Orientador: Glaucia Maria Pastore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_GiselleAparecidaNobre_M.pdf: 32192539 bytes, checksum: 829ea1e46916c727a5cca642b084be51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Biossurfatantes são compostos anfipáticos de origem biológica que apresentam uma porção hidrofílica e outra hidrofóbica. Esta propriedade lhes confere a capacidade de diminuir a tensão superficial e interfacial. de um meio liquido. Na busca de fontes alternativas para a produção de compostos de interesse biotecnológico, o uso de subprodutos de processamento agrícola ou industrial apresenta um vasto campo a ser explorado. A industrialização da mandioca, em farinha e fécula, gera aproximadamente 240.000 L de resíduo/mês. Este resíduo, a manipueira, é altamente tóxico (devido à presença de glicosídeos cianogênicos) e poluente (dado a altas concentrações de matéria orgânica não esgotada que podem atingir 100 g DQO/L). A possibilidade da utilização deste resíduo como substrato para microrganismos e o interesse na produção de compostos biotecnologicamente relevantes nos incentivou a investigar a produção de biossurfatantes pela cepa Bacillus subtilis LB5a. Definidas as condições e cinética da fermentação, foi obtido uma produção de 2,5 g/L de surfatante em 36 horas de cultivo. O tensoativo se mostrou capaz de reduzir a tensão superficial do meio de 47,74 mN/m, para 25,96 mN/m, CMD-1 de 26,19 e CMD-2 de 29,47 mN/m, com tensão interfacial contra hexadecano de 0,76 mN/m, além de CMC de 10 mg/L. O extrato apresentou estabilidade a altas concentrações de sal (>15%), elevadas temperaturas (135ºC), ampla faixa de pH (6-12) e foi estável a variadas concentrações de enzimas do tipo cisteína-proteases. A análise de aminoácidos do produto purificado, revelou a presença de ácido glutâmico, ácido aspártico, valina e leucina na proporção 1:1:1:4, caracterizando o produto como um lipopeptídeo. Por espectrometria de massas foi confirmada a presença de uma série homóloga de lipopeptídeos com variações no tamanho da cadeia hidrocarbônica caracterizando o composto como o tensoativo surfactina. Além disso, verificou-se a predominância do homólogo de massa molecular 1036 g/Mol. O biossurfatante de B.subtilis LB5a, apresentou capacidade de formar emulsões estáveis em óleos, hidrocarbonetos e combustíveis; revelou-se como substância potencial para utilização na recuperação melhorada de petróleo (MEOR) e em biorremediação, avaliado a partir da remoção de óleo bruto de areias contaminadas. Além disso, apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra bactérias gram positivas e negativas e apresentou ação antitproliferativa sobre células tumorais humanas. Os resultados descritos neste trabalho fornecem dados relevantes acerca do potencial do biossurfatante surfactina e suas possíveis aplicações. Além disso, evidenciam a manipueira como um excelente substrato para a produção de biossurfatante pela cepa estudada, possibilitando uma grande redução de custos de produção através da utilização de um resíduo como substrato, bem como pelo processo de obtenção do produto por métodos bastante simplificados / Abstract: Biosurfactants are amphypatic compounds from biologycal source showing both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups. Due to this feature, the biosurfactants acts decreasing the surface and interfacial tension of a liquid. The byproducts of agricola and industrial processing are an underexplored new sources to the production of biotechnological interesting compounds. The cassava industrialization yields c.a. 240.000L of residue by month. This residue, cassava wastewater (manipueira), is highly toxic (due to the presence of cianogenic glycosides) and poluent (due to high concentrations of organic matter, that may reach 100 gDQO/L). The possibility of the utilization of manipueira as substract for microorganism growth and the interest in the production of biotecnologically important aducts, encourage us to investigate the biosurfactants production by Bacillus subtilis LB5a strain. After the growing conditions optimizations, 2,5 g/L of surfactant was obtained in 36 hours. The biosurfactant have reduced the surface tension of the medium from 47,74 mN/m to 25,96 mN/m, CMD-1 of 26,19 and CMD-2 of 29,47 mN/m, with interfacial tension against hexadecane of 0,76 mN/m and CMC of 10 mg.L-1. The extract show stability with respect to high salt concentration, high temperature, wide range of pH (6-12) and to several concentrations of diferent cysteine proteases. The aminoacids analysis of purified product, revealed the presence of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, valine and leucine at a 1:1:1:4 ratio, characterizing the product as a lipopetide. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of a lipopeptide homologous serie with variations in the hydrocarbon chain lenght, known as surfactin. Furthemore, was verified the predominance of the 1036 g.Mol-1 molecular mass homologous. The biosurfactant from LB5a strain was able to produce stable emulsions in oils, hydrocarbons and fuels, bioremediation and Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), potential were observed by the remotion of crude oil from contaminated sand. The surfactin also showed antibacterial activity agains gram positive and negative bacterias and showed antiproliferative activity agains human tumoral cells. The results described herein give important data reflecting the surfactant potential of the surfactin and its applications. Moreover, they reveal the manipueira as an excellent substrate to the biosurfactant production by the studied strain. The utilization of an industrial residue as substrate allows a strong cost reduction to the sufactant production and consists a potentially alternative to the treatment of this effluent / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Fernando de Azevedo Silva / Banca: Edson Cocchieri Botelho / Banca: Antonio Carlos Ancelotti Filho / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo analítico e numérico a respeito das tensões superficiais entre dois elementos. Quando uma força externa é aplicada a dois corpos em contato, verifica-se a existência de uma pequena deformação entre os elementos, causando um achatamento no plano de contato e criando uma zona de altas tensões de formato elíptico. Com a repetição cíclica destes carregamentos, pode ocorrer a perda progressiva de material superficial dos elementos envolvidos. De forma a investigar este fenômeno, esta dissertação realizou a análise detalhada de dois casos específicos encontrados na mecânica: o contato existente entra a esfera e a pista interna de um rolamento (contato esfera/plano), e o contato entre uma roda e um trilho ferroviário (contato cilindro/plano). Este estudo é essencial para a compreensão de como a aplicação de um carregamento externo pode influenciarna superfície de dois elementos. A análise foi realizada através de duas abordagens: uma analítica, através das equações oriundas da Teoria de Hertz, e outra numérica, através de programas computacionais de elementos finitos. Com os resultados verificados, foi feito uma série de gráficos que ilustram o comportamento das tensões ao longo dos eixos, além da análise da área afetada pela ação das tensões superficiais. Por fim, verificou-se a existência de tensões normais compressivas máximas encontradas no plano de contato entre os elementos, sendo a maior tensão localizada na direção do eixo de aplicação ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An analytical and numerical study regarding contact stresses between two elements is presented in this work. When an external force is applied to two bodies in contact, a small deformation between the elements appears, flattening the contact plane and creating high elliptical stresses. The cyclical repetition of these stresses can cause the progressive loss of surface material from the bodies. To verify this phenomenon, this work developed a detailed analysis of two specific cases found in many mechanical applications: the contact between a sphere and an inner ring of a bearing (sphere/plane contact) and the contact between a wheel and a rail track (cylinder/plane contact). This study is essential to the understanding of the influence in the surface of these two elements caused by an external load. The analysis was performed using two different approaches: one analytical, using Hertz equations, and one numerical, using computational simulations and finite element software. After the results were validated, a number of graphics were developed using the Hertz Equations for contact stresses to illustrate how the stresses behave along the axis, as well as the analysis of the area affected by the contact stresses. It was found that the maximum compressive stresses are located at the contact plane between the bodies, and the highest stress is found along the axis where the load was applied. When the depth is increased, all normal stresses tend to decrease until they became null. At... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The thesis deals with study of surface tension of liquids and measuring possibilities of this parameter. The paper is then focused on design of measuring apparatus based on pendant drop method. The apparatus is controlled with software written in Matlab. Several measurements are done at the end of this work, which confirm possibility to practical use of this apparatus for surface tension measurements. A part of this work is manual to use the apparatus and complete design documentation.

Plastics have become a universal material for use in a myriad of commercial and consumer products. One such product, exterior siding, is the focus of this project. Although siding products were originally made from wood, vinyl siding, which offered superior performance, was introduced in the 1950’s. More recently, polypropylene (PP) siding has been introduced; PP provides a stronger product, which allows for deeper patterns and better edge detailing. PP siding, compared to traditional wood siding, doesn’t warp, crack, or degrade as easily with extended exposure to the elements, and is cheaper to maintain. However, even plastic siding must be coated. The requirements of a coating for siding are good adhesion, durability, and a suitable appearance. However, polypropylene, like many plastics, has a low surface energy, making wetting and coating adhesion difficult. One of the many ways to increase the surface energy of polypropylene, thus increasing wettability and adhesion, is plasma treatment. The primary focus of this project was to study how plasma treatment improved adhesion of a water-reducible coating. This coating represented a product used in commercial siding. The surface tension of the panels was increased from ~30 dynes/cm to 60+ dynes/cm with plasma treatment. This increased the adhesion of the coating to the polypropylene panel from virtually no adhesion to almost perfect adhesion. Adhesion was tested according to ASTM D3359, the crosscut adhesion test. Pull-off adhesion testing (ASTM D4541-09) was also conducted, using a Deflesko PosiTest AT-A automatic adhesion tester. The average force needed to remove a dolly from a plasma treated panel was 233 ± 47 psi (1,605 ± 325 kPa), compared to 92 ± 26 psi (634 ± 179 kPa) for non-treated and corona treated panels. The sponsor of the project provided Cal Poly with 16 different compositions of polypropylene containing different amounts of UV stabilizers, adhesion promoters, and lubricants. The effect of substrate composition on coating adhesion and performance was measured. Crosscut adhesion testing results revealed all polypropylene compositions improved from virtually no adhesion to perfect adhesion after plasma treatment. Pull-off adhesion testing revealed the adhesion force of all compositions improved from less than 100 psi to greater than 200 psi. One polypropylene composition, Category 16, resulted in unusually high pull-off forces. This composition was investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and FT-IR spectroscopy. XPS was used to examine the surface composition between non-treated and plasma treated PP panels. It was observed that plasma treatment provides a larger amount of oxygen species and nitrogen when compared to untreated panels. The category 16 panels did not reveal any significant surface differences compared to the category 7 panels (which represented the standard production material). FT-IR spectroscopy of the category 16 panels also showed no unusual characteristics. The secondary focus of this project was to study the durability of coated, plasma treated polypropylene siding. Accelerated weathering testing was conducted on 12 of the 16 different compositions of polypropylene. Changes in gloss and the LAB colorspace of coated, plasma treated polypropylene panels of different compositions, upon exposure to long-term weathering conditions, were monitored via ASTM G53 using a Q-Panel lab product QUV/se weathering tester. After 2400 hours, all PP compositions tested shared negligible changes in color, but the gloss of each category panel showed a steady increase. An approach to improve durability of siding is to apply a clearcoat over already coated PP panels. This approach was tested in a limited manner by adding a clearcoat to coated, plasma treated polypropylene panels. These panels were then exposed to a variety of common, household cleaning agents using a modified double rub test (ASTM D4752 and ASTM D5402). The samples with a clearcoat showed improved cleaning agent resistance compared to samples without the clearcoat.

The applicability of CFD codes for two-phase flows has always been limited to special cases due to the very complex nature of its interface. Due to its tremendous computational cost, methods based on direct resolution of the interface are not applicable to most problems of practical relevance. Instead, averaging procedures are commonly used for these applications, such as the Eulerian-Eulerian approach, which necessarily means losing detailed information on the interfacial structure. In order to allow widespread application of the two-fluid approach, closure models are required to reintroduce in the simulations the correct interfacial mass, momentum, and heat transfer. It is evident that such closure models will strongly depend on the specific flow pattern. When considering vertical pipe flow with low gas volume flow rates, bubbly flow occurs. With increasing gas volume flow rates larger bubbles are generated by bubble coalescence, which further leads to transition to slug, churn-turbulent, and annular flow. Considering, as an example, a heated tube producing steam by evaporation, as in the case of a vertical steam generator, all these flow patterns including transitions are expected to occur in the system. Despite extensive attempts, robust and accurate simulations approaches for such conditions are still lacking. The purpose of this dissertation is the development, testing, and validation of a multifield model for adiabatic gas-liquid flows at high gas volume fractions, for which a multiple-size bubble approach has been implemented by separating the gas structures into a specified number of groups, each of which represents a prescribed range of sizes. A fully-resolved continuous gas phase is also computed, and represents all the gas structures which are large enough to be resolved within the computational mesh. The concept, known as GENeralized TwO Phase flow or GENTOP, is formulated as an extension to the bubble population balance approach known as the inhomogeneous MUltiple SIze Group (iMUSIG). Within the polydispersed gas, bubble coalescence and breakup allow the transfer between different size structures, while the modeling of mass transfer between the polydispersed and continuous gas allows including transitions between different gas morphologies depending on the flow situations. The calculations were performed using the computational fluid dynamic code from ANSYS, CFX 14.5, with the support of STAR-CCM+ v8.06 and v9.02. A complete three-field and four-field model, including a continuous liquid field and two to three gas fields representing bubbles of different sizes, were first tested for numerical convergence and then validated against experimental data from the TOPFLOW and MT-Loop facilities.

The production of metal powders by water atomisation is a well established process, which can be used to produce a wide range of particle sizes. A careful control of the particle size distribution is necessary, to atomise powders with a high quality and at a low production cost. Therefore, it is necessary to have a substantial knowledge of the relation between operational parameters and the particle size, to be able to produce water atomised metal powders with consistent and high yields. The main purpose with this thesis was to increase the knowledge about factors which affect the mass median particle size (d50) for water atomised metal powders. The specific objectives with the study were to develop a theoretical d50 model and to investigate the relation between the particle size and the physical properties of the liquid metal. Pilot scale experiments for liquid iron showed that alloy additions of carbon and sulphur decreased the d50 value, at a maintained liquid steel temperature before atomisation. Moreover, it was indicated that the reduced particle size at increased %C and %S contents may be related to a decreased viscosity and surface tension of the liquid metal, respectively. An alternative explanation could be that raised superheats at increased carbon contents increased the total available time for atomisation, which may have contributed to a reduction of the d50 value. The theoretical d50 model developed in this work showed a very good correlation to the current experimental data. The model considers the influence of surface tension, viscosity, melt stream diameter, water pressure, water jet angle and water to metal ratio. This model was further used to analyse how the d50 value was influenced by the viscosity and the surface tension. A reduced viscosity from 4∙9 to 2∙1 mPa s decreased the d50 value with 33%. In addition, the particle size was estimated to decrease with 21% by decreasing the surface tension from 1840 to 900 mN m-1. / Q 20120529

Air and saline P-V curves were run on the excised lungs of rats starved 1-4 days. Stability estimates based on % of maximum volume retained on deflation tended toward decreases, but atelectasis was not increased according to buoyancy measurements. Compliance was not significantly affected, with whatever trend existed being toward increases. Average air P-V curves for day 3 and 4 of starvation were essentially superimposable on control curves. Surface tension of lung lavage fluid was measured (Surfactometer) during cyclic compression and expansion of the film. Min and max γ were elevated, and the activity index (s) depressed, but the area of the hysteresis loop was relatively unchanged. It is concluded that despite increases in γ of lung washings, pulmonary mechanics was little affected by 1-4 days of food deprivation. The effects on surface tension may be due to a decrease in quantity of surfactant extractable, without any change in composition.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19478号 / 理博第4138号 / 新制||理||1595(附属図書館) / 32514 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)講師 市川 正敏, 教授 佐々 真一, 教授 山本 潤 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Nozzles are used in a wide range of applications. Nevertheless, the geometric of non-circular orifices have not been widely studied. This project has examined fluid jets exiting through a non-circular orifice, in the gravitational direction. Furthermore, its transformation to a circular cross-section due to a surface tension forces. How the length to a circular cross-section changes with the nozzles geometry and bath depth of the tundish was the main focus of this studied. A water model and high-speed camera was used to capture the profile of the fluid jet. Four different nozzles were attached one by one to five different tundishes with different bath depths. The result showed that with deeper bath depths the circular cross-section occurred further down from the nozzles orifice. The length to the circular cross-section also depended on the orifice area, a larger area gave a longer distance than a smaller area. It was shown that the length to circular cross-section followed a quadratic function, when the measured values were analyzed based on the Weber number. The profile of the fluid jet was dependent on the material of the nozzle, the geometries of the orifice, the bath depth and the surface tension.