Med detta examensarbete vill vi utveckla kunskaper om hur logistikaktiviteter utförs hos ett företag med en varierande efterfrågan. Vidare vill vi presentera en arbetsmodell samt ge förbättringsförslag som kan minska eller eliminera företagets upplevda problem vad gäller ledtider, leverantörsrelationer och servicenivå kontra kapitalbindning.   Med stöd av genomgången litteratur har en arbetsmodell utformats till företaget. primärdata till kartläggning och analys av nuläget har insamlats genom observation av och intervjuer med personal på servicedepån i Gävle.   Efter genomförd nulägesbeskrivning identifierades problemområden. Dessa områden handlar om varierande ledtider, låg synlighet, bristfällig kommunikation, långa transportsträckor samt för låg kapitalbindning för att hålla utlovad servicenivå till kund.    Genom metoder och verktyg i arbetsmodellen kunde grundorsakerna till problemen identifieras och tre förbättringsförslag utformas. Det första förbättringsförslaget handlar om att utveckla befintliga leverantörsrelationer för att uppnå förbättrad synlighet och kortare ledtider i försörjningskedjan för upparbetade artiklar. Om det första förslaget inte är genomförbart föreslår det andra att vidga sitt leverantörsutbud och genom det säkerställa att utlovad servicenivå uppnås. Det tredje och sista förslaget handlar om att företaget ska förbättra sin interna lagerstyrning och genom det uppnå minskat beroende av leverantörers pålitlighet.      Resultatet av examensarbetet påvisar på hur relationerna i en försörjningskedja påverkar det enskilda företagets vardagliga arbete och lagerstyrning. Examensarbetet styrker tidigare forskning gällande kopplingen mellan servicenivå och kapitalbindning. Dock måste dessa bestämmas och utformas i förhållande till hur befintliga relationer i försörjningskedjan fungerar. / The purpose with this study is to create knowledge about the logistic activities within a company with varying demand. To present a work model and give suggestions for improvements that could lead to more effective supply chains in order to lighten or eliminate the problems that the company experience in the area of lead times, supplier relations and service levels versus capital bindings.   With support from the reviewed literature has an working model been constructed for the company. Primary data for the mapping and analysis of the present flows have been collected through observations and interviews with staff at the service depot in Gavle.   The status report identified problem areas. These areas are about varying lead times, low visibility, inadequate communication and long transport distances. We also find out that the capital binding currently is too low to hold the promised level of service to customers.   Through methods and tools within the working model could the main cause to the highlighted problems be identified and suggestions for improvement presented. The first suggestions for improvement is about develop the existing supplier relations to achieve improved visibility and shorter lead times in the supply chain for accumulated articles. If the first suggestion isn´t feasible, is the second suggestion that the company should aim to expand their supplier selection and by that ensure that they achieve the promised level of service. The third and last suggestion is that the company should try to improve their internal inventory control and through that achieve less dependence on the reliability of the suppliers.  The result of the thesis demonstrates how the relations in a supply chain affect the inventory control for the individual company. The thesis proves the previous research about the connection between service level and capital binding. These two need to be decided and formed with the relations of the existing supply chains in mind.

Logistik handlar om att alla aktiviteter inom ett företag ska hanteras på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt. Logistik kopplas ofta ihop med den materiella delen av ett företag men en stor del av logistiken handlar också om det administrativa och informativa flödet. Bra informativa flöden både internt och externt leder till bättre samarbete. Genom att ha bra samarbeten skapas effektiva processer i försörjningskedjan vilket i sin tur leder till ett förhöjt kundvärde på produkten. Syftet med denna rapport var att utforma en metodik för att analysera och effektivisera material-och informationsflödet mellan olika enheter. Utifrån syftet har relevant teori tagits fram i form av bland annat Lean production, Supply chain management, informationssystem samt vikten av bra kommunikationsförmåga inom en organisation. Teorin som använts är sekundärdata och har noggrant granskats innan det använts. En metodik har utformats baserat på de faktorer som ansågs vara relevanta för att skapa bra material- och informationsflöden. Den utformade metodiken har prövats på Sandvik SMT. Då en stor del av metodiken omfattade en kartläggning av nuläget hos fallföretaget har intervjuer och observationer utförts. Metodiken har hjälpt till att skapa ett strukturerat arbetssätt, vilket har resulterat i att ett antal problem har identifierats. De identifierade problemen omfattar bland annat bristfälliga kommunikations- och informationskanaler inom organisationen samt ett begränsat samarbete mellan de olika enheterna i deras försörjningskedja. Baserat på den framtagna teorin samt undersökningen som utfördes på Sandvik SMT drogs slutsatsen att effektiva material- och informationsflöden skapas genom bland annat väl utformade IT-system och en god samarbetsförmåga i försörjningskedjorna. / The concept of logistics is to handle all the activities within a company in the most efficient way. Logistics is mostly associated with the flow of materials within the company, but it is important to remember that logistic also includes the administrative and information flow. A good information flow, both with external and internal partners will lead to good cooperation between the different partners. Good cooperation will lead to more efficient processes, which in turn will give a higher customer value. The purpose of this paper was to develop a methodology to analyse and improve the efficiency in a material and information flow between different units. Based on the purposed pertinent theories that have been found; for example, theories about Lean production, supply chain management, information systems and the importance of good communication skills within an organization. The theory that was found is secondary data, which has been thoroughly examined before it has been used. A methodology was designed based on the factors that were considered relevant to create good material and information flows. The designed methodology was tested in Sandvik SMT. As a major part of the methodology included an identification of the current status of the case company, interviews and observations have been conducted. The methodology helped to create a structured approach, which has resulted in a number of identified problems. The problems that have been identified includes among others, insufficient communication and information flows within the organisation and a limited cooperation between the various units in the supply chain. Based on the found theory and the study conducted at Sandvik SMT, we concluded that effective material and information flow are created by including well-designed IT systems and good cooperation skills in supply chains.

The business area wants to remain in a market leading position. To do so being cost efficient is central. Lowering costs in the supply chain and when it comes to purchasing products is one way of optimizing the organization's actions. The business area hasn't developed any model or tool to handle the Total Landed Cost (TLC). The goal with the tool has been to educate the purchasers how to handle these costs and with the study give guidance on how to improve the cost focus within the organization. The company also has an environmental goal of reducing their emissions with 20 % within the next 5 years, the thesis therefore contains an investigation by integer programming about how the business area could be able to achieve this. By making qualitative interviews and using scientific articles as a base the authors constructed a model for TLC. A tool was created for comparing supplier solutions and to visualize the TLC. Connected to the TLC two special cases regarding how to handle transportation and inventory was also executed. The purpose is to encircle adjacent request from the client. The business areas TLC are affected by transportation costs, customs and tariffs but it can be affected by currency and risk parameters as well. The study showed that several investigated costs should be excluded as cost drivers in a TLC perspective.

We study three problems on supply chain location and inventory under uncertainty. In Chapter 2, we study the inventory purchasing and allocation problem in a movie rental chain under demand uncertainty. We formulate this problem as a newsvendor-like problem with multiple rental opportunities. We study several demand and return forecasting models based on comparable films using iterative maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian estimation via Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Test results on data from a large movie rental firm reveal systematic under-buying of movies purchased through revenue sharing contracts and over-buying of movies purchased through standard ones. For the movies considered, the model estimates an increase in the average profit per title for new movies by 15.5% and 2.5% for revenue sharing and standard titles, respectively. We discuss the implications of revenue sharing on the profitability of both the rental firm and the studio. In Chapter 3, we focus on the effect of travel time uncertainty on the location of facilities that provide service within a given coverage radius on the transportation network. Three models - expected covering, robust covering and expected p-robust covering - are studied; each appropriate for different types of facilities. Exact and approximate algorithms are developed. The models are used to analyze the location of fire stations in the city of Toronto. Using real traffic data we show that the current system design is quite far from optimality and provide recommendations for improving the performance. In Chapter 4, we continue our analysis in Chapter 3 to study the trade-off between adding new facilities versus relocating some existing facilities. We consider a multi-objective problem that aims at minimizing the number of facility relocations while maximizing expected and worst case network coverage. Exact and approximate algorithms are developed to solve three variations of the problem and find expected--worst case trade-off curves for any given number of relocations. The models are used to analyze the addition of four new fire stations to the city of Toronto. Our results suggest that the benefit of adding four new stations is achievable, at a lower cost, by relocating 4-5 stations.

Torrefaction and densification of biomass can provide an important piece in the puzzle of phasing out fossil fuels in favor of renewable alternatives. This new energy carrier shares many of the advantages with fossil coal in terms of energy density, hydrophobicity and burner feeding but is carbon neutral and renewable. It also lacks the challenges of many other renewable alternatives, especially irregular availability. A model was developed in Excel as sales support for BioEndev, one of the leading actors in the process of taking torrefaction to a commercial market, assessing the black pellet supply chain from feedstock to end user and comparing it to white pellets. Data was obtained from literature, industry and BioEndev. The model can be used for different parameters for price of feedstock, capital and operating expenditures, transport and handling costs and analyze 28 different cases. It also includes simplified calculations for energy input and greenhouse gas emissions. A case study for two different supply chains was performed with the model. One assessed a production facility in northern Sweden with distribution to a consumer in Denmark. The other a torrefaction plant in southeastern USA with distribution to a consumer in the Netherlands. The cost for delivering black and white pellets from Sweden to Denmark was found to be 33.0 €/MWh and 35.3 €/MWh respectively. For the case of delivering from USA to the Netherlands, the total supply chain cost was 27.6 €/MWh for white pellets and 24.7 €/MWh for black pellets. Suggestions for further work are to 1) develop the model outside this study’s limitations, for example by adding integration options for the torrefaction facility or by different end user configurations, and 2) expand the scope to also comparing black pellets to coal to see how big the gap is and which political incentives that could shrink this gap.

This thesis examines hotel food supply chain management practices and hotel food supply chains. The study is informed by qualitative data from 20 hotels of different characteristics. The results show three models of strategic sourcing strategy for affiliated hotels (chef-centred sourcing, centralised sourcing and flexible-centralised sourcing) and two models for independent hotel (chef-centred sourcing, and chef and owner sourcing strategy). Chef-centred sourcing can be a sourcing strategy for any type of hotel regardless of their affiliation; this sourcing strategy, however, is common among small group hotels, independent hotels and high-end hotel restaurants. Group hotels, however, are likely to employ a centralised-sourcing strategy with a degree of flexibility regarding supplier selection at property level. It was found that the higher the level of service, the more flexible the centralised sourcing strategy. These sourcing strategies have a strong, direct effect on how individual hotels source their food and therefore their food supply chain network structures. It is apparent that hotel food sourcing practice is complex and dynamic, and hotel business format is the main factor influencing individual hotel sourcing strategies. Hotel foodservice is characterised by low exploitation of information technology and manual-based supply chain activities with a high level of dependency on head chefs regarding supply chain performance. There is low level of implementation of supply chain initiatives among hotels in this study and the reason for this may be the products and production characteristics which differ from those in the retail sector. Although supplier cooperation and relationships between head chef and suppliers were found, there was an overall low level of collaboration between buyer and supplier. Consumer - ii - usage information was underutilised and under cultivated. Traditional arms-length buyer-seller relationships were commonly found in group hotels at both company level and property level. Overall hotel food SCM practice still displays traditional management characteristics and price-led decisions being apparent. An exception was found in high-end foodservice outlets and some outlets with chef sourcing strategies, where close long-term relationships between chefs and suppliers were found. The originality of this research lies in its attempt to fill a significant gap in hospitality management literature as well as to synthesise literature in the realms of supply chain management and hospitality management.

Since the turn of the century, manufacturing industry has witnessed significant structural changes. Agility, which aims to provide companies with competitive capabilities so that they can prosper from dynamic and continuous changes in the business environment, has become a prevailing manufacturing strategy. However, how to develop a manufacturing strategy based on agility, and how to design and manage global supply chain networks effectively to implement these strategy, are not fully understood. This thesis presents survey based research that was carried out on a number of U.K. manufacturing companies. The research revisited the taxonomy of agility strategies for manufacturing industry developed by Zhang and Sharifi (2007) and investigated the methods of supply chain management employed by different strategic groups. The findings show that whilst the three broad types of agility strategies discovered in previous work (Zhang and Sharifi, 2007) have remained two sub types of agility strategies have been identified. They are named Responsive players, Quick operators, Quick innovators, Proactive players 1 and Proactive players 2. Responsive players placed a high emphasis on supplier selection related practices; Quick operators placed a high emphasis on sourcing management related practices; Quick innovators placed a high emphasis on relationship management related practices; and Proactive players 1 and 2 placed high emphases on almost all practices. This research has made contributions to the theory development of agility strategy and has provides a managerial guide with companies to improve the implementation of agility strategies in supply chains.

Cement Industry in Ethiopia is an emerging industry where only few pioneers were regulating the market. The complacent conditions have led them to be driven by transactional suppliers relationships, not that much customer focused, energy sources and environmental issues were not to the level required and information communications infrastructures and linkages were not that much developed. However, this oligopoly nature of the market is starting to vanish soon as a lot of national and multinational firms are appearing into the market. Accordingly, this report would identify the level of perception of organization on the general issues of supply chain management, mainly suppliers partnership, customer relationship, environmental issues and information communication; analyze their level of impacts and relationships on the competitive position of Cement Factories in Ethiopia.

To prevent loss of lives during seasonal disasters, relief agencies distribute critical supplies and provide lifesaving services to the affected populations. Despite agencies' efforts, frequently occuring disasters increase the cost of relief operations. The purpose of our study is to minimize the cost of relief operations, considering that such disasters cause random demand. To achieve this, we have formulated a series of models, which are distinct from the current studies in three ways. First, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first ones to capture both perishable and durable products together. Second, we have aggregated multiple products in a different way than current studies do. This unique aggregation requires less data than that of other types of aggregation. Finally, our models are compatible with the practical data generated by FEMA. Our models offer insights on the impacts of various parameters on optimum cost and order size. The analyses of correlation of demand and quality of information offer interesting insights; for instance, under certain cases, the quality of information does not influence cost. Our study has considered both risk averse and risk neutral approaches and provided insights. The insights obtained from our models are expected to help agencies reduce the cost of operations by choosing cost effective suppliers.

Managing the movement of components and products from suppliers to customers and ultimately to end-users is undergoing rapid changes. Supply chain management has increasingly gained attention as companies have sought to reduce costs and improve service performance in a quest for gaining an advantage on the competition.