Abstract: Superacidic mesoporous silica materials containing embedded heteropolyacids (HPAs) were synthesized by sol–gel method in acidic media. In these materials, HPAs were immobilized into the silica structure covalently. The most acidic materials were obtained at the use of Pluronic P123 as a non-ionic pore-forming agent. Ionic surfactants also formed mesoporous structures, however, their interaction with HPA reduced acidity of the products. Obtained materials were tested as heterogeneous catalysts in liquid-phase alkylation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene by 1-decene. The most effective catalyst demonstrated higher conversion of starting substances to long-chain isomeric alkylbenzenes as compared to the activity of zeolite HY, a well-known alkylation catalyst. No leaching of HPA from silica gel was observed after the alkylation.

No description available.

Surfactants belong to surface-active compounds that have ability to restrain the surface tension; this ability is exploited to eliminate impurities. This study is focused on determination of surfactants in waste water to which these compounds can be transported from various cleaning and washing articles. In theoretical part are listed basic classifications of surfactants, their properties and requests of Czech legislative for their content in waste water. Furthermore here are described chosen analytical procedures for determination of anion-active, cation-active and non-ionic surfactants in waste water. The conclusion of the work is evaluation of measured results of surfactants concentration in inflow and outflow of waste water from waste-treatment plant in University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno and waste water from neutralizating station in FCH BUT. To determination of anionic surfactants were used two methods, arbitration method with usage of methylene blue and mobile analytics method which is based on chemical reaction between target compound and chemical agent. This reaction leads to formation of coloured compound able to spectrofotometric determination.

No description available.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: PharmDr. Ondřej Holas, PhD. Student: Katarína Kostíková Title of thesis: Study of the surfactants effect on polymer nanoparticle parameters The main aim of this Diploma thesis was to examine whether the use of various stabilizers has any effect on the resultant size of prepared nanoparticles and to find out which type of stabilizer is the most appropriate in terms of preparation of the nanoparticles of the necessary size, adequate polydispersity and steadiness. The preparation of nanoparticles was based on the use of sodium cholate as a surfactant and polymer PLGA (poly (lactid-co-glycolic acid)) consisting of monomers of lactic and glycolic acids. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of nanoprecipitation method. Sodium cholate solution has always been prepared in water in different concentration: 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%. The following have been used as stabilizers: poloxamer 407, polyvinyl alcohol, cetrimonium-bromide (CTAB), and polysorbate 20, all of them in concentration of 0.1% and sorbitan-monostearate in concentration of 0.01%. Measurement of the size of created nanoparticles was performed using the device Zetasizer at the...

It has been previously shown that micelles formed from surfactants with chiral head groups serve to induce a chiral reaction medium, leading to enhanced enantioselectivities in the reaction products. This utilization of chiral surfactants will offer an economical alternative to traditional chial solvents while simultaneously reducing organic waste. We have successfully dimethlated S-leucinol in an 85% yield, and have synthesized a hydrocarbon-based surfactant with this molecule as a head group. We have also formed polymeric surfactants that have polydimethylsiloxane as the hydrophobic portion with the (S)-dimethylleucinol as a head group. Tests of the solubility of these surfactants have been conducted. We also have done a reduction of a ketone in 95% ethanol and 1.3%-4% (w/v) surfactants, resulting in ee. 5.4%-6.6%.

No description available.

[pt] O uso de surfactantes zwitteriônicos em métodos de recuperação avançada de petróleo é um tema atual, devido ao potencial de aplicação em reservatórios do Présal. No entanto, há a possibilidade destes sofrerem o processo de adsorção na superfície das rochas do reservatório, o que pode tornar a injeção destas substâncias inviável economicamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a adsorção estática do surfactante cocoamidopropil betaína (CAPB) na superfície de uma rocha análoga do Pré-sal (travertino), em fluídos de diferentes salinidades. Inicialmente, realizou-se a determinação da concentração micelar crítica do surfactante, assim como da área superficial, composição e morfologia da rocha, e o potencial zeta em solução. A partir destes resultados, foi desenvolvido um procedimento para obter as isotermas de adsorção do CAPB sobre a superfície do travertino, à temperatura de 30 graus C e utilizando como fase aquosa soluções micelares preparadas em diferentes salmouras. Os resultados indicaram que a adsorção do surfactante aumentou com o aumento na salinidade. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados para os modelos clássicos de isotermas e o melhor ajuste foi obtido com o modelo de Langmuir. Para uma melhor compreensão do mecanismo de adsorção e do efeito da salinidade, foram realizadas simulações de especiação de superfície no software PHREEQC. Os resultados sugerem que a adsorção é superior nos cenários onde há maior quantidade de sítios superficiais resultantes da adsorção iônica dos íons determinantes de potencial (PDI). A partir destes resultados, pode-se concluir que a adsorção do CAPB é governada pela composição iônica do meio e pelo impacto desses íons na especiação química da superfície da rocha de travertino. / [en] The use of zwitterionic surfactants in advanced oil recovery methods is a current topic, due to its potential application in pre-salt reservoirs. However, there is a possibility that they may adsorb on the surface of the reservoir rocks, which can make the injection of these substances economically unfeasible. The objective of this work was to investigate the static adsorption of the surfactant cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) on the surface of a pre-salt analogous rock (travertine), in fluids of different salinity. Initially, the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant was determined, as well as the surface area, composition and morphology of the rock, and its zeta potential in solution. From these results, a procedure was developed to obtain the isotherms of CAPB adsorption on the travertine surface, at a temperature of 30 degrees C while using micellar solutions prepared in different brines. The results indicated that surfactant increased with salinity. The experimental data were fitted to the classical isotherm models and the best fit was obtained with the Langmuir model. For a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism and the salinity effect, surface speciation simulations were performed in the PHREEQC software. The results suggest that the adsorption is superior in scenarios where there is a greater amount of surface sites resulting from the ionic adsorption of potential determining ions (PDI). From these results, it can be concluded that CAPB adsorption is governed by the ionic composition of the medium and by the impact of these ions on the chemical speciation of the travertine rock surface.

Fluorinated compounds are produced on a large scale and their releases are contaminating the environment. Among these are side-chain fluorinated polymers found in technical mixtures of Scotchgard™, which are used as surfactants in fabric coating. Today, the knowledge about these Scotchgard products (Pre-2002 and Post-2002, formulations used in Scotchgard products before and after 2002) and side-chain fluorinated polymers, in general, are limited, and more studies need to be performed to increase the understanding of the behaviour of the compounds and their fate in the environment. This study performed sorption tests in liquid to sediment ratio of 100:1, with sediment from Lake Hjälmaren, Sweden, and water spiked with Pre-2002 and Post-2002. The waters were Milli-Q water, containing CaCl2, adjusted to different pHs (range between 4.4 and 11.2) with NaOH, and on water from Lake Hjälmaren. The solutions were shaken for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 168 h. Liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) was used to extract the remaining target compounds in the aqueous phase and analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). For the different pH solutions, the result showed both Pre-2002 and Post-2002 readily sorbed to the sediment with close to 0 % remaining in the aqueous phase after 4 hours. For the first time point, 0.5 h, more than 7 % remained in the aqueous phase with a pH of 11.2, while under 1 % remained with a pH of 4.4 for both Pre-2002 and Post-2002, showing that the sorption capacity was dependent on pH. In water from Lake Hjälmaren, neither of the target analytes were under the limit of detection (LOD) until the time point of 168 h. In contrast to the result of the pH solutions, Post-2002 were shown to be more prone to sorb to the sediment in the water from Lake Hjälmaren than Pre-2002. This might be due to particles, ions and competing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present in the water. However, the pH of Lake Hjälmaren was around 5; when comparing the data, the amount sorbed, somewhat aligned with what would be expected based on the sorption test with different pHs, indicating that the sorption capacity might be more dependent on pH than water chemistry.

This study investigates the factors that affect the lifetime and popping location of surface bubbles. The experiment was conducted using three different liquids (water, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, and Decane) with varying bubble sizes, using three different needle sizes. Each setup was tested 50 times. For pure water bubbles, the foot of the bubble is the most critical location because it typically has the highest temperature gradient, which creates a localized Marangoni flow that thins the film and eventually leads to the bubble bursting at the foot. When SDS was added to water, the bubble lifetime increased significantly. This is because the Marangoni stresses were reduced, and the bubble film thinned mainly due to curvature-driven drainage flow. The lifetime of the SDS bubble had a positive correlation with increasing bubble size. For Decane bubbles, the volatility of the liquid plays a significant role in the lifetime and popping location of the bubble. When the Decane was heated to 40°C, the lifetime of the bubbles increased significantly from 0-20 seconds to 8-12 minutes. This is because the high volatility of the Decane caused rapid evaporation of the bubble cap at the interface, which cooled the surface of the liquid. This temperature difference creates a difference in surface tension, which causes the liquid to flow from the bulk liquid into the apex of the bubble, thickening the cap film until it cools down. Then, it pops from the top due to the curvature-driven drainage.