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I rotaxaner följs förflyttningen av makrocykeln vanligtvis med 1H-NMR spektroskopi. Målet med detta projekt är i stället att utveckla ett system som möjliggör att förflyttningen av makrocykeln kan observeras med hjälp av luminiscerande lantanid emission. Detta bör vara ett kraftfullt verktyg, då luminiscerande emission skulle möjliggöra att makrocykelns position längs med tråden kan avläsas direkt med blotta ögat. För att lantanid-baserade system ska kunna luminiscera krävs det att en aktiverande antennmolekyl finns i närheten av lantaniden. I detta projekt placerades en lantanidligand i den ena stoppande änden av en [2]rotaxan och en antennmolekyl sattes på den trådade makrocykeln. En förändring av pH:t medför att makrocykeln förflyttas närmre till lantanidliganden, vilket i sin tur medför att antennen aktiverar lantaniden och den luminiscerande emissionen startar. Baserat på styrkan av luminiscensen bör man då kunna avgöra makrocykelns position i rotaxanen. I framtiden hoppas vi kunna använda detta visualiseringsverktyg för att kunna börja använda rotaxaner som biosensorer för medicinsk diagnostik. / In rotaxanes, the movement of the macrocycle is usually tracked using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The goal of this project is to instead develop systems so one can follow the macrocycle movement through luminescent lanthanide emission. This should be a powerful tool, as luminescence emission would allow for a direct visual readout of the macrocycle position along the thread with the naked eye. To allow luminescence in lanthanide-based systems, a sensitizing antenna molecule needs to be present in close proximity to the lanthanide. In this project, a lanthanide ligand was placed at the stoppered end of a [2]rotaxane, and a sensitizing antenna was attached to the threaded macrocycle. A change in pH induces the macrocycle to move closer to the lanthanide stopper, which causes the antenna to sensitize the lanthanide and start the luminescence emission. Based on the strength of the luminescence, one should then be able to determine the location of the macrocycle in the rotaxane. We hope to use this visual readout tool to eventually turn rotaxanes into useful point-of-care biosensors for medical diagnostics.

<p dir="ltr">In light of new interest in biomaterials for drug formulation and delivery, coiled-coil assemblies have emerged as promising candidates. Characterized by facile synthesis, low toxicity, and biocompatibility, coiled-coil assemblies hold a significant potential for drug encapsulation and cellular delivery. Herein, I will discuss the development of a novel nanoscale metal-mediated coiled-coil assembly with tunable assembly properties, presenting a compelling platform for drug encapsulation and targeted cell delivery, thereby addressing critical challenges in modern pharmaceutical science.</p><p dir="ltr">Moreover, the rise of antimicrobial resistance has contributed to a global health crisis. Many current antibiotics are announced as unviable, and the addition of bacteria that invade the cell further challenges and limits these current drugs. The Chmielewski group has previously shown that cationic amphiphilic polyproline helices (CAPHs) act as dual agents displaying both cell-penetration and antibiotic activity. To further increase these dual properties, new unnatural amino acids and new CAPH peptides were synthesized with new configurations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties. I will discuss the outcomes of these modifications, including cell penetration, subcellular localization, and antibacterial efficacy.</p>

La presente tesis doctoral titulada ¿Supramolecular and heterosupramolecular chemistry in controlled release and molecular recognition processes¿ está centrada en los dos aspectos principales de la química supramolecular que han experimentado un gran auge en los últimos años: el reconocimiento molecular y los procesos de liberación controlada. En particular la primera parte de la tesis se focaliza en el diseño y síntesis de moléculas orgánicas que pueden ser empleados cómo sensores para especies aniónicas y neutras. El paradigma seleccionado para los procesos de reconocimiento molecular fue la aproximación del dosimetro químico. Esta aproximación presenta ventajas con respecto a los otros dos métodos de determinación de aniones (desplazamiento y unidad coordinanteunidad indicadora), cómo, por ejemplo, la posibilidad de determinar los analitos en disolución acuosa. Así se sintetizaron dos sensores selectivos, uno para el anión fluoruro (F-) y el otro para glutatión (GSH). El sensor selectivo para la determinación de F- está basado en un colorante azoico funcionalizado, en su ¿OH fenólico, cómo silileter. Esta molécula presenta una banda de absroción muy intensa centrada a 350 nm que, después de la adición de F- , sufre un efecto hipocrómico significativo y un desplazamiento batocromico ligero (de ca. 10 nm), mientras aparece una nueva banda a 470 nm, determinando un cambio de incoloro a amarillorojo. Para obtener un sensor selectivo para GSH se sintetizó una sonda químico basado en una sal de 2,6-difenilpirilio. Sucesivamente se preparó una disolución de este compuesto en agua/CTAB, que se caracterizaba por un intenso color azul. En este caso, la adición de GSH produce una disminución significativa de la banda del visible, acompañada por la consecuente decoloración. Además la adicón de GSH induce la aparición de Resumen vi una intensa banda de emisión centrada a 485 nm (después de la irradiación a 350 nm). La segunda parte de esta tesis doctoral se basa en el diseño y síntesis de nuevos sistemas híbridos orgánicos-inorgánicos para procesos de liberación controlada en ambiente celular. Estos materiales híbridos se componen en general, de dos unidades: una matriz inorgánica mesoporosa de base silícea, capaz de almacenar moléculas orgánicas (colorantes, farmacos...) y un compuesto orgánico anclado covalentemente a la superficie externa del soporte inorgánico mesoporoso, que actúa cómo puerta molecular. La aplicación de un estímulo externo puede modificar la conformación de la puerta molecular permitiendo o bien impidiendo la difusión de la carga almacenada en los mesoporos hacía el exterior (disolución o citoplasma). El primer sistema sintetizado y estudiado se compone de una matriz inorgánica mesoporosa (MCM-41), cargada con el colorante Ru(bipy)3 2+ y funcionalizada en la superficie con un oligoetilen glicol mediante un grupo ester. La adición de la enzima esterasa determinaba la hidrólisis del grupo ester y la consecuente reducción del tamaño de la puerta molecular, acompañada por la liberación del colorante previamente cargado. Otro sistema de liberación preparado consiste en el uso de la misma matriz MCM-41 nanoscópica y el mismo colorante Ru(bipy)3 2+, pero se funcionalizó la superficie con una puerta molecular fotolabil. La irradiación en el maximo de absorción de la puerta molecular inducía la fotodegradación de la misma y la consecuente liberación del colorante. Un tercer ejemplo de sistema de liberación consiste en una puerta molecular caracterizada por la presencia de dos grupos funcionales hidrolizables con enzimas diferentes: grupos urea y amida. vii El material final, caracterizado por la presencia del mismo esqueleto inorgánico, y cargado con Ru(bipy)3 2+, era capaz de liberar selectivamente cantidades distintas de colorante, dependiendo del enzima empleado. Así se podían conseguir dos tipos de perfiles de liberación: uno muy rápido y poco intenso y otro más lento pero mucho mas intenso. Finalmente se sintetizó un material híbrido siempre basado en la misma matriz de MCM- 41, cargado con rodamina-B y funcionalizado en la superficie con galactooligosacáridos. Con este material se podía conseguir una liberación controlada del colorante selectivamente en células senescentes, debido a que estas sobreexpresan el enzima ß-galactosidasa que es capaz de hidrolizar los galactooligosacáridos. / Agostini, A. (2013). Supramolecular and heterosupramolecar chemistry in controlled release and molecular recognition processes [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29397

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Imaging membrane potential is a promising technique in the elucidation of the interactions of large networks of neurons. The membrane potential in a neuron varies as an action potential, the basic electrical signal of neuronal communication, travels along the length of the cell. Voltage sensitive dyes play a key role by providing an optical readout of the electric field generated across a neuron membrane by the action potential. However, none of the dyes reviewed in Chapter 1 generate sufficient signal change with changes in membrane potential; this sensitivity problem limits the ability of the imaging membrane potential technique to allow the high spatial and temporal resolution necessary for neuronal networks to be better understood. This thesis features two avenues of research that are expected to result in the necessary enhancements to voltage sensitive dyes to improve the signal change. The first avenue is based on the effect of an electric field upon the non-linear optical properties of a porphyrin macromolecule. The encouraging field sensitivity of a previous porphyrin monomer voltage sensor inspired an investigation which identified optimisations to enhance the voltage sensitivity (Chapter 2). The design, synthesis and initial characterisation of optimised porphyrin voltage sensors is detailed in Chapter 3. The second avenue is based on the effect of an electric field upon the rate of intermolecular electron transfer. In a suitably designed dye, the competition between electron transfer and fluorescence, following excitation by incoming light, allows the fluorescence intensity to act as an optical indicator of the electron transfer rate. New dyes were rationally designed and synthesised, as this effect had not been applied to voltage sensitive imaging before the research detailed in Chapter 4. The challenging purification of the new amphiphilic dyes synthesised also inspired research into a novel testing method which does not require amphiphilic dyes (Chapter 5).

Chromonic liquid crystals are a relatively new class of lyotropic liquid crystals. In an effort to understand this lyotropic phase better, studies on the phase behavior, defects formed in these systems and characterization of the order were performed. We studied three chromonic liquid crystal materials in nematic and biphasic regions: Sunset Yellow FCF (SSY, a food dye), a cationic perylene diimide derivative (PDI, a conducting dye) and cromolyn sodium (DSCG, a drug). For SSY chromonics in the nematic region, order parameters ( and ) were obtained by polarized Raman measurements. Using the order parameters the flow behavior was predicted and was found to be non-flow aligning. A comprehensive viscoelastic property set of SSY chromonics was obtained by studying the statics and dynamics of defects during the formation of planar aligned monodomain. Applications of PDI thin films as vapor sensors were explored; anisotropic electronic properties of oriented PDI films show good conductivity along the columns presumably arising from the overlap between the ? systems. In the biphasic region, growth and fluctuation of SSY tactoids and interesting patterns of biphasic DSCG under capillary geometry were observed; elastic properties and surface tension were estimated based on the shape of DSCG tactoids. Polymer dispersed lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals with different drop shapes and director configurations were also fabricated using various water-soluble polymers.

This thesis has been divided into five sections. The first chapter introduces the main themes of this thesis, including the description of the concepts of supramolecular chemistry, crystal engineering, hydrogen bonding and graph set analysis. The final section of chapter one describes a typical X-ray experiment used to determine the structures of the compounds presented in this thesis. Chapter two describes the synthesis and single crystal structures of copper(I) complexes with pyridine- and pyrazine-carboxylic acids. A series of novel solvent inclusion compounds of copper(I) complexes with pyridine- and pyrazine-carboxylic acids and the hydrogen bonding patterns adopted are also discussed. Chapter three reports the potential uses of boronic acids as building blocks for the design of novel solid-state architectures utilising hydrogen bonds. Novel copper(I) pyridine-/pyrazine-carboxylate complexes with boronic acid co-crystals are presented in which the heterodimeric boronic carboxylate R22(8) ring motif is present in all cases. Chapter four discusses the synthesis of novel ditertiary phosphines bearing functional groups with hydrogen bonding potential either via a three-step or single step synthetic route which involves a well known method of reductive amination followed by an efficient Mannich-based condensation. Complexation studies of these P,P-bidentate ligands with various transition metal centres such as Pt(II), Mo(0), Ru(II) and Au(I) are also presented. The effect on the structural motifs observed in these series of compounds by the regioselective incorporation of functional groups with potential hydrogen bonding capability such as hydroxyl and amide is also given. Finally, chapter five contains the synthesis and coordination studies of new phosphorus donor ligands leading to ideas for further work.