RODRIGUES, Joseilson Oliveira. O uso da terra e a resposta hidrológica de pequenas bacias em regiões semiáridas. 2009. 128 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T14:22:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_jorodrigues.pdf: 16309402 bytes, checksum: b2ab17d81f17cb85baf29eae39b670db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T14:23:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_jorodrigues.pdf: 16309402 bytes, checksum: b2ab17d81f17cb85baf29eae39b670db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T14:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_jorodrigues.pdf: 16309402 bytes, checksum: b2ab17d81f17cb85baf29eae39b670db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / This work was carried out to evaluate and to compare the hydrologic and sedimentologic behaviour of small rural catchments in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil, as well as to asses the influence of the anthropogenic action over soil and water resources. The study of theses processes is very important for the definition of strategies to a better management of small watersheds and the definition of sustainability plans. The study area is located in the Alto Jaguaribe basin, in the Iguatu County, State of Ceará, Brazil. Four small catchments B1, B2, B3 and B4, neibor to each other, were delimited and equipped with Parshall flumes, water level sensors, rain-gauges and automatic sediment samplers, aiming hydrossedimentologic studies under natural rainfall conditions. In this research, the areas of studied catchments areas are smaller than three ha. In the B1 part of cover vegetation was cut, making it possible to assess the influence of changes in the vegetation cover over runoff, peak discharge and sediment yield. In the others catchments (B2, B3 and B4), cover vegetation was keeping in undisturbed condition, representing the natural condition in the semiarid region of northeast Brazil. The data analysed comprises the hydrologic year of 2009 on the four experimental unities and some events on the months of January, February and March of 2008 on the small catchment B2. Despite the proximity of the monitored unities, the results show high spatial and temporal variability of the hydrossedimentologic answer, and the antecedent soil moisture as the main variable responsible for such modifications. It was observed that lowering the density of the Caatinga vegetation influenced runoff and sediment yield, with greater effects over the first events. Accumulated sediment yield reached values of 1.45, 1.39 and 0.12 ton.ha-1 for the micro-catchments B1, B2 e B4, respectively, at the end of the year 2009. Among all investigated catchments, B3 presented the highest values of runoff and peak discharges, with runoff coefficient average around 28%. The B4 experimental unit had a hydrossedimentologic behaviour very different from the other catchments, showing the lowest values of peak discharge, runoff and sediment yield, and this behaviour can be explained to the soil characteristics. The results presented in this study contribute with important information for the hydrossedimentologic study of semiarid regions, and can be used to guide further research in small catchments with ephemeral regime. / O objetivo central desse trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o comportamento hidrológico e sedimentológico em pequenas bacias rurais no semiárido nordestino, verificando a influência da ação antrópica sobre os recursos solo e água. O estudo desses processos é de suma importância na definição de estratégias para o melhor gerenciamento de pequenas bacias hidrográficas e na definição de planos de sustentabilidade. A área de investigação localiza-se na bacia do Alto Jaguaribe, mais precisamente no município de Iguatu, na região conhecida como Centro Sul do estado do Ceará. A área experimental é composta por quatro microbacias com denominação de B1, B2, B3 e B4 localizadas próximas entre si, foram delimitadas e equipadas com calhas Parshall, sensores de nível de água, pluviógrafos e coletores automáticos de sedimentos visando estudos hidrossedimentológicos em condições de chuva natural. Nessa pesquisa as áreas das bacias em avaliação não excederam 3 hectares, sendo na microbacia B1 aplicado um tratamento (raleamento), que permitiu avaliar a influência da alteração na cobertura vegetal da Caatinga sobre o escoamento superficial, descarga máxima e produção de sedimentos. As demais microbacias experimentais B2, B3 e B4 foram mantidas inalteradas, sem intervenção antrópica, representando condições naturais de pequenas bacias rurais do semiárido do nordeste. Os dados analisados abrangem toda a estação chuvosa de 2009 nas quatro unidades experimentais e alguns eventos nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro e março de 2008 na microbacia B2. Apesar da proximidade entre as unidades de monitoramento, os resultados revelaram grande variabilidade espaço-temporal das respostas hidrossedimentológicas, sendo a umidade anterior do solo a variável de destaque na modificação destas. Os resultados mostraram que a prática de raleamento da Caatinga teve influência na alteração do escoamento superficial e produção de sedimentos, sendo os efeitos maiores sobre os primeiros eventos. A produção acumulada de sedimentos atingiu ao final de 2009 valores de 1,45; 1,39 e 0,12 ton ha-1 para as microbacias B1, B2 e B4, respectivamente. De todas as microbacias investigadas, B3 apresentou os maiores valores de escoamento superficial, e descargas máximas, com coeficiente de escoamento médio em torno de 86%. A unidade experimental B4 mostrou-se com comportamento hidrossedimentológico bastante diferenciado das demais microbacias, sendo nesta encontrado as menores magnitudes de descarga máxima, escoamento superficial e produção de sedimentos, comportamento este associado principalmente às características físicas do solo da microbacia. Os resultados encontrados fornecem elementos importantes no campo hidrossedimentológico em regiões semiáridas, podendo ser empregados para nortear pesquisas futuras em microbacias com escoamento efêmero.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1488355 bytes, checksum: c26d0884f275294bed1c861487788e20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / The erosion in unpaved roads associated with the runoff has negative implication in social, economic and environmental development of a region. Therefore the incorporation of techniques for prevention and control of erosion on these roads is important. The techniques developed for this purpose require knowledge of the indices of soil resistance to erosion, principally the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the erodibility and critical shear stress in the channel of an unpaved road implanted in an Oxisol horizons B and C. Study was conducted on an unpaved road in Viçosa-MG, Brazil, where the indices were obtained using a runoff simulator installed on the channel road, which allows to estimate soil loss associated with different shear stress. The results obtained in each test was adjusted using simple linear regression models and, the models identity test proceeded to obtain a representative value of the indices for the study site, and to obtain the confidence interval associated with the erodibility, considering 95% of probability. The erodibility value determined for the horizon B was 0.0044 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, and its associated confidence interval with 95% probability was 0.0035 to 0.0053 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. The critical shear stress determined for this horizon was 7.61 Pa. The horizon C erodibility value determined was 0.0347 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, and its xv associated confidence interval with 95% probability was 0.0288 to 0.0406 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. The critical shear stress value for this horizon was 8.16 Pa. / A erosão em estradas não pavimentadas associada ao escoamento superficial interfere negativamente no desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental de uma região. Por isso é importante a incorporação de técnicas que visem a prevenção e o controle da erosão nestas estradas. As diferentes técnicas desenvolvidas para este fim requerem o conhecimento dos índices de resistência do solo ao processo erosivo, sendo a erodibilidade e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento os índices de maior importância. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho, determinar a erodibilidade e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento no canal de uma estrada não pavimentada implantada nos horizontes B e C de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. O estudo foi realizado em uma estrada não pavimentada do município de Viçosa- MG, onde os índices foram obtidos utilizando um método de determinação direta com o uso de um simulador de escoamento instalado no canal da estrada, que permitiu estimar as perdas de solo associadas a diferentes tensões cisalhantes. Aos resultados obtidos em cada teste foi ajustado um modelo de regressão linear simples e, posteriormente, se aplicou a técnica de teste de identidade de modelos, a fim de obter um valor representativo destes índices para o local de estudo, além de obter o intervalo de confiança associado à erodibilidade com um nível de confiança de 95%. O valor de erodibilidade determinado para o horizonte B, foi de 0,0044 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, sendo a ele associado um intervalo de confiança com 95% de probabilidade de 0,0035 a 0,0053 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. A tensão crítica de cisalhamento determinada para este horizonte foi de 7,61 Pa. Para o horizonte C o valor de erodibilidade determinado foi de 0,0347 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, sendo a ele associado um intervalo de confiança com 95% de probabilidade de 0,0288 a 0,0406 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. A tensão crítica de cisalhamento determinada para este horizonte foi de 8,16 Pa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavianeOS.pdf: 1380312 bytes, checksum: 518e0adee76572546790a5d20252124a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-15 / In northeastern semiarid, seasonality on precipitation temporal distribution, high intensity storm events and inadequate management of native vegetation can promote soil erosion. Vegetation removal causes soil surface exposure, reduces soil water storage capacity and can be the source degradation processes. In this context, this approach aims to analyze water and soil erosion processes on a 250 m2 undisturbed experimental plot with native vegetation, slope 2.5% by using 2006 and 2007 monitoring data. The site was instrumented to monitor rainfall, overland flow runoff and erosion by using a 5 m? tank downstream the plot. Soil erosion monitoring was made by transported sediment and organic matter collection after each event. Field infiltration experiments were made at 16 points randomly distributed within the plot area by using a constant head infiltrometer during drought and rainy seasons, respectively. Infiltration data revealed high spatial and temporal variability. It was observed that during the beginning of the rainy period, 77% of the events showed runoff coefficient less than 0.05. As the rainy season began, soil water increase produced annual species germination. High intensity storms resulted in runoff coefficients varying between 0.33 and 0.42. Once the annual species was established, it was observed that approximately 39% of the events produced no runoff, which reflects an increase on soil water retention capacity caused by the vegetation. A gradual runoff reduction during the rainy season emphasizes the effect of vegetative density increase. Soil erosion observed data allowed to fit an empirical relationship involving soil loss and precipitation height, which was used to analyze the plot installation impact on soil erosion. Observed soil loss in 2006 and 2007 was 230 Kg/ha and 54 Kg/ha, respectively / No semi-?rido nordestino, a sazonalidade na distribui??o temporal da precipita??o, a ocorr?ncia de tormentas de alta intensidade e o manejo inadequado da vegeta??o nativa podem intensificar os processos erosivos. A retirada da vegeta??o desprotege a superf?cie do solo, diminui a capacidade de armazenamento de ?gua e d? origem aos processos de degrada??o. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa ? analisar os processos hidrossedimentol?gicos numa parcela experimental com vegeta??o nativa, protegida, ?rea de 250 m2, declividade 2,5% a partir dos dados de monitoramento durante 2006 e 2007. Foram instalados equipamentos de medi??o e coleta autom?ticos da precipita??o e n?vel da ?gua num reservat?rio de 5 m? situado a jusante da parcela. O monitoramento da perda de solo foi feito atrav?s da coleta de solo e mat?ria org?nica transportada ap?s cada evento. Foram realizados ensaios de infiltra??o utilizando infiltr?metro com carga constante em 16 pontos distribu?dos na ?rea de estudo nas esta??es seca e chuvosa, respectivamente. Os ensaios revelaram alta variabilidade temporal e espacial na capacidade de infiltra??o. Observou-se que no per?odo correspondente ao in?cio das chuvas, 77% dos eventos apresentaram coeficientes de defl?vio menores que 0,05. Ao longo da esta??o chuvosa, o aumento da umidade no solo produziu a germina??o de esp?cies anuais. Tormentas de alta intensidade resultaram em coeficientes variando entre 0,33 e 0,42. Uma vez estabelecida a vegeta??o na parcela, observou-se que aproximadamente 39% dos eventos n?o produziram escoamento superficial, o que reflete o aumento da capacidade de reten??o da ?gua no solo pelas plantas. Uma gradual redu??o no escoamento superficial ao longo da esta??o chuvosa ressalta o efeito do aumento na densidade vegetal. Os dados observados de perda de solo permitiram ajustar uma fun??o emp?rica entre perda de solo e lamina precipitada, onde foi poss?vel observar o impacto causado pela instala??o da parcela. As perdas de solo em 2006 e 2007 totalizaram, respectivamente, 230 Kg/ha e 54 Kg/ha

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The understanding of processes such as the generation of surface runoff, sediment yield and their relations with the rainfall regime is the basis for the planning and effective management of soil and water resources in a watershed. In this context, the present study aims to identify the main processes that influence the generation of surface runoff and sediment yield in small watersheds, and determine parameters for empirical sedimentological models, as well as the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) for the tropical, semi-arid region of Brazil. The study area is the Iguatu Experimental Basin (IEB), which comprises a watershed of 16.74 km2, three small nested watersheds (from 1 to 3 ha) and three erosion plots of 20 m2. One of the watersheds had been under regenerating Caatinga for 35 years, another subjected to a management, which involved thinning the Caatinga, and the last faced deforestation followed by burning and the cultivation of grass. The period of study was six years (2009 to 2014). Collections to quantify surface runoff and sediment yield were taken for each erosive rainfall event in an accumulated period of 24 hours. Surface runoff in the watersheds was quantified using Parshall flumes, and sediment yield was measured with towers and trenches to collect suspended sediment and bedload. On the watershed scale, runoff was measured by means of a spillway, and sediment yield by a turbidimeter. Cluster analysis was used to determine rainfall regimes and groups of similar rainfall-runoff events. With data from the erosion plots and watersheds, the C factors and coefficients of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) were calibrated and validated. From data measured in the basin, sediment delivery ratios were determined. The occurrence of dry spells and the formation of cracks in the soil were important factors in controlling the generation of runoff and consequently sediment yield. The dry spells made it possible for the soil to dry out, with the formation of cracks, which acted as pathways for preferential flow, generating higher initial abstraction during the start of the rainy season. Changes in ground cover had little influence on accumulated flow, demonstrating that the soil characteristics and conditions as moisture and the presence of cracks, best explain the generation of runoff on expansive soils. The greatest runoff losses in all the watersheds under study were for Rainfall Regime II, characterized by higher depth, intensity and occurrence of the rainfall. For the ground covers under study, values for the C factors and the fit of the coefficients "a" and "b" of MUSLE, proved to be appropriate and recommended according to the statistical indices employed. Values for sediment delivery ratio for individual rainfall events ranged from 0.08 to 1.67%, with an average of 0.68%. In the basin, extreme events may cause high disaggregation of soil particles, but without sufficient transporting energy for dragging the sediment, generating low SDR. / O entendimento de processos como geraÃÃo do escoamento superficial, produÃÃo de sedimentos e suas relaÃÃes com o regime pluviomÃtrico à a base para o planejamento e a gestÃo eficaz dos recursos solo e Ãgua em uma bacia hidrogrÃfica. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar os principais processos que influenciam a geraÃÃo do escoamento superficial e a produÃÃo de sedimento em pequenas bacias hidrogrÃficas, e calibrar parÃmetros de modelos sedimentolÃgicos empÃricos, bem como a razÃo de aporte de sedimentos (SDR) para a regiÃo semiÃrida tropical do Brasil. A Ãrea de estudo à a Bacia Experimental de Iguatu (BEI), composta de uma bacia de 16,74 km2, trÃs pequenas microbacias aninhadas (de 1 a 3 ha) e trÃs parcelas de erosÃo de 20 m2. Uma das microbacias foi mantida com Caatinga em regeneraÃÃo hà 35 anos, outra submetida ao manejo de raleamento da Caatinga e na Ãltima foi realizado o desmatamento seguido de queimada e cultivo de capim. O perÃodo de estudo foi de seis anos (2009 a 2014). As coletas para quantificaÃÃo do escoamento superficial e da produÃÃo de sedimentos foram realizadas a cada evento de chuva erosiva, no acumulado de 24 horas. O escoamento superficial nas microbacias foi quantificado atravÃs de calhas Parshall e as produÃÃes de sedimentos foram mensuradas atravÃs de torres e fossos coletores de sedimentos em suspensÃo e arraste. Na bacia de 16,74 km2, o escoamento superficial foi mensurado por meio de um vertedor e a produÃÃo de sedimentos atravÃs de um turbidÃmetro. AnÃlises de agrupamento foram utilizadas para determinaÃÃo de regimes de chuvas e grupos de eventos similares de chuva-deflÃvio. Com dados das parcelas de erosÃo e das microbacias foram calibrados e validados os fatores C e os coeficientes da EquaÃÃo Universal de Perdas de Solo Modificada (MUSLE). A partir dos dados medidos na bacia foram determinadas as razÃes de aporte de sedimentos. A ocorrÃncia de veranicos e a formaÃÃo de fendas no solo foram determinantes no controle da geraÃÃo de escoamento e consequentemente da produÃÃo de sedimentos. A ocorrÃncia de veranicos possibilitou o secamento do solo com a formaÃÃo de fendas, que agem como caminhos preferenciais para o fluxo de Ãgua, gerando elevadas abstraÃÃes inicias durante o inÃcio da estaÃÃo chuvosa. As mudanÃas da cobertura vegetal apresentaram pouca influÃncia sobre o escoamento acumulado, indicando que as caracterÃsticas e condiÃÃes do solo, como umidade e presenÃa de fendas, explicam melhor a geraÃÃo de escoamento em solos expansivos. Maiores perdas por escoamento em todas as microbacias estudadas foram para chuvas do Regime II caracterizado por maiores alturas pluviomÃtricas, intensidades e ocorrÃncias. Quanto aos valores dos fatores C e dos coeficientes de ajuste âaâ e âbâ da MUSLE, para as coberturas estudadas, mostraram-se apropriados e recomendados de acordo com os Ãndices estatÃsticos empregados. Os valores da razÃo de aporte de sedimentos para eventos pluviomÃtricos individuais variaram de 0,08 a 1,67%, com mÃdia de 0,68%. Na bacia, eventos extremos podem causar elevada desagregaÃÃo de partÃculas de solo, mas podem nÃo dispor de energia de transporte suficiente para arrastÃ-las, gerando baixo SDR.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo central desse trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o comportamento hidrolÃgico e sedimentolÃgico em pequenas bacias rurais no semiÃrido nordestino, verificando a influÃncia da aÃÃo antrÃpica sobre os recursos solo e Ãgua. O estudo desses processos à de suma importÃncia na definiÃÃo de estratÃgias para o melhor gerenciamento de pequenas bacias hidrogrÃficas e na definiÃÃo de planos de sustentabilidade. A Ãrea de investigaÃÃo localiza-se na bacia do Alto Jaguaribe, mais precisamente no municÃpio de Iguatu, na regiÃo conhecida como Centro Sul do estado do CearÃ. A Ãrea experimental à composta por quatro microbacias com denominaÃÃo de B1, B2, B3 e B4 localizadas prÃximas entre si, foram delimitadas e equipadas com calhas Parshall, sensores de nÃvel de Ãgua, pluviÃgrafos e coletores automÃticos de sedimentos visando estudos hidrossedimentolÃgicos em condiÃÃes de chuva natural. Nessa pesquisa as Ãreas das bacias em avaliaÃÃo nÃo excederam 3 hectares, sendo na microbacia B1 aplicado um tratamento (raleamento), que permitiu avaliar a influÃncia da alteraÃÃo na cobertura vegetal da Caatinga sobre o escoamento superficial, descarga mÃxima e produÃÃo de sedimentos. As demais microbacias experimentais B2, B3 e B4 foram mantidas inalteradas, sem intervenÃÃo antrÃpica, representando condiÃÃes naturais de pequenas bacias rurais do semiÃrido do nordeste. Os dados analisados abrangem toda a estaÃÃo chuvosa de 2009 nas quatro unidades experimentais e alguns eventos nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro e marÃo de 2008 na microbacia B2. Apesar da proximidade entre as unidades de monitoramento, os resultados revelaram grande variabilidade espaÃo-temporal das respostas hidrossedimentolÃgicas, sendo a umidade anterior do solo a variÃvel de destaque na modificaÃÃo destas. Os resultados mostraram que a prÃtica de raleamento da Caatinga teve influÃncia na alteraÃÃo do escoamento superficial e produÃÃo de sedimentos, sendo os efeitos maiores sobre os primeiros eventos. A produÃÃo acumulada de sedimentos atingiu ao final de 2009 valores de 1,45; 1,39 e 0,12 ton ha-1 para as microbacias B1, B2 e B4, respectivamente. De todas as microbacias investigadas, B3 apresentou os maiores valores de escoamento superficial, e descargas mÃximas, com coeficiente de escoamento mÃdio em torno de 86%. A unidade experimental B4 mostrou-se com comportamento hidrossedimentolÃgico bastante diferenciado das demais microbacias, sendo nesta encontrado as menores magnitudes de descarga mÃxima, escoamento superficial e produÃÃo de sedimentos, comportamento este associado principalmente Ãs caracterÃsticas fÃsicas do solo da microbacia. Os resultados encontrados fornecem elementos importantes no campo hidrossedimentolÃgico em regiÃes semiÃridas, podendo ser empregados para nortear pesquisas futuras em microbacias com escoamento efÃmero. / This work was carried out to evaluate and to compare the hydrologic and sedimentologic behaviour of small rural catchments in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil, as well as to asses the influence of the anthropogenic action over soil and water resources. The study of theses processes is very important for the definition of strategies to a better management of small watersheds and the definition of sustainability plans. The study area is located in the Alto Jaguaribe basin, in the Iguatu County, State of CearÃ, Brazil. Four small catchments B1, B2, B3 and B4, neibor to each other, were delimited and equipped with Parshall flumes, water level sensors, rain-gauges and automatic sediment samplers, aiming hydrossedimentologic studies under natural rainfall conditions. In this research, the areas of studied catchments areas are smaller than three ha. In the B1 part of cover vegetation was cut, making it possible to assess the influence of changes in the vegetation cover over runoff, peak discharge and sediment yield. In the others catchments (B2, B3 and B4), cover vegetation was keeping in undisturbed condition, representing the natural condition in the semiarid region of northeast Brazil. The data analysed comprises the hydrologic year of 2009 on the four experimental unities and some events on the months of January, February and March of 2008 on the small catchment B2. Despite the proximity of the monitored unities, the results show high spatial and temporal variability of the hydrossedimentologic answer, and the antecedent soil moisture as the main variable responsible for such modifications. It was observed that lowering the density of the Caatinga vegetation influenced runoff and sediment yield, with greater effects over the first events. Accumulated sediment yield reached values of 1.45, 1.39 and 0.12 ton.ha-1 for the micro-catchments B1, B2 e B4, respectively, at the end of the year 2009. Among all investigated catchments, B3 presented the highest values of runoff and peak discharges, with runoff coefficient average around 28%. The B4 experimental unit had a hydrossedimentologic behaviour very different from the other catchments, showing the lowest values of peak discharge, runoff and sediment yield, and this behaviour can be explained to the soil characteristics. The results presented in this study contribute with important information for the hydrossedimentologic study of semiarid regions, and can be used to guide further research in small catchments with ephemeral regime.

The Lockheed Fire burned 31 km2 (7,660 acres) of the Scotts Creek watershed in August 2009. 4.5 km2 (1,100 acres) of California Polytechnic State University’s educational and research facility at Swanton Pacific Ranch. The burned region presented an opportunity for studying the hydrologic response of burned soils in the Santa Cruz Mountains where there is insufficient post-fire studies regarding fire-effects on watershed processes such as infiltration and near-surface runoff. Soil infiltration and soil water repellency were evaluated with rainfall simulations, Mini-disk Infiltrometer (MDI) and water drop penetration time tests (WDPT) at sites represented by variations in burn severity, soils, and vegetation types throughout the Scotts Creek watershed each year for 5 years following the burn. Mixed-effects modeling was utilized on the 3 datasets to evaluate if changes could be detected in infiltration rates and water repellency following the fire. Rainfall simulations and WDPT tests showed that the fire did not have a statistically-significant impact on infiltration rates or soil water repellency, whereas the MDI tests detected a statistically-significant impact on post-fire infiltration. While the MDI results showed that fire had a significant impact on the hydrologic response over time, questions arose regarding challenges associated with sampling suggesting the method may not be pursued on steep slopes with high surface rock fragments or in the presence of large soil macropores. It is recognized that additional understanding would be gained from having multiple replications at each site every year and tests could be conducted on a subwatershed scale to account for the naturally occurring variability of larger watersheds.

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Efforts to control surface runoff and erosion from forest roads at stream crossings are critical for the protection of aquatic ecosystems in forests. In this research, annual and event-based sediment delivery rates were estimated for reopened legacy roads at forest stream crossings in the Virginia Piedmont physiographic region, USA. Sediment delivery rates were compared among stream crossing approaches with diverse intensities of best management practice (BMP) implementations for surface cover and water control. Model predictions from the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) were compared to field observations of surface runoff and sediment delivery to evaluate model performance. Annual sediment delivery rates from reopened (bare) legacy road approaches to stream crossings were 7.5 times higher than those of completely graveled approaches. Sediment delivery rates ranged from 34 to 287 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the bare approaches and from 10 to 16 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the graveled approaches. Event-based surface runoff and associated total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations were compared among a succession of gravel surfacing treatments that represented increasing intensities of BMP implementations on reopened approaches. The three treatments were No Gravel (10-19% cover), Low Gravel (34-60% cover), and High Gravel (50-99% cover). Median TSS concentration of surface runoff for the No Gravel treatment (2.84 g L⁻¹) was greater than Low Gravel (1.10 g L⁻¹) and High Gravel (0.82 g L⁻¹) by factors of 2.6 and 3.5, respectively. WEPP predictions of event-based sediment yield show clear differences among the different road surface treatments, but prediction intervals were wide, reflecting substantial prediction uncertainty. These findings show that reopened legacy roads and associated stream crossing approaches can deliver significant quantities of sediment if roads are not adequately closed or maintained and that corrective best management practices (BMPs), such as gravel and appropriate spacing of water control structures, can reduce sediment delivery to streams. Watershed management decisions that hinge upon WEPP predictions of sediment yield from forest roads must necessarily take into account a wide range of potential erosion rates for specific management scenarios. / Ph. D.

L'aménagement des versants méditerranéens en terrasses et en fossés avait pour but d'augmenter la surface agricole et de permettre une meilleure gestion de l'eau. La dégradation des terrasses et des drains peut conduire à une augmentation des risques d'inondation, d'érosion et de maintien des cultures. Pour améliorer la connaissance de l'impact réel sur la réponse hydrologique des versants, cette thèse suit différentes approches de modélisation. D'abord la réponse hydrologique d'un bassin versant méditerranéen (0.91 km2) avec des terrasses et des fossés aménagés est simulée à l'aide d'un modèle distribué, événementiel, à base physique, adapté aux bassins versants agricoles. La performance est très satisfaisante pour certains événements simulés, même si le modèle ne tient pas compte des terrasses. Afin de modéliser l'impact des terrasses agricoles et de l'écoulement artificiel, nous avons conçu un nouveau modèle distribué et parcimonieux qui utilise une distribution linéaire du temps de réponse, combiné avec l'hydrogramme unitaire instantané géomorphologique. Les simulations sur des versants et bassins virtuels avec un réseau non-optimal de drainage (non-OCN) montrent que (i) pour de longues interfaces entre une parcelle et un cours d'eau la réponse hydrologique est plus rapide et le débit de pointe plus élevé; (ii) la vitesse du ruissellement de surface a un plus grand impact sur le débit de pointe que la vitesse d'écoulement dans les fossés; et (iii) la densité de drainage accrue combinée avec la création de terrasses résulte en un débit de pointe plus élevé en aval et moins élevé en amont. / Terrace cultivation and artificial drainage were implemented on Mediterranean hillslopes for multiple reasons: agricultural terraces increase arable land surface and artificial drainage allows for better water management. Degradation of terraces and channels inevitably leads to an increase in flood risk, erosion and, eventually, crop damage. Little is known about their effect on hillslope hydrologic response, and therefore this thesis presents an integrated method where we compare different modelling approaches. We first simulated the hydrologic response of a Mediterranean catchment (0.91 km2) with terrace cultivation and artificial drainage using a physically-based, fully distributed storm flow model for agricultural catchments. Simulation performance is impressive for some storms, even though the model does not account for terraces. In order to model the effects of terrace cultivation and artificial drainage on hillslope hydrologic response explicitly, we subsequently developed a new distributed model with only geometric and flow velocity parameters, using a linear response time distribution combined with the hillslope geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph. Simulations on virtual hillslopes and catchments with a non-optimal channel network suggest that (i) drainage is faster and attains higher peak flows for longer interface lengths between agricultural fields and drainage channels; (ii) overland flow velocity has greater influence on peak flow than channel flow velocity; and (iii) the combined effect of increased drainage density and introduction of terrace cultivation is enhanced peak flow at the outlet, and a reduction of peak flow from upstream terraces.

As águas superficiais vêm sofrendo impactos em diversas cidades e o escoamento superficial tem sido uma das causas primárias de degradação dos recursos hídricos devido à poluição difusa, além das fontes pontuais, como efluentes domésticos e industriais. A Concentração Média do Evento (CME) tem sido muito utilizada para caracterizar a poluição difusa gerada no escoamento superficial durante o evento de precipitação, além de ser empregada como parâmetro de entrada na estimativa de carga de origem difusa por meio de modelos hidrológicos. Este estudo se dedicou especialmente à avaliação de como a CME influencia a estimativa de cargas difusas quando parâmetro de entrada para modelos hidrológicos. Para isso, além de atividades de campo visando à confecção de modelos de previsão da CME com base em dados reais de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana (Mineirinho, São Carlos, SP) em resposta a eventos chuvosos, buscou-se ajustar, à realidade brasileira, um modelo consagrado para estimativa de cargas difusas e aplicado principalmente em países com clima temperado. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que, em geral, os valores de CME observados são de 2 a 12 vezes maiores que os encontrados na literatura internacional. Em comparação com estudos nacionais, observou-se uma variação nos dados encontrados dependendo das características da bacia hidrográfica monitorada. Além disso, ao adequar o modelo hidrológico L-THIA às características locais, verificou-se um aumento na estimativa da carga de origem difusa quando se utilizavam dados locais. Por fim, com base nas análises realizadas neste estudo, foi possível verificar que os valores de CME que melhor representam as características da bacia hidrográfica do Mineirinho são: nitrogênio total Kjeldahl 6,19 mg.L-1, fósforo total 1,00 mg.L-1, sólidos suspensos totais 870 mg.L-1, chumbo 0,78 mg.L-1, cobre 0,09 mg.L-1 e zinco 0,34 mg.L-1. Reforça-se, portanto, a necessidade de estudos locais para análise da poluição difusa para o planejamento de ações de mitigação de poluição difusa no Brasil. / Surface water has been impacted in several cities and surface runoff has been one of the primary causes of degradation of this resource due to nonpoint source pollution besides the point sources, like domestic effluents and industries. The Event Mean Concentration (EMC) has been widely used to characterize the diffuse pollution generated in the surface runoff during the precipitation event, and it is still used as input parameter in hydrological models that seek to estimate diffuse load. This study focused particularly on the evaluation of how the EMC influences the estimation of diffuse loads as input parameter for hydrological models. To that end, in addition to field activities for the preparation of EMC forecast models based on real data from a river basin in response to rainy events, we attempted to adjust to the Brazilian reality a well-established model for estimating diffuse loads and mainly applied in countries with temperate climate. The results of this research showed that, overall, the EMC observed values are from 2 to 12 times higher than those found in the international literature. Compared with national studies, a variation was observed in the data found depending on the characteristics of the monitored watershed. In addition, when adapting the L-THIA hydrological model to local characteristics, there was an increase in the diffuse source load estimate when using local data. Finally, based on the analyzes carried out in this study, it was possible to verify that the EMC values which best represent the characteristics of the Mineirinho river basin are: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 6.19 mg.L-1, Total Phosphorous 1.00 mg.L-1, Total Suspended Solids 870 mg.L-1, Lead 0.78 mg.L-1, Copper 0.09 mg.L-1 and Zinc 0.34 mg.L-1. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out local studies to analyze diffuse pollution in order to create a more solid basis for the planning of mitigation actions to control diffuse pollution in Brazil.