For an agricultural watershed, best management practice (BMP) is a conservational way to prevent non-point source pollution, soil and water loss and mitigate groundwater declination. In this dissertation, several BMPs of tail water recovery system, conservation tillage system and crop rotation were selected and evaluated in order to demonstrate the impacts of those activities on stream water quality and quantity. Besides, a land use change scenario was also evaluated. In order to evaluate the scenarios comprehensively, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution (AnnAGNPS) were applied to simulate surface hydrology scenarios, and Modular flow (MODFLOW) models was used to simulate groundwater level change. This dissertation contains several novel methods regarding to model simulation including (i) using satellite imagery data to detect possible tail water recovery ponds, (ii) simulating surface and groundwater connected, (iii) selecting land use change area based on local trend and spatial relationship, (iv) comparing scenarios between two models. The outcomes from this dissertation included scenarios comparison on surface water quantity and quality, groundwater level change for long term simulation, and comparison between surface water models.

In January 2010, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake devastated Haiti, one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. Haiti’s weak sanitation infrastructure and limitations in the public health system made the country susceptible to the spread of waterborne diseases. Following the earthquake, cholera rapidly spread through Haiti, killing 4,672 people in 5 months and leaving thousands hospitalized (MSNBC, 2010). Cholera is an infectious diarrheal disease caused by the pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, which results in severe dehydration with a high mortality risk. The source of the epidemic was traced to the Artibonite River, the island’s longest and most essential drinking water source (Encyclopaedia Britannica. n.d.). The origin of the contamination was later discovered to be unsanitary conditions left from United Nations peacekeepers from Nepal. Eight years later, cholera cases are still prevalent, although numbers have declined recently due to aid from private organizations (Dowell, S.F. et al 2011, Katz, J.M. 2013). However, with climate-related increases in ocean water temperatures, scientists expect hurricanes to intensify and increase damage to developing countries (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. n.d.). Natural disasters promote the spread of waterborne illness by isolating people from safe drinking water and destroying public health infrastructure such as happened with the cholera outbreak in Haiti (Funari, E. et al 2013). To prevent future waterborne disease epidemics in such areas with limited resources, it would be beneficial to improve environmental surveillance through development of rapid, reliable, and portable detection methods for waterborne pathogens. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the detection and characterization of microbial communities in their natural environments, an approach known as metagenomics. Metagenomic sequencing, unlike more traditional PCR methodologies, is capable of sequencing thousands of organisms in a sample. This metagenomic shotgun sequencing approach detects the abundance of microbes and bacterial diversity in the environment (Illumina, n.d.). The Oxford Nanopore MinION is a shotgun sequencing device that is optimal for portable, rapid detection of the microbial diversity in an environmental sample (Oxford MinION, n.d.). This handheld device has enormous potential for field use in emergency preparedness and disease response, particularly in developing countries where more advanced analytical equipment may be inaccessible due to lack of facilities or damaged infrastructure. Having access to quick, infield assessment technology for rapidly emerging outbreaks would be beneficial to a disease-specific public health response. Current protocols recommend that DNA is extracted from environmental samples as rapidly as possible after collection. If cooling is available with an insulated ice chest, samples may be transported/stored for periods ranging from 6 to 24 hours. The shorter timeframes minimize unwanted shifts in microbial structure (U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, WHO, n.d.). Access to cold storage in remote areas is unlikely, and the use of liquid preservation methods could assist in maintaining quality of DNA, and hence produce more accurate data in metagenomic analyses. In the absence of cold storage facilities, infield filtration coupled with preservation techniques are necessary to maintain samples integrity for transport to laboratory facilities. This thesis aimed to develop an infield filtration and sequencing protocol, coupled with the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing platform, to identify the potential bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), pathogenic strains, and virulence associated genes for use in remote locations. Five locations across Lake Warner, Massachusetts were used for method development, coupled with Millipore Sterivex filters for field filtration to determine the most effective method for sample preparation in remote locations. Additionally, a chemical preservation method was assessed using dimethyl sulfoxide, disodium EDTA, and saturated NaCl (DESS). A study by Gray et al, found that liquid preservation methods (DNAgard, RNAlater, and DESS) outperformed the card-based preservatives (FTA cards and FTA Elute cards) in terms of bacterial recovery (Gray, M.A., et al 2013). DESS was selected for investigation in this thesis because of the low cost compared to the other liquid-based preservatives. Lake Warner in Hadley, Massachusetts, which is heavily used for fishing and boating activities, flows into the Connecticut River via the Mill River. Historically, the lake experienced high Escherichia coli (E. coli) levels due to pollution from primary effluent released in the 1950s from the Amherst Wastewater Treatment Plant (Johnson, J., 2015). Similar to Vibrio cholerae, E.coli spp is a waterborne bacteria caused by fecal contamination. Although most E.coli are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, pathogenic serotypes can result in severe complications in vulnerable populations such as kidney failure in children and the elderly adults. (Todar, K., 2012). Lake Warner was chosen for the method development because of its history of E. coli pollution and recreational traffic as well as its general accessibility for study. Designing a methodology for rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria using a metagenomic approach could help improve surveillance for environmental pathogens that pose future epidemic risk. These tools are becoming increasingly important for prediction and response to waterborne diseases as climate impacts increase the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme weather events that damage critical infrastructure for vulnerable populations (van Aalst, M.K. 2006).

The Central Appalachian region is home to several resource-extraction industries, a host of globally unique aquatic wildlife species, and region-wide poverty. These overlapping circumstances make solving environmental issues in the region challenging. Of particular focus is the coal mining industry, both because of its prevalence and because of controversial methods of practice such as mountain top mining. One of the primary concerns in the region is the extirpation of sensitive aquatic macroinvertebrate species. Several studies have suggested the primary driver of this loss of biodiversity is due to increased conductivity in streams impacted by these mining practices. The reality is that several pollutant sources coexist in these Central Appalachian watersheds. Because of geographic isolation, many headwater communities lack proper sewerage and discharge directly into nearby waterways, compounding potential effects of upstream mining activities. Additionally, several legacy sites exist throughout the Appalachian region, both underground and surface mining in nature. To best mitigate ecological impacts of all of these pollutant types, relative contributions of each must be understood, as well as the nature of the pollution contributed by each. As a contribution towards this region-wide need for better information on pollution, the studies comprising this dissertation seek to better understand the composition of these different pollutant sources and their in-stream contributions to conductivity. The first paper found that these sources are indeed distinct in their inorganic ion make-up: surface coal mining was found to contribute primarily Ca, K, Ni, Se, and SO₄⁻², while untreated household waste (UHW) was primarily associated with P. HCO₃⁻ Mn, and Si were found to be associated with a legacy underground discharge. The second and third scientific studies included here analyzed conductivity's effect on Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI) versus other water quality and habitat parameters as well as the effect of specific ion suites on VSCI score. Findings indicated that excellent habitat extends species resilience against elevated conductivity, with passing VSCI scores found at conductivity in the 600-800 µs/cm range in cases of excellent habitat metric scores. Meanwhile, VSCI score suppression was highly related to surface mining-related inorganic ions (Ca, K, Mg, Ni, and SO₄⁻²), but also negatively correlated with ions related to UHW (P and Na). These results indicate the need for quantification of biological responses to specific ions in order to initiate targeted mitigate of pollutants in Central Appalachian watersheds. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-08-05T22:27:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FINAL.pdf: 10730676 bytes, checksum: 8d2235818b9b2636a1d0590bbb36fe1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T22:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FINAL.pdf: 10730676 bytes, checksum: 8d2235818b9b2636a1d0590bbb36fe1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Suba? river basin (BRS), whose source is located in Feira de Santana-BA and its mouth in the Bay of All Saints, poses serious environmental impacts in its main watercourses arising from dumping of domestic and industrial effluents, agricultural and extractive activities. This study aims to perform analysis of physicochemical processes and microbial surface water has not been studied in the stretch along the main river channel Suba? and analysis of processes for use and occupation of the soil surrounding the BRS. Use map and land use was generated from the RapidEye satellite image, 2010, together with field surveys and through the software ArcGis 9.3, Global Mapper 11 and Envi 4.0, identified five main classes: urban area, bodies water, bare soil, vegetation and agriculture, of which agriculture accounts for 77.6% of the entire basin area, bordering the main river from its source to its mouth. 13 points were defined water collection, geo-referenced throughout the course of the river and Suba? samples were collected in December 2011, April 2012 and November 2012. The results were analyzed based on CONAMA Resolution 357/05 and 430/12 for Class 2 waters sweet, consistent with the proposed framework for the spring and held Pearson correlation to unify the possible relationships of heavy metals and physico- Chemical. The results demonstrate the analyzed parameters, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity and phosphate are above the maximum allowable values in most monitoring points, compared with the values of legislation and total coliforms and thermotolerant at all collection points and in all samples had values above that indicated by the legislation. Heavy metals, only Cd and Cr were not detected in any of the monitoring points and none of the collections. The highest concentrations of metals found in descending order were Zn> Mn> Cu> Pb> Ni. The Pearson correlation demonstrated a strong relationship between the physico-chemical parameters and metals. These results are related to the fact that water bodies receiving domestic and industrial effluents from various activities in the area of BRS. By the results it is concluded that the river Suba? presents a high level of degradation in the quality of its waters and represents a health risk for the population living around it. This research will provide subsidy for implementation of actions aimed at the rational use of water resources of BRS, and contribute to scientific studies that allow a better understanding of the real situation of this important and strategic industrial region of Bahia state. / A bacia do rio Suba? (BRS), cuja nascente localiza-se em Feira de Santana-BA e sua foz na Ba?a de Todos os Santos, apresenta s?rios impactos ambientais nos seus principais cursos d??gua decorrentes do despejo de efluentes dom?sticos e industriais, atividades agropecu?ria e extrativista. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar an?lise dos processos f?sico-qu?micos e microbiol?gico da ?gua superficial no trecho ainda n?o estudado ao longo do canal principal do rio Suba? e an?lise dos processos de uso e ocupa??o do solo no entorno da BRS. O mapa de uso e ocupa??o do solo foi gerado a partir da imagem do sat?lite RapidEye, 2010, aliado com os levantamentos de campo e atrav?s dos softwares ArcGis 9.3, Global Mapper 11 e Envi 4.0, sendo identificados cinco classes principais: ?rea urbana, corpos d??gua, solo exposto, vegeta??o e agropecu?ria, das quais a agropecu?ria corresponde a 77,6% de toda ?rea da bacia, margeando o rio principal desde sua nascente at? a sua foz. Foram definidos 13 pontos de coleta de ?gua, georeferenciados ao longo do curso do rio Suba? e as coletas foram realizadas em dezembro de 2011, abril de 2012 e novembro de 2012. Os resultados foram analisados com base na resolu??o CONAMA 357/05 e 430/12 para ?guas doce Classe 2, condizentes com o enquadramento proposto para o manancial e realizou-se correla??o de Pearson para unificar as poss?veis rela??es dos metais pesados e dos par?metros f?sico - qu?micos. Os resultados dos par?metros analisados demonstraram que oxig?nio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioqu?mica de oxig?nio (DBO), turbidez e fosfato est?o acima dos valores estabelecidos pela legisla??o, na maioria dos pontos de monitoramento, e os coliformes totais e termotolerantes, em todos os pontos e em todas as coletas apresentaram valores acima dos indicados pela legisla??o vigente. Dos metais pesados, apenas Cd e Cr n?o foram detectados em nenhum dos pontos de monitoramento e em nenhuma das coletas. As maiores concentra??es de metais encontrados em ordem decrescente foram Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb>Ni. A correla??o de Pearson demonstrou forte rela??o entre os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos e os metais. Estes resultados est?o relacionados ao fato dos corpos d??gua receberem efluentes dom?sticos e industriais de diversas atividades desenvolvidas na ?rea da BRS. Pelos resultados encontrados conclui-se que o rio Suba? apresenta um alto n?vel de degrada??o da qualidade de suas ?guas e representa um risco de sa?de para popula??o residente em seu entorno. Esta pesquisa dar? subs?dio para implementa??o de a??es que visem o uso racional dos recursos h?dricos da BRS, al?m de contribuir com estudos cient?ficos que permitam um melhor conhecimento da real situa??o dessa importante e estrat?gica regi?o industrial do estado da Bahia.

Background: The leading cause of surface water impairment in United States’ rivers and streams is pathogen contamination. Although use of fecal indicators has reduced human health risk, current approaches to identify and reduce exposure can be improved. One important knowledge gap within exposure assessment is characterization of complex fate and transport processes of fecal pollution. Novel modeling processes can inform watershed decision-making to improve exposure assessment. Methods: We used the ecological model, Maxent, and the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli to identify environmental factors associated with surface water impairment. Samples were collected August, November, February, and May for 8 years on Sinking Creek in Northeast Tennessee and analyzed for 10 water quality parameters and E. coli concentrations. Univariate and multivariate models estimated probability of impairment given the water quality parameters. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiving operating characteristic (AUC) and prediction accuracy, defined as the model’s ability to predict both true positives (impairment) and true negatives (compliance). Univariate models generated action values, or environmental thresholds, to indicate potential E. coli impairment based on a single parameter. Multivariate models predicted probability of impairment given a suite of environmental variables, and jack-knife sensitivity analysis removed unresponsive variables to elicit a set of the most responsive parameters. Results: Water temperature univariate models performed best as indicated by AUC, but alkalinity models were the most accurate at correctly classifying impairment. Sensitivity analysis revealed that models were most sensitive to removal of specific conductance. Other sensitive variables included water temperature, dissolved oxygen, discharge, and NO3. The removal of dissolved oxygen improved model performance based on testing AUC, justifying development of two optimized multivariate models; a 5-variable model including all sensitive parameters, and a 4-variable model that excluded dissolved oxygen. Discussion: Results suggest that E. coli impairment in Sinking Creek is influenced by seasonality and agricultural run-off, stressing the need for multi-month sampling along a stream continuum. Although discharge was not predictive of E. coli impairment alone, its interactive effect stresses the importance of both flow dependent and independent processes associated with E. coli impairment. This research also highlights the interactions between nutrient and fecal pollution, a key consideration for watersheds with multiple synergistic impairments. Although one indicator cannot mimic the plethora of existing pathogens in water, incorporating modeling can fine tune an indicator’s utility, providing information concerning fate, transport, and source of fecal pollution while prioritizing resources and increasing confidence in decision making. Methods We used the ecological model, Maxent, and the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli to identify environmental factors associated with surface water impairment. Samples were collected August, November, February, and May for 8 years on Sinking Creek in Northeast Tennessee and analyzed for 10 water quality parameters and E. coli concentrations. Univariate and multivariate models estimated probability of impairment given the water quality parameters. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiving operating characteristic (AUC) and prediction accuracy, defined as the model’s ability to predict both true positives (impairment) and true negatives (compliance). Univariate models generated action values, or environmental thresholds, to indicate potential E. coli impairment based on a single parameter. Multivariate models predicted probability of impairment given a suite of environmental variables, and jack-knife sensitivity analysis removed unresponsive variables to elicit a set of the most responsive parameters. Results Water temperature univariate models performed best as indicated by AUC, but alkalinity models were the most accurate at correctly classifying impairment. Sensitivity analysis revealed that models were most sensitive to removal of specific conductance. Other sensitive variables included water temperature, dissolved oxygen, discharge, and NO3. The removal of dissolved oxygen improved model performance based on testing AUC, justifying development of two optimized multivariate models; a 5-variable model including all sensitive parameters, and a 4-variable model that excluded dissolved oxygen. Discussion Results suggest that E. coli impairment in Sinking Creek is influenced by seasonality and agricultural run-off, stressing the need for multi-month sampling along a stream continuum. Although discharge was not predictive of E. coli impairment alone, its interactive effect stresses the importance of both flow dependent and independent processes associated with E. coli impairment. This research also highlights the interactions between nutrient and fecal pollution, a key consideration for watersheds with multiple synergistic impairments. Although one indicator cannot mimic theplethora of existing pathogens in water, incorporating modeling can fine tune an indicator’s utility, providing information concerning fate, transport, and source of fecal pollution while prioritizing resources and increasing confidence in decision making.

O Complexo Lagunar, localizado no litoral sul do estado de Santa Catarina, é formado pelo sistema lagunar Santo Antônio - Imaruí - Mirim. Desde o ano de 2000 vem sendo constituído nessa área o maior conjunto de empreendimentos carcinícolas no sul do país, através do cultivo da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a qualidade das águas utilizadas nas fazendas de criação de camarão no complexo Lagunar , assim como dos efluentes gerados pela carcinicultura, com o intuito de proporcionar subsídios úteis ao planejamento sustentável dessa atividade na região. A realização desse estudo pode ser dividida em duas etapas. A primeira refere-se às pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, onde se procurou contextualizar e aprofundar os temas propostos como o panorama da carcinicultura, o uso da água e a geração de efluentes pela criação de camarões marinhos e legislação brasileira referente à carcinicultura e usos da água no país. A segunda etapa referese à pesquisa experimental, onde, através do acompanhamento de um empreendimento de carcinicultura na lagoa do Imaruí entre os anos de 2003 e 2006, foi possível monitorar uma fazenda que cultiva camarões nessa região através de duas campanhas de coleta das águas utilizadas no cultivo e dos efluentes gerados por ele. A análise dos gerados pelas duas etapas apontou alguns resultados como: i) fatores econômicos propiciaram a expansão da carcinicultura no entorno do Complexo Lagunar, como o aumento do mercado consumidor e a infra-estrutura já existente para a venda do camarão nativo das lagoas. Com isso, em poucos anos, a região passou a ser a maior produtora de camarões cultivados em viveiros em Santa Catarina; ii) os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos das campanhas realizadas entre 1992 e 1993 indicaram que as águas utilizadas nos cultivos estão prejudicadas por concentrações significativas de metais (principalmente Ferro, Alumínio e Magnésio) de nutrientes (Nitrato, Nitrito e Sulfeto) e bactérias (Coliformes Fecais) devido ao uso e ocupação do solo em que se encontra o sistema lagunar; e iii) os dados das campanhas realizadas na lagoa do Imaruí em janeiro e abril de 2006 apontaram que as águas utilizadas no cultivo estão comprometidas com Nitrogênio Amoniacal e Fósforo e a do efluente com Fósforo, Nitrogênio Amoniacal e Nitrato. A partir desses resultados pode-se concluir que as águias superficiais do Complexo Lagunar já estavam comprometidas antes da implantação da carcinicultura na região, porém, os dados analíticos indicaram que existe uma contribuição de nutrientes emitidos pelos efluentes sobre as águas das lagoas. / The Lagoon Complex located on the southern coastline of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, is composed of the Santo Antonio - Imaruí - Mirim Lagoon System. Ever since 2000, this area has been the setting for the largest group of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming businesses in southern Brazil. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of the waters that are used at these shrimp farms, coming from the Lagoon Complex as well as the related carcinoculture effluents, with the intention of offering useful information for the sustainable planning of the activity in this region. This study could be divided in two stages. The first reviews the bibliographic references and documents, contextualizing and investigating basic related issues such as carcinoculture scenarios; water usage and the generation of effluents from marine shrimp farming; and Brazilian legislation related to carcinoculture and water usage. The second stage refers to experimental research held between 2003 and 2006, in which, by means of undergoing two field campaigns to collect shrimp farm effluents, it was possible to monitor the activities of one of the Imaruí Lagoon shrimp farm businesses. On analyzing, both stages, among other results, were: i) that economic factors, such as the consumer market increase and the already existing infrastructure, owing to the native shrimp fishing activity, promoted the expansion of carcinocultre around the Lagoon Complex. Thus, the region became the largest shrimp farm complex of Santa Catarina; ii) the results of the physical - chemical and bacterial parameters of field campaigns held between 1992 and 1993 indicate that the waters used for shrimp farming were contaminated with significant concentrations of metals (principally Iron, Aluminum and Magnesium), nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite, and Sulphate) and bacteria (Fecal Coliforms) due to the human occupation of the land defining the lagoon system; and iii) the data collected from the field campaigns held in January and April of 2006 indicate that the waters used for shrimp farming were contaminated with Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Phosphorous, and the related effluents having an Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Nitrate load. Based on such results, the conclusion is that the Lagoon Complex surface waters were already compromised, prior to carcinocultre development in the region, but analytical data indicates that there is a nutrient contribution currently coming from shrimp farming in the Lagoon Complex.

O Complexo Lagunar, localizado no litoral sul do estado de Santa Catarina, é formado pelo sistema lagunar Santo Antônio - Imaruí - Mirim. Desde o ano de 2000 vem sendo constituído nessa área o maior conjunto de empreendimentos carcinícolas no sul do país, através do cultivo da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a qualidade das águas utilizadas nas fazendas de criação de camarão no complexo Lagunar , assim como dos efluentes gerados pela carcinicultura, com o intuito de proporcionar subsídios úteis ao planejamento sustentável dessa atividade na região. A realização desse estudo pode ser dividida em duas etapas. A primeira refere-se às pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, onde se procurou contextualizar e aprofundar os temas propostos como o panorama da carcinicultura, o uso da água e a geração de efluentes pela criação de camarões marinhos e legislação brasileira referente à carcinicultura e usos da água no país. A segunda etapa referese à pesquisa experimental, onde, através do acompanhamento de um empreendimento de carcinicultura na lagoa do Imaruí entre os anos de 2003 e 2006, foi possível monitorar uma fazenda que cultiva camarões nessa região através de duas campanhas de coleta das águas utilizadas no cultivo e dos efluentes gerados por ele. A análise dos gerados pelas duas etapas apontou alguns resultados como: i) fatores econômicos propiciaram a expansão da carcinicultura no entorno do Complexo Lagunar, como o aumento do mercado consumidor e a infra-estrutura já existente para a venda do camarão nativo das lagoas. Com isso, em poucos anos, a região passou a ser a maior produtora de camarões cultivados em viveiros em Santa Catarina; ii) os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos das campanhas realizadas entre 1992 e 1993 indicaram que as águas utilizadas nos cultivos estão prejudicadas por concentrações significativas de metais (principalmente Ferro, Alumínio e Magnésio) de nutrientes (Nitrato, Nitrito e Sulfeto) e bactérias (Coliformes Fecais) devido ao uso e ocupação do solo em que se encontra o sistema lagunar; e iii) os dados das campanhas realizadas na lagoa do Imaruí em janeiro e abril de 2006 apontaram que as águas utilizadas no cultivo estão comprometidas com Nitrogênio Amoniacal e Fósforo e a do efluente com Fósforo, Nitrogênio Amoniacal e Nitrato. A partir desses resultados pode-se concluir que as águias superficiais do Complexo Lagunar já estavam comprometidas antes da implantação da carcinicultura na região, porém, os dados analíticos indicaram que existe uma contribuição de nutrientes emitidos pelos efluentes sobre as águas das lagoas. / The Lagoon Complex located on the southern coastline of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, is composed of the Santo Antonio - Imaruí - Mirim Lagoon System. Ever since 2000, this area has been the setting for the largest group of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming businesses in southern Brazil. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of the waters that are used at these shrimp farms, coming from the Lagoon Complex as well as the related carcinoculture effluents, with the intention of offering useful information for the sustainable planning of the activity in this region. This study could be divided in two stages. The first reviews the bibliographic references and documents, contextualizing and investigating basic related issues such as carcinoculture scenarios; water usage and the generation of effluents from marine shrimp farming; and Brazilian legislation related to carcinoculture and water usage. The second stage refers to experimental research held between 2003 and 2006, in which, by means of undergoing two field campaigns to collect shrimp farm effluents, it was possible to monitor the activities of one of the Imaruí Lagoon shrimp farm businesses. On analyzing, both stages, among other results, were: i) that economic factors, such as the consumer market increase and the already existing infrastructure, owing to the native shrimp fishing activity, promoted the expansion of carcinocultre around the Lagoon Complex. Thus, the region became the largest shrimp farm complex of Santa Catarina; ii) the results of the physical - chemical and bacterial parameters of field campaigns held between 1992 and 1993 indicate that the waters used for shrimp farming were contaminated with significant concentrations of metals (principally Iron, Aluminum and Magnesium), nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite, and Sulphate) and bacteria (Fecal Coliforms) due to the human occupation of the land defining the lagoon system; and iii) the data collected from the field campaigns held in January and April of 2006 indicate that the waters used for shrimp farming were contaminated with Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Phosphorous, and the related effluents having an Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Nitrate load. Based on such results, the conclusion is that the Lagoon Complex surface waters were already compromised, prior to carcinocultre development in the region, but analytical data indicates that there is a nutrient contribution currently coming from shrimp farming in the Lagoon Complex.

O Complexo Lagunar, localizado no litoral sul do estado de Santa Catarina, é formado pelo sistema lagunar Santo Antônio - Imaruí - Mirim. Desde o ano de 2000 vem sendo constituído nessa área o maior conjunto de empreendimentos carcinícolas no sul do país, através do cultivo da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a qualidade das águas utilizadas nas fazendas de criação de camarão no complexo Lagunar , assim como dos efluentes gerados pela carcinicultura, com o intuito de proporcionar subsídios úteis ao planejamento sustentável dessa atividade na região. A realização desse estudo pode ser dividida em duas etapas. A primeira refere-se às pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, onde se procurou contextualizar e aprofundar os temas propostos como o panorama da carcinicultura, o uso da água e a geração de efluentes pela criação de camarões marinhos e legislação brasileira referente à carcinicultura e usos da água no país. A segunda etapa referese à pesquisa experimental, onde, através do acompanhamento de um empreendimento de carcinicultura na lagoa do Imaruí entre os anos de 2003 e 2006, foi possível monitorar uma fazenda que cultiva camarões nessa região através de duas campanhas de coleta das águas utilizadas no cultivo e dos efluentes gerados por ele. A análise dos gerados pelas duas etapas apontou alguns resultados como: i) fatores econômicos propiciaram a expansão da carcinicultura no entorno do Complexo Lagunar, como o aumento do mercado consumidor e a infra-estrutura já existente para a venda do camarão nativo das lagoas. Com isso, em poucos anos, a região passou a ser a maior produtora de camarões cultivados em viveiros em Santa Catarina; ii) os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos das campanhas realizadas entre 1992 e 1993 indicaram que as águas utilizadas nos cultivos estão prejudicadas por concentrações significativas de metais (principalmente Ferro, Alumínio e Magnésio) de nutrientes (Nitrato, Nitrito e Sulfeto) e bactérias (Coliformes Fecais) devido ao uso e ocupação do solo em que se encontra o sistema lagunar; e iii) os dados das campanhas realizadas na lagoa do Imaruí em janeiro e abril de 2006 apontaram que as águas utilizadas no cultivo estão comprometidas com Nitrogênio Amoniacal e Fósforo e a do efluente com Fósforo, Nitrogênio Amoniacal e Nitrato. A partir desses resultados pode-se concluir que as águias superficiais do Complexo Lagunar já estavam comprometidas antes da implantação da carcinicultura na região, porém, os dados analíticos indicaram que existe uma contribuição de nutrientes emitidos pelos efluentes sobre as águas das lagoas. / The Lagoon Complex located on the southern coastline of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, is composed of the Santo Antonio - Imaruí - Mirim Lagoon System. Ever since 2000, this area has been the setting for the largest group of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming businesses in southern Brazil. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of the waters that are used at these shrimp farms, coming from the Lagoon Complex as well as the related carcinoculture effluents, with the intention of offering useful information for the sustainable planning of the activity in this region. This study could be divided in two stages. The first reviews the bibliographic references and documents, contextualizing and investigating basic related issues such as carcinoculture scenarios; water usage and the generation of effluents from marine shrimp farming; and Brazilian legislation related to carcinoculture and water usage. The second stage refers to experimental research held between 2003 and 2006, in which, by means of undergoing two field campaigns to collect shrimp farm effluents, it was possible to monitor the activities of one of the Imaruí Lagoon shrimp farm businesses. On analyzing, both stages, among other results, were: i) that economic factors, such as the consumer market increase and the already existing infrastructure, owing to the native shrimp fishing activity, promoted the expansion of carcinocultre around the Lagoon Complex. Thus, the region became the largest shrimp farm complex of Santa Catarina; ii) the results of the physical - chemical and bacterial parameters of field campaigns held between 1992 and 1993 indicate that the waters used for shrimp farming were contaminated with significant concentrations of metals (principally Iron, Aluminum and Magnesium), nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite, and Sulphate) and bacteria (Fecal Coliforms) due to the human occupation of the land defining the lagoon system; and iii) the data collected from the field campaigns held in January and April of 2006 indicate that the waters used for shrimp farming were contaminated with Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Phosphorous, and the related effluents having an Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Nitrate load. Based on such results, the conclusion is that the Lagoon Complex surface waters were already compromised, prior to carcinocultre development in the region, but analytical data indicates that there is a nutrient contribution currently coming from shrimp farming in the Lagoon Complex.

Watershed monitoring programs generally do not have perfect data collection success rates due to a variety of field and laboratory factors. A major source of error in many stream-gaging records is lost or missing data caused by malfunctioning stream-side equipment. Studies estimate that between 5 and 20 percent of stream-gaging data may be marked as missing for one reason or another. Reconstructing or infilling missing data methods generate larger sets of data. These larger data sets generally generate better estimates of the sampled parameter and permit practical applications of the data in hydrologic or water quality calculations. This study utilizes data from a watershed monitoring program operating in the Northern Virginia area to: (1) identify and summarize the major reasons for the occurrence of missing data; (2) provide recommendations for reducing the occurrence of missing data; (3) describe methods for infilling missing chemical data; (4) develop and evaluate methods for infilling values to replace missing chemical data; and (5) recommend different infilling methods for various conditions. An evaluation of different infilling methods for chemical data over a variety of factors (e.g., amount of annual rainfall, whether the missing chemical parameter is strongly correlated with flow, amount of missing data) is performed using Monte Carlo modeling. Using the results of the Monte Carlo modeling, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed for easy application of the most appropriate infilling method. / Master of Science

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-15T18:56:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Alana Deduck.pdf: 2321180 bytes, checksum: 2809c5488f4ec75ecf2a60424fafa5e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T18:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Alana Deduck.pdf: 2321180 bytes, checksum: 2809c5488f4ec75ecf2a60424fafa5e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O índice de qualidade da água (IQA) é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar o status da qualidade da água; sintetizando as informações fornecidas por parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral a elaboração e aplicação de um índice de qualidade da água em conformidade com a legislação brasileira. Para o desenvolvimento de um novo índice, denominado IQAc, vinculou-se a informação dos parâmetros que o compõe e a praticidade de cálculo à legislação vigente no Brasil. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 30 estações de monitoramento da água, nos domínios da unidade hidrográfica do Alto Iguaçu- Paraná, Brasil. A estes dados, aplicaram-se três metodologias de cálculo de IQAs: o método NSF (IQANSF), Bascarán (IQAb) e o método proposto nesta pesquisa denominado Bascarán-CONAMA (IQAc). Os índices foram comparados nos diferentes períodos pluviométricos e estações do ano. Posteriormente, o IQAc foi aplicado nas Bacias Hidrográficas do Rio Tibagi e do Rio das Cinzas, localizadas no Estado do Paraná, onde foram definidos 24pontos de monitoramento da água, monitorados entre julho de 2014 e junho de 2016.Foram realizadas ponderações sob um ponto de vista pluviométrico de períodos anuais mais chuvoso e menos chuvoso, bem como numa perspectiva sazonal. Foram elaborados mapas georreferenciados, utilizando o método de interpolação do Inverso da Distância Ponderada (IDW), a fim de obter a distribuição espacial dos valores estimados. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas ao nível de significância de 1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, pôde-se concluir que o novo índice de qualidade da água desenvolvido se demonstrou adequado para avaliação de qualidade da água. Observou-se que o desenvolvimento de IQAs em função da regionalidade é um aspecto importante para avaliação da qualidade da água nos corpos hídricos. Foi constatado que a qualidade da água na área avaliada dos rios Tibagi e Cinzas está em conformidade com os requisitos mínimos de qualidade da água que constam na legislação brasileira para rios Classe 2. Foi concluído que o fator sazonal não exerceu influência significativa na qualidade da água, uma vez que na comparação tanto entre períodos pluviométricos, quanto entre as estações do ano, não foram verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos pontos de monitoramento. / The water quality index (WQI) is an important tool for assessing the status of water quality; synthesizing the information provided by physical, chemical and biological parameters. This work had as general objective the elaboration and application of a water quality index in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. For the development of a new index, denominated IQAc, the information of the parameters that compose it and the practicality of calculation was linked to the legislation in force in Brazil. For this purpose, 30 water monitoring stations were selected, in the domains of the hydrographic unit of Alto Iguaçu- Parana, Brazil. To these data, three methodologies for calculating WQIs were applied: the NSF method (NSFWQI), Bascarán (WQIb) and the method proposed in this research denominated Bascarán-CONAMA (IQAc). The indices were compared in different pluviometric periods and seasons. Subsequently, the IQAc was applied to the Hydrographic Basins of the Tibagi River and the Cinzas River, located in the State of Parana, where 24 water monitoring points were monitored from July 2014 to June 2016.Ponderations were made from a viewpoint of more and less rainy annual periods, as well as a seasonal perspective. Georeferenced maps were elaborated using the Weighted Distance Inverse (IDW) interpolation method, in order to obtain the spatial distribution of the estimated values. Statistical analyzes were performed at a significance level of 1%. From the results obtained in this research, it was concluded that the new water quality index developed was adequate for water quality assessment. It was observed that the development of WQI as a function of regionality is an important aspect for assessing water quality in water bodies. It was found that the water quality in the evaluated area of the Tibagi and Cinzas rivers complies with the minimum water quality requirements in Brazilian legislation for Class 2 rivers. It was concluded that the seasonal factor hasn’t had a significant influence on water quality, since in the comparison between rainfall periods and seasons, no statistically significant differences were observed in the monitoring points.