Photorhabdus luminescens MN7 é uma enterobactéria associada a seus simbionte, nematoides da espécie Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, coletada em Monte Negro (RO), Brasil. As bactérias do gênero Algumas linhagens de P. luminescens possuem no seu citoplasma dois cristais proteicos compostos das CIPs (Crystal Inclusion Proteins A e B). Na fase estacionária de crescimento esses cristais são até 40% do total de proteínas na célula. Fizemos uma estratégia para clonar e expressar a ORF completa dos genes que codificam CipA, CipB e CipB2 de MN7. Os três genes foram amplificados e subclonados, mas apenas CipA foi expressa em Escherichia coli. A proteína recombinante foi purificada em coluna de Níquel N2+ e utilizada para inóculo em camundongos Balb/c. CipB foi clonada no plasmídeo de expressão, mas não foi expressa quando induzida. CipB2 foi amplificada, mas não foi clonada no plasmídeo de expressão. Também foi amplificado e subclonado o fragmento de miniSOG (mini Singlet Oxygen Generator), para ser ligado aos genes das CIPs que foram clonados para ensaios de fluorescência. / Photorhabdus luminescens MN7 is an enterobacterium associated with its symbiont, nematodes of the Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 species, collected in Monte Negro (RO), Brazil. Bacteria of the genus of P. luminescens lineages do not have their cytoplasm two protein crystals composed of CIPs (Crystal Inclusion Proteins A and B). In the stationary phase of growth of the crystals are up to 40% of the total proteins in the cell. We have devised a strategy to clone and express a complete ORF of the genes encoding MN7 CipA, CipB and CipB2. All three genes were amplified and subcloned, but only CipA was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified on a Nickel N2+ column and used for inoculum in Balb / c mice. CipB was cloned without expression plasmid, but was not expressed when induced. CipB2 was amplified, but was not cloned without expression plasmid. The miniSOG (mini Singel Oxygen Generator) fragment was also amplified and subcloned to be linked to the genes of the CIPs that were so cloned for fluorescence assays.

Photorhabdus é um gênero de enterobactérias simbiontes de Heterorhabditis, um gênero de nematoides entomopatogênicos. Dentre as enzimas secretadas por P. luminescens TTO1, destaca-se PrtA, uma metaloprotease que pertence a subfamília das serralisinas. PrtS, uma protease capaz de induzir uma forte resposta de melanização no inseto, foi identificada em P. temperata Az29 mas não em P. luminescens TTO1. Neste trabalho foram detectadas e caracterizadas bioquimicamente algumas proteases secretadas pelo isolado MN7 de P. luminescens luminescens. Foram detectadas duas atividades mais proeminentes: uma de 50 kDa, e outra de 38 kDa. Com o sequenciamento do genoma desta bactéria, pudemos confirmar a presença no genoma de genes codificando proteínas de alta identidade com as descritas PrtA e PrtS, de massas similares às detectadas nas nossas zimografias. As proteases são inibidas por inibidores específicos de metaloproteases. P. luminescens MN7 apresenta secreção, portanto, de uma protease já descrita algumas vezes, e de outra presente apenas em P. temperata Az29. / Photorhabdus is a genus of Enterobacteriaceae, symbionts of Heterorhabditis, a genus of entomopathogenic nematodes. Among the enzymes secreted by P. luminescens TTO1 stands out PrtA, a metalloprotease that belongs to the subfamily of serralysins. PrtS, a protease capable of inducing a strong melanotic response from the insect, was identified in P. temperata Az29 but not in P. luminescens TTO1. In this work were detected and characterized biochemically few isolated proteases secreted by P. luminescens luminescens MN7. Two most prominent activities were detected: one with 50 kDa and one with 38 kDa. With the sequencing of the genome of MN7, we could confirm the presence in the genome of genes encoding proteins with high identity to PrtA and PrtS already described, with similar masses to those detected in our zimographies. These proteases are inhibited by specific inhibitors of metalloproteases. P. luminescens MN7 secretes a protease already described a few times, and other present only in P. temperata Az29.

Photorhabdus é um gênero de enterobactérias simbiontes de Heterorhabditis, um gênero de nematoides entomopatogênicos. Dentre as enzimas secretadas por P. luminescens TTO1, destaca-se PrtA, uma metaloprotease que pertence a subfamília das serralisinas. PrtS, uma protease capaz de induzir uma forte resposta de melanização no inseto, foi identificada em P. temperata Az29 mas não em P. luminescens TTO1. Neste trabalho foram detectadas e caracterizadas bioquimicamente algumas proteases secretadas pelo isolado MN7 de P. luminescens luminescens. Foram detectadas duas atividades mais proeminentes: uma de 50 kDa, e outra de 38 kDa. Com o sequenciamento do genoma desta bactéria, pudemos confirmar a presença no genoma de genes codificando proteínas de alta identidade com as descritas PrtA e PrtS, de massas similares às detectadas nas nossas zimografias. As proteases são inibidas por inibidores específicos de metaloproteases. P. luminescens MN7 apresenta secreção, portanto, de uma protease já descrita algumas vezes, e de outra presente apenas em P. temperata Az29. / Photorhabdus is a genus of Enterobacteriaceae, symbionts of Heterorhabditis, a genus of entomopathogenic nematodes. Among the enzymes secreted by P. luminescens TTO1 stands out PrtA, a metalloprotease that belongs to the subfamily of serralysins. PrtS, a protease capable of inducing a strong melanotic response from the insect, was identified in P. temperata Az29 but not in P. luminescens TTO1. In this work were detected and characterized biochemically few isolated proteases secreted by P. luminescens luminescens MN7. Two most prominent activities were detected: one with 50 kDa and one with 38 kDa. With the sequencing of the genome of MN7, we could confirm the presence in the genome of genes encoding proteins with high identity to PrtA and PrtS already described, with similar masses to those detected in our zimographies. These proteases are inhibited by specific inhibitors of metalloproteases. P. luminescens MN7 secretes a protease already described a few times, and other present only in P. temperata Az29.

In this study, we assessed pirAB toxin transcription in Photorhabdus luminescens laumondii (strain TT01) (Enterobacteriaceae) by comparing mRNA abundance under in vivo and in vitro conditions. In vivo assays considered both natural and forced infections with two lepidopteran hosts: Galleria mellonella and Manduca sexta. Three portals of entry were utilized for the forced infection assays: (a) integument; (b) the digestive route (via mouth and anus); and (c) the tracheal route (via spiracles). We also assessed plu4093-2 transcription during the course of a natural infection; this is when the bacteria are delivered by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematodes. Transcript abundance in G. mellonella was higher than in M. sexta at two of the observed time points: 15 and 18 h. Expression of pirAB plu4093-2 reached above endogenous control levels at 22 h in G. mellonella but not in M. sexta. Overall, pirAB plu4093-2 transcripts were not as highly expressed in M. sexta as in G. mellonella, from 15 to 22 h. This is the first study to directly compare pirAB plu4093-2 toxin transcript production considering different portals of entry.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Kiel.

The Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens is a pathogen of insects. It is able to secrete a variety of toxins and effectors against its host in order to escape its immune defences. The model insect Manduca sexta is able to mount a variety of humoral and cellular responses against pathogen attack. Ultimately these prove ineffective against P. luminescens. The pre-treatment of M. sexta with Escherichia coli provides protection against the pathogenesis of P. luminescens. Here, I use RNA interference and Fluorescence-assisted cell sorting techniques to investigate interactions between pathogen and host to further elucidate the roles of various host factors in mounting the immune response. I also investigate the nutrient requirements of the bacteria for pathogenesis. I show data that peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) is essential for the up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides, an important immune defence. I also show that P. luminescens has a requirement for two types of iron during pathogenesis of M. sexta. And lastly I show that P. luminescens is able to avoid phagocytosis, another important immune defence.

Les organismes vivants sont soumis à diverses pressions de sélection qui n'agissent pas seulement au niveau du phénotype global mais à chaque niveau de l'organisation de la cellule.<br />Nous avons analysé la composition globale en acides aminés de l'ensemble les protéines de chaque protéomes étudiés à l'aide, entres autres, de l'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances et d'un outil de partitionnement, les nuées dynamiques.<br />Ont été étudiés<br />(i) les modèles microbiens les mieux connus E. coli, B. subtilis et M. jannaschii,<br />(ii) un échantillon représentatif du monde procaryote de 28 organismes aux caractéristiques les plus diverses,<br />(iii) la pathogénicité de P. luminescens,<br />(iv) la qualité psychrophile de la bactérie P. haloplanktis, dont la vie à basse température est caractérisée par des<br />protéines fortement biaisées en asparagine et<br />(v) une perspective d'application aux eucaryotes simples est évoquée au regard des travaux préliminaires sur l'usage<br />des codons de P. marneffei, un chamipgnon dimorphique et pathogène.

Aeolian dust is an important but poorly understood component of the climate system, which both responds to and drives global climate. Recently, dust produced at the high latitudes is also gaining attention as a possible contributor to the atmospheric dust load. However, little is known about its past dynamics and well­ dated records close to the former ice margins at the higher latitudes are scarce. Loess in Brittany region, France, is, therefore a valuable archive of the past dustiness, climate and landscape dynamics close to the former margins of the British–Irish and Fennoscandian ice sheets. However, knowledge of the timing of its deposition and accumulation dynamics, based on a detailed and independent chronology, is mostly lacking. Here, loess stratigraphy at the newly established site Primel Trégastel (Brittany, France) is presented. Loess deposits are dated in detail by optically stimulated luminescence of quartz. Moreover, to account for a variable past dust activity, loess sedimentation and dust mass accumulation rates are derived from a continuous Bayesian age model. Furthermore, this thesis tests the hypothesis of whether the same wind and dust accumulation patterns from the north of the Channel system can also be traced south the English Channel. Luminescence ages and Bayesian age modelling results show a phase of enhanced dust accumulation between 22.5–25.5 ka, coinciding with the Heinrich event 2 and Greenlandstadial 3. Although the proposed model with two phases of the enhanced dust accumulation between 25–19 ka does not exactly match the record at Primel Trégastel, the hypothesis of the glacial dynamics, associate glacial lake drainage and linked atmospheric circulation reorganisation controlling the loess accumulation in western France cannot be rejected with certainty. / Eoliskt damm är en viktig, men illa förstådd komponent av klimatsystemet som både reagerar på, såväl som driver, det globala klimatet. Nyligen har damm som producerats vid höga latituder också fått uppmärksamhet som ett möjligt bidrag till den atmosfäriska dammbelastningen. Kunskapen är dock liten gällande dess föregående dynamik och väl daterade uppgifter om tidigare isgränser vid höga latituder är fortfarande undermåliga. Loess i regionen Bretagne i Frankrike är därför ett värdefullt arkiv av tidigare dammhalter, klimat och landskapets dynamik nära de tidigare gränserna av de Brittiskt­-Irländska och Fennoskandiska istäckena. Men kunskap om timingen mellan dess deposition och ackumuleringsdynamik, baserad på en detaljerad och självständig kronologi, saknas till stor del. Här kan loess stratigrafi, vid den nyligen etablerade utgrävningsplatsen Primel Trégastel (Bretagne, Frankrike), presenteras. Loess avlagringar är daterade i detalj genom optiskt stimulerad luminescens av kvarts. Ytterligare, för att tamed variationen av dammets aktivitet i beräkningarna, är loess sedimentering och ackumuleringstakt av dammets massa härledda från en kontinuerlig Bayesiansk åldersmodell. Vidare så testar detta arbete hypotesen om huruvida samma vindar och ackumuleringsmönster av damm, som ses norr on kanalsystemet, även kan ses söder om den engelska kanalen. Resultat från luminescensåldrar och Bayesiansk åldersmodellering visar en fas av ökad dammackumulering mellan 22.5–25.5 ka, något som sammanfaller med Heinrich händelse 2 och Grönland stadial 3. Även om den föreslagna modellen med två faser av den ökade dammackumuleringen mellan 25–19 ka inte exakt överensstämmer med uppgifterna från Primel Trégastel, så kan inte hypotesen rörande den glaciala dynamiken med tillhörande dränering av glaciärsjöar och den sammankopplade atmosfäriska cirkulativa omorganisationen som kontrollerar loess ackumulering i västra Frankrike avvisas med säkerhet.

I rotaxaner följs förflyttningen av makrocykeln vanligtvis med 1H-NMR spektroskopi. Målet med detta projekt är i stället att utveckla ett system som möjliggör att förflyttningen av makrocykeln kan observeras med hjälp av luminiscerande lantanid emission. Detta bör vara ett kraftfullt verktyg, då luminiscerande emission skulle möjliggöra att makrocykelns position längs med tråden kan avläsas direkt med blotta ögat. För att lantanid-baserade system ska kunna luminiscera krävs det att en aktiverande antennmolekyl finns i närheten av lantaniden. I detta projekt placerades en lantanidligand i den ena stoppande änden av en [2]rotaxan och en antennmolekyl sattes på den trådade makrocykeln. En förändring av pH:t medför att makrocykeln förflyttas närmre till lantanidliganden, vilket i sin tur medför att antennen aktiverar lantaniden och den luminiscerande emissionen startar. Baserat på styrkan av luminiscensen bör man då kunna avgöra makrocykelns position i rotaxanen. I framtiden hoppas vi kunna använda detta visualiseringsverktyg för att kunna börja använda rotaxaner som biosensorer för medicinsk diagnostik. / In rotaxanes, the movement of the macrocycle is usually tracked using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The goal of this project is to instead develop systems so one can follow the macrocycle movement through luminescent lanthanide emission. This should be a powerful tool, as luminescence emission would allow for a direct visual readout of the macrocycle position along the thread with the naked eye. To allow luminescence in lanthanide-based systems, a sensitizing antenna molecule needs to be present in close proximity to the lanthanide. In this project, a lanthanide ligand was placed at the stoppered end of a [2]rotaxane, and a sensitizing antenna was attached to the threaded macrocycle. A change in pH induces the macrocycle to move closer to the lanthanide stopper, which causes the antenna to sensitize the lanthanide and start the luminescence emission. Based on the strength of the luminescence, one should then be able to determine the location of the macrocycle in the rotaxane. We hope to use this visual readout tool to eventually turn rotaxanes into useful point-of-care biosensors for medical diagnostics.

Det finns många biotekniska analys- och detekteringsmetoder. Metoderna används för identifiering och kvantifiering av biomarkörer. Denna studie har analyserat detekteringsmetoder i de fall där två hjärtspecifika biomarkörer används, troponin och kreatinkinas. Studien avsåg att först identifiera tillämpningsfrekvensen av detekteringsmetoder i Sverige samt internationellt. Vidare identifieras sambandet mellan avgörande parametrar i val av detekteringsmetod. Metoden gick ut på att först bestämma den mest frekventa detekteringsmetoden i Sverige med hjälp av en enkät som skickades till olika laboratorier, sedan studerades tidigare studier publicerade på olika internationella databaser. Studierna som tillämpades var på hjärtspecifika troponin och kreatinkinas för att identifiera val av detekteringsmetod, detekteringskaraktäristika och användarvänlighetsparametrar. Studiens resultat visade att nationellt finns det tre detekteringsmetoder som är de mest använda för identifiering av kreatinkinas: masspektrometri, elektrokemisk luminescence och spektrometri. Internationellt är den dominerande metoden däremot elektrokemisk luminescence. För troponin är den dominerande metoden nationellt: elektrokemisk luminescence och flödescytometri, medan internationellt: elektrokemisk luminescence. Elektrokemisk luminescence är i många fall en stark vinnare i tillämpningen. Ytterligare iakttogs korrelationskoefficienter mellan parametern för att identifiera det starkaste respektive svagaste sambandet. Avgörande parametrar i val av elektrokemisk luminescence, visar på flera samband. Elektrokemisk luminescence och kreatinkinas tilldelas en korrelationskoefficient nära ett för parametrar som volym och känslighet och en korrelationskoefficient nära minus ett för linjärt mätområde och volym, samt kostnad och minimummängd. Medan för troponin och elektrokemisk luminescence erhålls en korrelationskoefficient nära ett för parametrar som känslighet och kostnad och en koefficient nära minus ett för kostnad och tid. / There are many biotechnological analysis- and detection methods. The methods are used for identification and quantification of biomarkers. This study has analyzed detection methods incases where two heart-specific biomarkers are used, troponin and creatine kinase. The study was intended to first identify the application frequency of detection methods in Sweden and internationally. Then identify the relationship between crucial parameters in the choice of detection method. The method consisted of first determining the most frequent detection method in Sweden with the help of a questionnaire that was sent to different laboratories, then previous studies published on various international databases were observed. The studies applied were on topics regarding cardiac-specific troponin and creatine kinase to identify choice of detection method, detection characteristics, and ease of use parameters. The results of the study showed that nationally, the detection methods most used for creatine kinase are mass spectrometry, electrochemical luminescence, and spectrometry. Internationally, however, the dominant method is electrochemical luminescence. For troponin, on a national level the dominant methods are electrochemical luminescence and flow cytometry, while internationally: electrochemical luminescence. Electrochemical luminescence is in many cases a strong winner in application. In addition, correlation coefficients are observed between the decisive parameters for a detection method, to identify the strongest and weakest relationships. Electrochemical luminescence and creatine kinase are assigned a correlation coefficient close to one for parameters such as volume and sensitivity and a correlation coefficient when minus one for measurement range and volume, as well as cost and minimum amount. While for troponin and electrochemical luminescence, a correlation coefficient close to one is obtained for parameters such as sensitivity and cost and a coefficient close to minus one for cost and time.