Urbanization and climate change are two of the most important issues of our days. Many attempts have been made to define the most sustainable way to organise cities in order to cope with the increased population, while simultaneously being climate friendly, socially acceptable and economically viable. This master thesis focuses on the comparison of the sustainability performance of two particular theoretically planned urban forms, located in the suburban area of Stockholm – a “compact city”-like neighborhood and a “garden-city”-like neighbourhood. It was decided that the focus would be on the carbon footprint of the representative residences of each urban form, with the help of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); and that overall sustainability criteria for neighbourhoods would after wards be assessed, having a certification system forsustainable neighbourhoods (CityLab for districts, in particular) as a framework for a – mostly theoreticalassessment. After the exploring of the differences in the sustainability performance(environmental and social) of the two assessed urban forms, a discussion is made concerning the relationship between urban form and sustainability and conditions under which the most sustainable urban form could be achieved. The results of the analysis highlight that the concept “one size fits all” cannot conform to urban planning decisions, since cities should be able to adjust to the needs of each generation.

Yes / Purpose: this paper presents notable themes regarding the relationship between sustainability development and the food loss issue. In doing so, it provides coherent knowledge concerning this global problem and highlights the key research areas in this context. Design/methodology/approach: this paper is a viewpoint piece; normative literature and supposition are used to orientate the views of the authors. Findings: this paper has identified the main causes of food loss at each stage of the food supply chain. It has then classified the causes into three groups based on organisational environment: internal causes, micro-environmental causes and macro-environmental causes. In addition, the authors suggest a need to adopt a holistic view of the performance measurement system in the food industry through incorporating sustainability pillars with traditional performance perspectives in the context of food loss. Practical implications: food loss generating from various causes along the supply chain means that more food should flow across the supply chains to reach consumers’ homes. This paper provides reassuring insights that will help the decision-makers in food companies to revise the performance measurement system in the context of food loss reduction. Social implications: reducing food loss will contribute to increasing food availability and decreasing food prices, which leads to strengthening economic and physical access for those people who are not able to get food. Consequently, it considers a mandatory step to enhance food security. Originality/value: to raise the significance of food loss reduction along the supply chain and to stress an urgent need to adopt a holistic view of the sustainability performance measurement system with a particular focus on the food loss issue.

Communication around climate change is a challenging area. It is beneficial for companies to present themselves as more environmentally sustainable than they are, leading to greenwashing. Type 1 ecolabels, as described in the ISO standard 14024, try to mitigate this problem by providing independent verification of a company’s claims. TCO Certified is a type 1 environmental label, so ensuring that the organization behind TCO Certified, TCO Development, does not contribute to greenwashing is critical. TCO Certified has created a tool called the “benchmarking functionalities”. Using this tool, brand owners in the IT industry can compare their certified products using Sustainability Performance Indicators (SPIs) defined by TCO Development. Misinterpretations by brand owners using the “benchmarking functionalities” must be minimized to ensure the tool does not contribute to greenwashing. The design activity framework has been used for this study to create an alternative version of the benchmarking functionalities. The focus of the design process was to create a visualization that maximizes user comprehension to ensure the data cannot be misinterpreted and misused for greenwashing without compromising on usability. The alternative version was compared to the original version of the benchmarking functionalities in a user study. The results indicate that the original version of the benchmarking functionalities has a better System Usability Scale (SUS) score, and users could solve tasks quicker than with the alternative version. However, the users performed the tasks better with the alternative version. The difference between the correctness of the answers and the user’s confidence that their answer to a task was correct was larger for all tasks for the original version, indicating that there might be a false sense of comprehension in the original version of the benchmarking functionalities. To further understand the results, understanding how learning has impacted the study’s outcome is needed. Another relevant direction to study further is how stakeholders from different cultures, in terms of company and country, interpret and use visualizations for sustainability data. / Kommunikation kring klimatförändringar är ett utmanande område. Det finns incitament för företag att framställa sig som mer ekologiskt hållbara än de faktiskt är, vilket leder till grönmålning. Med hjälp av miljömärkningar av typ 1 som är definierade enligt ISO-standarden 14024, kan konsumenter få hjälp med att förstå huruvida ett företags påståenden om hållbarhet stämmer genom oberoende verifikation. TCO Certified är en typ 1 miljömärkning. Därmed är det viktigt för organisationen bakom TCO Certified, TCO Development, att se till att de inte är med och bidrar till gröntvättning på något sätt. TCO Certified har utvecklat ett verktyg för produktjämförelse och konkurrensanalys. Med hjälp av detta verktyg kan varumärkesägare inom IT-industrin med certifierade produkter jämföra sina produkter med varandra med hjälp av hållbarhetsindikatorer (SPIer) som har definierats av TCO Development. Det är viktigt att denna data inte kan misstolkas av varumärkesägare. I denna studie har designriktlinjerna definierade i ramverket för designaktiviteter använts, för att skapa en alternativ design av verktyget för produktjämförelse och konkurrensanalys. Huvudfokus i designprocessen var att skapa en visualisering som maximerar användarens förståelse av hållbarhetsdata, utan att kompromissa med användarvänligheten. Samtidigt är det också viktigt att utveckla visualiseringen så att användaren inte kan misstolka data på ett sätt som kan användas för grönmålning. Den alternativa versionen jämfördes med originalversionen av verktyget för produktjämförelse och konkurrensanalys i en användarstudie. Resultaten visar att användarna upplevde originalversionen som mer användarvänlig, och användarna löste uppgifter snabbare än med den alternativa versionen. Men användarna kunde lösa uppgifterna bättre med den alternativa versionen. Skillnaden mellan hur rätta svaren var och hur säkra användarna var på att de svarat med rätt svar skilde sig dock mycket i originalversionen, för alla uppgifter. Detta pekar på att användarna kan uppleva en falsk känsla av förståelse för hur originalversionen av verktyget för produktjämförelse och konkurrensanalys ska användas. För att vidare förstå resultaten från denna studie behövs det undersökas vad inlärning har för effekt på användarnas upplevelse av verktyget. En annan relevant riktning som kan undersökas i framtida studier är hur intressenter från olika kulturer, likväl företags- som geografisk kultur, tolkar och använder visualiseringar med hållbarhetsdata.

De modo geral, há pouca informação disponível aos gestores para orientá-los tanto sobre o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Medição de Desempenho (SMD) quanto à adequabilidade do SMD atual. Já Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) é uma abordagem para a gestão integrada das informações e dos processos de negócio para todas as fases da vida de um produto. A fim de compreender todas as fases da vida de um produto e, de forma consistente, considerar a abordagem PLM, as empresas estão tentando incorporar indicadores de desempenho de sustentabilidade em seus SMDs. O presente trabalho possui por objetivo propor um framework para o desenvolvimento de um SMD para a abordagem PLM com ênfase na sua aplicação prática, compreendendo as seguintes características: um procedimento com a descrição dos seus passos; um conjunto de ferramentas como formulários para apoiar o procedimento; uma lista de indicadores de desempenho de prática seleção dos indicadores na aplicação do framework, relacionados com PLM e sustentabilidade. Esta pesquisa adota a metodologia de pesquisa em design, como a abordagem mais ampla, na qual a proposta do framework é sintetizada da literatura e posteriormente aplicada e aperfeiçoada à medida que se conduzia uma pesquisa-ação. As principais contribuições consistem em possibilitar o diagnóstico do SMD atual da empresa assim como o seu nível de maturidade e selecionar indicadores com base em uma lista previamente sistematiza, para facilitar essa escolha. Finalmente, mostra-se que é possível incorporar indicadores de desempenho de sustentabilidade nos SMDs atuais da empresa para abordagem PLM, desde que existam stakeholders interessados em estabelecer objetivos estratégicos para a sustentabilidade. / Usually there is little information available to managers to guide them on either the development of a Performance Measurement System (PMS) or the uptade of the current PMS. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is an integrated approach to information management and business processes for all stages of life of a product. Further, in order to fully address all phases of a products life and consistently support consider the PLM; companies are trying to incorporate sustainability performance indicators into their PMS. Thus, this work aims at proposing a framework to develop a PMS for the PLM approach with an emphasis on practical application, comprising the following characteristics: a procedure containing steps and a set of tools such as forms to support them; a list of performance indicators PLM and sustainability to enable the selection of indicators. This research adopts the design research methodology, as the broader approach, in which the proposed framework is synthesized from literature and then applied and improved during an action research. The highlights of the framework are the diagnosis of the current SMD company as well as their level of maturity of the PMS and the selection of performance indicators through a list. Finally, this work indicates that is possible to incorporate sustainability performance indicators into the PMS for the PLM approach as long as there stakeholder interested in establishing strategic objectives for sustainability.

De modo geral, há pouca informação disponível aos gestores para orientá-los tanto sobre o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Medição de Desempenho (SMD) quanto à adequabilidade do SMD atual. Já Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) é uma abordagem para a gestão integrada das informações e dos processos de negócio para todas as fases da vida de um produto. A fim de compreender todas as fases da vida de um produto e, de forma consistente, considerar a abordagem PLM, as empresas estão tentando incorporar indicadores de desempenho de sustentabilidade em seus SMDs. O presente trabalho possui por objetivo propor um framework para o desenvolvimento de um SMD para a abordagem PLM com ênfase na sua aplicação prática, compreendendo as seguintes características: um procedimento com a descrição dos seus passos; um conjunto de ferramentas como formulários para apoiar o procedimento; uma lista de indicadores de desempenho de prática seleção dos indicadores na aplicação do framework, relacionados com PLM e sustentabilidade. Esta pesquisa adota a metodologia de pesquisa em design, como a abordagem mais ampla, na qual a proposta do framework é sintetizada da literatura e posteriormente aplicada e aperfeiçoada à medida que se conduzia uma pesquisa-ação. As principais contribuições consistem em possibilitar o diagnóstico do SMD atual da empresa assim como o seu nível de maturidade e selecionar indicadores com base em uma lista previamente sistematiza, para facilitar essa escolha. Finalmente, mostra-se que é possível incorporar indicadores de desempenho de sustentabilidade nos SMDs atuais da empresa para abordagem PLM, desde que existam stakeholders interessados em estabelecer objetivos estratégicos para a sustentabilidade. / Usually there is little information available to managers to guide them on either the development of a Performance Measurement System (PMS) or the uptade of the current PMS. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is an integrated approach to information management and business processes for all stages of life of a product. Further, in order to fully address all phases of a products life and consistently support consider the PLM; companies are trying to incorporate sustainability performance indicators into their PMS. Thus, this work aims at proposing a framework to develop a PMS for the PLM approach with an emphasis on practical application, comprising the following characteristics: a procedure containing steps and a set of tools such as forms to support them; a list of performance indicators PLM and sustainability to enable the selection of indicators. This research adopts the design research methodology, as the broader approach, in which the proposed framework is synthesized from literature and then applied and improved during an action research. The highlights of the framework are the diagnosis of the current SMD company as well as their level of maturity of the PMS and the selection of performance indicators through a list. Finally, this work indicates that is possible to incorporate sustainability performance indicators into the PMS for the PLM approach as long as there stakeholder interested in establishing strategic objectives for sustainability.

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