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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Interactions between non-polar surfaces in water: Fokus on talc, pitch and surface roughness effects

Wallqvist, Viveca January 2009 (has links)
The aim of this thesis work was to gain understanding of the interactions between talc mineral and surfaces, liquids and chemicals relevant for industrial applications, such as pulp and paper. Talc is used in the pulp and paper industry as a filler pigment, in control of pitch (lipophilic extractives) deposits and as a coating pigment. A deeper understanding of talc interactions will be beneficial in optimizing its use. Long-range attractive interactions between talc and hydrophobic model probes, as well as pitch probes, have been measured using the atomic force microscope (AFM) colloidal probe method. Two procedures for preparation of pitch colloidal probes were developed to allow these studies. Model hydrophobic, nanorough surfaces with surface energy characteristics similar to talc have also been prepared and their interactions with hydrophobic model probes compared to interactions between hydrophobic model probes and talc. It is demonstrated that talc mineral interacts with model hydrophobic particles, as well as with pitch, by long-range attractive forces, considerably stronger than the expected van der Waals force. The possible origin of the measured interaction forces is discussed, and the conclusion is that the main cause is an attractive capillary force due to formation of a gas/vapor capillary between the surfaces. Force measurements using model hydrophobic, nanorough surfaces show that a large-scale waviness does not significantly influence the range and magnitude of the capillary attraction, but large local variations in these quantities are found. It is demonstrated that a large variation in adhesion force corresponds to a small variation in local contact angle of the capillaries at the surfaces. The nature of the surface topographical features influences the capillary attraction by affecting the local contact angle and by pinning of the three-phase contact line. The effect is clearly dependent on the size of the surface features and whether they exist in the form of crevices or as extending ridges. Entrapment of air also affects the imbibition of water in pressed talc tablets. The effects of wetting and dispersion agents on the interactions between talc and hydrophobic probes have also been investigated. It is demonstrated that a common dispersing agent used for talc, poly(acrylic acid), does not affect the capillary attraction between talc and non-polar probes. In fact, the results strongly suggest that poly(acrylic acid) does not adsorb on the basal plane of talc. From this finding it is inferred that the stabilizing effect of this additive most likely is due to adsorption to the edges of talc. In contrast, a wetting agent (the non-ionic triblock copolymer Pluronic PE6400) removes the long-range capillary attraction. It is suggested that such an ability to replace air at the talc surface is of great importance for an efficient wetting agent. The Hamaker constant for talc has also been estimated by using optical data obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry. It is demonstrated that a nanocrystalline talc mineral, cut in different directions displays very small differences in Hamaker constant between the different crystallographic orientations, whereas a microcrystalline sample displays a significantly higher value. The estimated Hamaker constants are discussed for different material combinations of relevance for the pulp- and paper industry, such as cellulose and calcium carbonate. / Målet med detta avhandlingsarbete var att öka förståelsen för interaktioner mellan talkmineral och ytor, vätskor och kemikalier relevanta för industriella applikationer, såsom papper och massa. Talk används i pappers- och massaindustrin som fyllmedel, för kontroll av hartsrika (lipofila extraktivämnen) avsättningar och som bestrykningspigment. En djupare förståelse för talkinteraktioner kommer att vara användbart för att optimera dess användning. Långväga attraktiva interaktioner mellan talk och hydrofoba modellpartiklar, såväl som mellan talk och hartspartiklar, har uppmätts med hjälp av atomkraftsmikroskopi (AFM) genom att fästa kolloidala partiklar på kraftsensorn. Två metoder för att framställa partiklar gjorda av harts har utvecklats för att möjliggöra dessa studier. Hydrofoba, nanostrukturerade modellytor med ytenergier liknande de för talk har också tillverkats och deras växelverkan med hydrofoba modellpartiklar har jämförts med dem mellan talk och hydrofoba modellpartiklar. Studierna visar att talkmineral växelverkar med hydrofoba modellpartiklar, såväl som med harts, genom långväga attraktiva krafter som är betydligt starkare än den förväntade van der Waals kraften. Möjliga orsaker till de uppmätta växelverkanskrafterna diskuteras och slutsatsen blir att huvudorsaken är en attraktiv kapillärkraft som uppkommer genom att en gas-/ångkapillär bildas mellan ytorna. Kraftmätningar gjorda med hydrofoba nanostrukturerade modellytor visar att en storskalig vågighet inte nämnvärt påverkar storleken av kapillärattraktionen, men stora lokala variationer existerar. Det demonstreras att en stor variation i adhesionskraft motsvaras av en liten variation i lokal kontaktvinkel för kapillärerna på ytorna. Ytornas topografi påverkar kapillärattraktionen genom att påverka den lokala kontaktvinkeln samt genom att trefaskontaktlinjen inte kan röra sig fritt över ytan. Effekten är tydligt beroende av huruvida ytojämnheterna existerar i form av nedsänkningar eller upphöjningar. Instängd luft påverkar också pressade talktabletters uppsugningsförmåga av vatten. Vätnings- och dispergeringsmedels inverkan på växelverkan mellan talk och hydrofoba partiklar har undersökts. Resultaten visar att ett vanligt dispergeringsmedel för talk, polyakrylsyra, inte påverkar kapillärattraktionen. I själva verket tyder data på att polyakrylsyra inte adsorberas på talks basalplan. Utifrån dessa resultat dras slutsatsen att polyakrylsyra stabiliserar talkdispersioner genom att adsorbera på talkkanterna. Ett vanligt vätmedel (nonjonisk triblock sampolymer Pluronic PE6400) tar å andra sidan bort långväga kapillärattraktion. Detta antyder att egenskapen att ersätta luft på talkytan är av stor betydelse för effektiva vätmedel. Hamakerkonstanten för talk har uppskattats genom att utnyttja optiska data från ellipsometrimätningar. Det demonstreras att ett nanokristallint talkmineral kapat i olika riktningar uppvisar mycket små skillnader i Hamakerkonstant mellan de olika kristallografiska orienteringarna, medan ett mikrokristallint prov uppvisar ett betydligt högre värde. De beräknade Hamakerkonstanterna diskuteras för olika materialkombinationer relevanta för pappersindustrin, såsom cellulosa och kalciumkarbonat. / QC 20100813
42

Interactions et propriétés physico-chimiques de surfaces modèles de biomatériaux

Giraud, Lucie 12 1900 (has links)
La surface d’un implant ou d’un système à libération contrôlée de médicament est la première zone en contact avec les systèmes physiologiques. Les propriétés de surface vont alors définir le devenir à court et long termes de ces biomatériaux dans l’organisme. Pour améliorer la biointégration mais aussi l’efficacité des matériaux en contact avec les fluides et tissus biologiques, un fin contrôle des phénomènes se produisant à l’interface biologique est nécessaire. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’étude de trois types de surfaces pouvant modéliser celles de biomatériaux couramment employés. Dans un premier temps, la stabilité hydrolytique de surface amino-fonctionnalisée a été investiguée. L’amino-fonctionnalisation de surface via l’emploi de monocouche auto-assemblée rencontre un intérêt certain pour l’ancrage de diverses molécules, macromolécules, systèmes colloïdaux et cellules. Cependant, le manque de stabilité en milieu aqueux limite grandement leurs perspectives d’utilisation pour la fonctionnalisation de surface de biomatériaux. Dans ce manuscrit, une monocouche amino-fonctionnalisée à base d’aminoalkylsilane a été greffée sur des substrats de silicate (silice et mica). L’extrême stabilité hydrolytique rapportée pour cette monocouche permet une immersion prolongée en milieu aqueux et sur une large gamme de pH. Les paramètres ayant été identifiés comme impactant cette stabilité sont l’organisation de la monocouche, la densité de greffage et la longueur de la chaîne carbonée de l’aminoalkylsilane. Dans un second temps, les propriétés lubrifiantes en milieu aqueux de surfaces structurées sont rapportées. Le besoin en surface autolubrifiante couvre une large variété de biomatériaux tels que les substituts cartilagineux, les dispositifs oculaires ou bien les cathéters. Des structures dômes ont été produites sur des surfaces via l’immobilisation de particules. Des particules polymériques à base de polyélectrolytes sensibles aux variations de pH ont permis l’obtention de structures molles et déformables alors que l’immobilisation de particules de silice a permis la formation de structures dures. Deux mécanismes majeurs contrôlant les propriétés de frottement ont été mis en évidence. Les surfaces structurées à partir de polyélectrolytes présentent des propriétés de frottement directement corrélées au gonflement et donc à la teneur en eau de ces structures. Ce ii gonflement peut être contrôlé par le pH du milieu aqueux. Plus les structures sont gonflées, plus le coefficient de frottement est faible. En revanche, avec des structures dures obtenues par l’immobilisation de particules de silice, le roulement de ces particules permet d’obtenir sous certaines conditions des coefficients de frottement extrêmement faibles. Dans ce cas, la nature du lien entre la particule et le substrat importe peu et un dégreffage systématique de certaines particules est observé pour permettre le mouvement des surfaces tout en limitant les forces de frottement. Dans un troisième temps, la complexation de simples brins de siARN via différentes natures d’interactions a été étudiée à l’aide de surfaces modèles de chimie variable. Cette étude a permis de démontrer la possibilité d'adsorber des simples brins de siARN via des interactions non-électrostatiques sur des surfaces planes. Des interactions hydrophobes et les liaisons hydrogène ont par la suite pu être employées pour complexer cet acide nucléique avec des formulations micellaires et liposomales non-cationiques. Cette étude permet d'envisager la conception de nanovecteurs non-cationiques et donc moins toxiques pour la délivrance de simples brins de siARN. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit contribuent à l’élargissement des connaissances en matière de propriétés physico-chimiques de surface aux interfaces biologiques. / The surface of an implant or a drug delivery system is the first area of contact with biological environment. The surface properties of these biomaterials will define the short and long term behavior in the organism. To improve biointegration and efficiency, a fine control of the biological interface is required. This thesis investigates three different kind of surfaces modelling commonly used biomaterials. First, the hydrolytic stability of amino-functionalized surfaces was investigated. The amino-functionalization using self-assembled monolayers is required for the anchorage of molecules, macromolecules, colloidal systems and cells onto biomaterials. However, the lack of stability in aqueous media limits their use. In this manuscript, an amino-functionalized self-assembled monolayer made of aminoalkylsilane was grafted onto silicate substrates (silica and mica). The extreme robustness that we reported for this monolayer allows immersion into aqueous media for a wide range of pH and over long periods of time. The most important parameters that were identified that significantly impact the hydrolytic stability are the order of the monolayers, the grafting density and the length of the alkyl chain of the aminoalkylsilane. Second, the lubricant properties in aqueous media of structured surfaces are reported. The need in self-lubricant surfaces is required in a wide variety of biomaterials such as the cartilage substitute, ocular medical device or catheters. Domed structures were produced on surfaces through immobilization of particles. Polymeric nanoparticles composed of pH-sensitive polyelectrolytes were used to prepared soft and deformable structures while the immobilization of silica particles allows hard structures to be created. Two main mechanisms controlling friction properties were identified. Friction properties of structured surfaces made of polyelectrolytes were controlled by the swelling and the water content of the particles. This swelling can be tuned by changing the pH of the aqueous media. An increase in particle swelling leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient. However, with the hard structures, the rolling of the particles in some cases can also lead to extremely low friction coefficient. In that case, the nature of the attachment of iv the particle to the surface does not matter and systematic degrafting of some particles was observed which allows surfaces to slide with small friction forces. Third, the complexation of a single-stranded siRNA through different interactions was investigated with model surfaces of various chemistry. The results show that ss-siRNA can adsorb onto hydrophilic (positively and negatively charged) as well as on hydrophobic substrates suggesting that the complexation can occur through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding in addition to electrostatic interactions. This study suggests that non-electrostatic interactions could be exploited to complement electrostatic interactions in the design of less toxic nanocarriers and that non-cationics nanovectors can be employed as a potential single-stranded siRNA delivery systems. The results presented in this thesis contribute to increase the knowledge in the field of physico-chemistry surface properties of biological interfaces.

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