinguishing structural holes between the focal firm's suppliers (horizontal structural holes) from those between its customers and suppliers (vertical structural holes). Panel data on supply networks and firm financial indicators are used for analysis in Chapter 4. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3851.pdf: 1824860 bytes, checksum: d74074ee4c1bd544b9af0d46afb2eb78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / The share in the agribusiness GDP (gross domestic product) and in the Brazilian GDP, the conquest of demanding markets and the expressive growth of slaughterhouses are some of the indicators of the importance and of good results of the cattle market in Brazil. However, there are many challenges which require adequacies in the slaughterhouse industry to operate in different scenarios and to meet a demand that is more and more rigorous. The few theoretical references of the decision making in supplies in slaughterhouses point to a difference between the increase in purchasing complexity and the level of the structure of information flow which sustains decisions in this area. This fact leads managing tools to be low explored and jeopardizes the development of adequate tools, increasing the effort to meet the demand and limiting the share in markets considered more profitable. The hypothesis of this study is that slaughterhouses are using different purchasing processes due to sales; however, without the support of a structured information flow to help in this decision. The objective is to detect how the animal purchasing process is influenced by the different characteristics of the different sale channels, in a way to draw the structure of an information flow which allows to adequate better purchasing choices to sales needs. The type of the research question, the coverage of the control over events and the need of a contemporary focus led to the application of the multiple case study. The necessary information to the decision making in supplies and the influence of decisions from other areas to decisions and purchasing activities were analyzed. The relation between purchases and sales processes were highlighted. This study also involved an analysis of the existence of a gap between the theory of decision of organizational purchases and the reality of the sector and the study about flow information in supply area. Among results, the list of the main factors which influence in the decision making in purchasing, processing and sales areas and the classification of Distribution Channels, considering its levels of exacting, are highlighted. Conclusions involve the confirmation of the gap between the purchase managing theory and the reality of the studied cases, as well as the purpose of structuring the System to the decision making in purchasing. Moreover, conclusions promote reflections regarding the level of influence of the information, processes and sales decisions in the purchasing area. / A participação no PIB do agronegócio e no PIB brasileiro, a conquista de mercados exigentes e o forte crescimento dos frigoríficos são alguns dos indicativos da importância e dos bons resultados do setor pecuário nacional. Contudo, são muitos os desafios que requerem adequações na indústria frigorífica a fim de operar em cenários diversificados e atender a uma demanda cada vez mais exigente. As poucas referências teóricas do processo de tomada de decisão de suprimentos nos frigoríficos sugerem descompasso entre o aumento de complexidade em compras e o nível de estruturação do fluxo de informação que sustenta as decisões nessa área. Isso faz com que as ferramentas de gestão sejam pouco exploradas e compromete o desenvolvimento de ferramentas adequadas, aumentando o esforço para atendimento da demanda e limitando a participação em mercados considerados mais rentáveis. O pressuposto deste estudo é que os frigoríficos estão utilizando processos de compra diferentes em função das vendas, mas sem o apoio de um fluxo estruturado de informações para auxiliar esta decisão. O seu objetivo é detectar como o processo de compra de animais é influenciado pelas diferentes características dos diferentes canais de venda, de forma a desenhar a base estrutural de um sistema de informação que possibilite melhor adequar as escolhas de compras às necessidades de vendas. O tipo de questão de pesquisa, a abrangência do controle sobre os eventos e a necessidade de enfoque contemporâneo levaram à aplicação do método de estudo de casos múltiplos. Foram analisadas as informações necessárias à tomada de decisão em suprimento e a influência das decisões de outras áreas sobre as decisões e as atividades de compra. A relação entre os processos de compra e de venda teve destaque. O estudo também envolveu a análise da existência de lacuna entre a teoria de decisão de compras organizacionais e a realidade do setor e o estudo do fluxo de informação na área de suprimentos. Dentre os resultados, destacam-se a listagem dos principais fatores que interferem na tomada de decisão nas áreas de compras, de processamento e de vendas e a classificação dos Canais de Distribuição, considerando seus níveis de exigência. As conclusões envolvem a confirmação de lacuna entre a teoria de gestão de compras e a realidade dos Casos estudados, assim como a proposta de estruturação de Sistema para tomada de decisão em compras. Promovem ainda, reflexões a respeito do grau de influência das informações, dos processos e das decisões de vendas sobre a área de compras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLCS.pdf: 1281525 bytes, checksum: 2cc35d36d1ef639e6d2dd2af96c90d12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-22 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In the past two decades, the manufacture companies have been faced significant changes in their business area, and the most evident and important was occurred in productive, organizational, technological and financial forms. The configuration of this new scenario demanded of the companies the capacity to modify its operational and productive concepts, in order to survive in an environment of high competitive pressure. In this context, importance of the use of tools is distinguished it that assist and speed the decision making, contributing for the increase of the competitiveness of the company. So, it is convenient that these tools make possible the complete access to information in all the parts and for all in the company, as the proposal of the ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems. The effective use of this system allows the company to integrate its managerial process in different internal functions, providing to productive improvement, minimizing waste and costs in the production process. Parallel, as a second factor comes gaining importance in the companies is the supply management. Forty to sixty per cent of the sale value of the non durable products is related to raw materials. Therefore, a relatively little cost reductions in the acquisition of materials can give a great impact on the company s profit. The objective of this research is to verify how the use of ERP helps the supply management in food industry companies that use sugar as a raw material. The carried through research is of qualitative nature, where a bibliographical survey on the subjects was elaborated, supply management, ERP systems and food industry, followed by explanatory case studies in three companies of food industry in the São Paulo State. It can be concluded that the ERP supports the operational and managerial activities related to supply management in the researched companies, mainly when the company consider the purchase function as a competitive resource. It was observed, however, that its functionalities aren t totally used by the researched companies. / Nas duas últimas décadas, as empresas de manufatura têm enfrentado significativas mudanças em seu ramo de negócios, sendo as ocorridas em suas formas produtivas, organizacionais, tecnológicas e financeiras as mais evidentes e relevantes. A configuração deste novo cenário exigiu das empresas a capacidade de modificar seus conceitos operacionais e produtivos, a fim de sobreviver em um ambiente marcado por elevadas pressões competitivas. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a importância da utilização de instrumentos que auxiliem e agilizem a tomada de decisão, contribuindo para o aumento da competitividade da empresa. Para tal, é conveniente que estes instrumentos viabilizem o completo acesso à informação em todas as partes e por todos na empresa, como é a proposta dos sistemas ERP enterprise resource planning (planejamento dos recursos da empresa). O uso efetivo deste sistema permite à empresa integrar seus processos gerenciais nas diferentes funções internas, proporcionando melhoria de produtividade, minimizando desperdícios e custos no processo de produção. Paralelamente, um segundo fator vem ganhando importância nas empresas, a gestão de suprimentos, dado que 40 a 60% do valor de venda de produtos de consumo não duráveis é relativo a materiais. Portanto, reduções relativamente pequenas de custo na aquisição dos materiais podem ter grande impacto nos lucros. O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar como o uso do ERP auxilia a gestão de suprimentos em empresas da indústria de alimentos que usam o açúcar como insumo. A pesquisa realizada é de natureza qualitativa, onde foi elaborado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os temas gestão de suprimentos, sistemas ERP e indústria de alimentos, seguido por estudos de caso explanatórios em três empresas da indústria de alimentos do Estado de São Paulo. Pode-se concluir que o ERP apóia as atividades operacionais e gerenciais relacionadas à Gestão de Suprimentos nas empresas pesquisadas, principalmente quando a empresa considera a função de compras como recurso competitivo. Observou-se, contudo, que as funcionalidades do mesmo não são totalmente utilizadas pelas empresas pesquisadas.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-26T12:40:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 miriamsouzabrito.pdf: 1735747 bytes, checksum: fd7b9c71b2c7bce4ad16ec6263a81b56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-26T14:25:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 miriamsouzabrito.pdf: 1735747 bytes, checksum: fd7b9c71b2c7bce4ad16ec6263a81b56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T14:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 miriamsouzabrito.pdf: 1735747 bytes, checksum: fd7b9c71b2c7bce4ad16ec6263a81b56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-28 / Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação (PPGP) do Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF). A pesquisa discutiu a implementação e execução da gestão escolarizada dos processos de compras para a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) em Minas Gerais, a partir da análise realizada em escolas da rede estadual de ensino, situadas em Belo Horizonte - MG, circunscritas à Superintendência Regional de Ensino (SRE) Metropolitana A. Assim, a temática abordada relaciona-se à gestão de compras públicas no âmbito do PNAE. Na gestão escolarizada adotada pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Minas Gerais (SEEMG), as aquisições de gêneros alimentícios necessários à execução da política de alimentação escolar são promovidas pelas caixas escolares, unidades executoras financeiras vinculadas às escolas. Os membros das caixas escolares são pessoas da comunidade escolar que nem sempre detêm conhecimento na área de compras públicas, o que pode levar à ineficiência na realização dos processos e à responsabilização do gestor escolar. Assim, surgiu a indagação quanto ao modo como está sendo realizada a gestão dos processos de compras para a aquisição de gêneros alimentícios, em atendimento ao PNAE, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foi estabelecido um recorte territorial para esse estudo, com o objetivo de analisar os processos de compras de gêneros alimentícios, para a execução do PNAE, a partir do modelo de gestão do processo de compra adotado pelo Estado de Minas Gerais. As hipóteses aventadas partiram principalmente de suposições de que haveria possíveis insuficiências no modelo de gestão escolarizada implementado e de ações eficazes de acompanhamento por parte da SRE Metropolitana A. Para a análise proposta, a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa, mediante o estudo de caso, e como instrumentos de coleta de dados a pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e a observação, mediante entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados realizadas junto a atores envolvidos na implementação do programa nos três níveis de gestão da SEEMG. O referencial bibliográfico adotado baseou-se principalmente em Storlaski; Castro (2007), Ferrer (2012, 2013, 2015), Fenili (2016) Teixeira et al. (2015), Terra (2016), Tridapalli et al. (2011); Di Pietro (2009) e Fernandes (2007). As hipóteses inicialmente levantadas foram confirmadas ao final. Por outro lado, foi constatado que a SEEMG está se empenhando em promover melhorias no modelo implementado, o que representa perspectivas de inovações no modelo adotado. Assim, foi pensado um plano de intervenção que contempla propostas relacionadas ao âmbito de atuação dos três níveis de gestão da SEEMG, a fim de que sejam testados novos instrumentos e formas organizacionais de compras que possam contribuir para o aprimoramento da prática de gestão de compras, em atendimento ao PNAE, o qual poderá ser expandido, após a avaliação quanto ao seu desempenho, para outras Superintendências Regionais de Ensino a que seja aplicável. / The following research was developed in the range of the Professional Master degree in Education Management and Evaluation (PPGP) of the Center of Public Policies and Evaluation of Education of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (CAED/UFJF). This dissertation discussed the school management implementation and execution, within the buying process necessary to the National Program of School Feeding in Minas Gerais. This research was made through an analysis about the state schools, located in Belo Horizonte - MG and under the Regional Teaching Superintendence (RTS) Metropolitan A responsibility. To this purpose, the thematic researched is related to the public purchasing management, within the PNAE. According to the adopted management by the State Educational Secretary from Minas Gerais, the food acquisition for the school is made by school savings. However, it is important to say that the cashiers are part of the school community and in most cases, they don’t have expertise in public buyings. So, this reality may take to inefficiency in the processes realization. Based on this situation, it was made the question: how is the buying processes management of the food acquisition in Minas Gerais state? To answer this, it was established a territorial frame to this study. The objective was to analyze the buying processes management, over the management processes model adopted by Minas Gerais state. We take as a hypothesis: the possible insufficiency in the school management model and in the support by the RTS. As methodology, it was used the qualitative research, through a case study. As research instruments, there were used documents; bibliography; observation; and interviews, based on semi structured scripts, with actors involved in 3 levels of the implementation program. Besides that, there were used the following authors: Storlaski; Castro (2007), Ferrer (2012, 2013, 2015), Fenili (2016) Teixeira et al. (2015), Terra (2016), Tridapalli et al. (2011); Di Pietro (2009) and Fernandes (2007). According to the study, it was possible to conclude that the hypothesis was true. However, it was also possible to understand that the Minas Gerais state is making efforts to improve the implemented model, so there may be innovations in the future. To finish, it was created an intervention plan that aims to try new instruments and management structures. This may contribute to the purchase management improvement.

Kommunikationen mellan en produktutvecklande modeleverantör och deras producenter är en pågående process. Kommunikation i allmänhet binder samman människor genom tal och skrift, men kan också vara en bidragande faktor till oenighet. Kommunikation i alla dess former används dagligen och är ett viktigt verktyg som måste fungera korrekt. Om brister i kommunikationen uppstår kan diskussioner väckas till liv och inom modeindustrin kan samarbeten ställas in och kontrakt annulleras. Kommunikationen mellan den produktutvecklande modeleverantören och deras producenter kan bli missförstådd och inte tolkad utifrån det uppsåt företagen planerat. Det kan leda till problem med ledtider, försäljningssiffror och försenade leveranser. Syftet med studien är att analysera varför eventuella problem sker i kommunikationen mellan svenska produktutvecklande modeleverantörer och deras producenter i utlandet. Följande kandidatuppsats är uppdelad i kapitel 1 – 6 och kommer besvara syftet genom att granska kommunikationen mellan de två parterna, vilka kommunikationssvårigheter som finns samt vilka parametrar som är viktiga för att kommunikationen ska fungera. Den primära teorin utgörs av det empiriska resultatet som består av intervjuer med nio svenska produktutvecklande modeleverantörer. Personliga intervjuer valdes för att tillgå så stor andel information som möjligt rörande ämnet. Dessutom har observationer av den Textila Värdekedjan, Supply Chain Management, Sustainable Supply Chain Management, Total Quality Management, Quick Response, Fast Fashion samt Organisationskultur genomförts. Även andra viktiga strategier och aspekter som handlar om kommunikation har analyserats. Studien visar att brister i kommunikationen uppstår dagligen för svenska produktutvecklande modeleverantörer. Kommunikationssvårigheter uppkommer av bland annat språkbarriärer och kulturella skillnader. Konsekvenser av misstag i kommunikationen kan vara förödande och ha stor påverkan på relationen mellan de svenska produktutvecklande modeleverantörerna och deras producenter. Följaktligen presenteras studiens slutsats samt förslag på vidare forskning. Slutligen redovisas använda källor och bilagor.

Subway is the leading fast food franchise chain having over 29.700 branches in 87 countries and differentiating itself among other fast foods by serving healthy food. The chain's focus for further development is concentrated on the countries in Central Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Croatia) and its 47 branches. However, the concept of supply chain in this region is disunited and leads to unfair high costs and high requirements from the branch management. Therefore there is an urgent need to unite the logistic system. The idea is that all the branches in the region will keep two or three local suppliers providing delivery of vegetables, drinks and local specialties; other goods will be distributed by single logistics company in the form of consolidated supply. The new logistic concept for provision of availability of products needed for proper work of all Subway branches in Central and Eastern Europe in context of integration, unification and simplification of logistic chains and its effective management is suggested in the work from the logistic service provider point of view. The task is solved in three parts -- transportation of goods from the producers to the warehouse, its delivery to individual branches, and warehouses itself including the cost calculations. The analysis of supplier's location and the location of supplied branches conclusion follows on locating the warehouse unit near Prague. The kinds of goods could be divided into frozen, cooled, dry and non-food goods. The consumption of individual kinds of goods is specified and the process of supplying the warehouse, means of transport, number of drivers, consolidation on distribution routes and its frequency is suggested. The supply of 47 branches will be done with special means of transport with combined shipping space enabling separate transport of individual kinds of goods by using the mobile screens; on 5 routes always between 7:00 to 23:00 in every country on the same day. The warehouse is a key place for delivery consolidation according to the needs of individual branches in accordance with FIFO principle. About 70 different articles of goods are stocked in three parts; respectively in truss racks with longitudinal filling with capacity of 168 pallet spaces in the height of 4 pallets. The manipulation is provided by low-lift and high-lift trucks. The limit warehouse is rectangular with the area of 122.4 m2, Monthly cost are 485,- Kč for pallet space, the costs in the frozen and cooled warehouse are higher by 15,-Kč per pallet space, that is 500,- Kč. The total costs to supply all the Subway branch restaurants in the whole region is the total sum of costs for good acquisition, its transfer from suppliers to the warehouse, warehouse operations and distribution of goods to individual branches.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo principal determinar la incidencia del Control Interno en la gestión del Área de Abastecimiento para su información correcta en el área de patrimonio de un hospital público - Región Lambayeque 2022, a fin de analizar cómo esta institución está llevando a cabo sus procesos de abastecimiento, los tiempos en los que estos se realizan y sobre todo la calidad de los bienes adquiridos, siendo una institución de salud estatal que trabaja en beneficio de la sociedad y de los más vulnerables. Respecto a los resultados obtenidos se constató que el Control Interno sí incide en el área de abastecimiento, debido a que este Control significa sinónimo de transparencia según todas las actividades que se llevan a cabo. Por otro lado, también se certificó que el Control Interno tiene una confiabilidad media del 58.50%, mismo que se puede mejorar fortaleciendo las deficiencias en los factores de ambiente físico, seguridad, capacitación, experiencia, entre otros. Asimismo, en las conclusiones se determinó que los factores mencionados son de suma importancia a la hora de determinar la incidencia del Control Interno en el área de abastecimiento, debido a que estos factores reflejan la responsabilidad y ética con la que se está trabajando, evidencia los puntos débiles del área, lo cual ayuda en un futuro a reconfortar dicho ambiente de trabajo y como ya se mencionó anteriormente, esto con el fin de brindar una calidad de atención al ser una institución perteneciente al estado. / The main objective of this investigation was to determine the incidence of Internal Control in the management of the Supply Area for its correct information in the heritage area of a public hospital - Lambayeque Region 2022, this in order to analyze and study how this institution is carrying out its acquisition and supply processes, the times in which these are carried out and above all the quality of the goods acquired, being a state health institution that works for the benefit of society and the most vulnerable. Regarding the results obtained, it was found that Internal Control does affect the supply area, because this Internal Control means transparency based on all the activities that are carried out. On the other hand, it was also certified that Internal Control has an average reliability of 58.50%, not being a low result, which can be improved by strengthening the deficiencies found such as physical environment, security, training, experience factors, among others. Likewise, taking into account the conclusions, it can be determined that the aforementioned factors are of the utmost importance when determining the incidence of Internal Control in the supply area, because these factors reflect the responsibility and ethics with which it is currently being carried out. working, it also shows the weak points of said area, which helps in the future to comfort said work environment and as previously mentioned, this in order to provide quality care as it is an institution belonging to the state and the Region Lambayeque.

South Africa's water resources are unequally distributed over space and time to a high degree and our already stressed water resources situation will only be exacerbated by climate change if current predictions are correct. The potential for conflict over increasingly strained water resources in South Africa is thus very real. In order to deal with these complex problems national legislation is demanding that water resource management be decentralized to the local level where active participation can take place in an integrated manner in accordance with the principles of IWRM. However, administrative and political boundaries rarely match those of catchments as, throughout South Africa, rivers have been employed extensively to delineate administrative and political boundaries at a number of spatial scales. The aim of this research is to determine if rivers act as dividing or uniting features in a socio-political landscape and whether topography will influence their role in this context. By considering sections of the Orange-Senqu River, some of which are employed as political or administrative boundaries, this project furthermore aims to consider the implications of this for catchment management in South Africa. South Africa's proposed form of decentralized water management will have to contend with the effects of different topographies on the way in which rivers are perceived and utilized. The ability of a river to act as a dividing or uniting feature is dependent on a number of interrelated factors, the effects of which are either reduced or enhanced by the topography surrounding the river. Factors such as the state of the resource, levels of utilization, local histories and the employment of the river as a political or administrative border are all factors that determine the extent to which a river unites or divides the communities along its banks, and are all influenced by topography. The implications of this for the management of catchments in South Africa are significant. Local water management institutions will have to contend with a mismatch in borders and in many cases bridge social divides that are deeply entrenched along the banks of rivers. Importantly, the need for a context specific approach to catchment management is highlighted.