The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction has become extremely important in the area of industry and academia. The ability to cleanly cross-couple aryl, alkyl, or alkenyl boronic acids/esters with aryl, alkyl, or alkenyl halides to generate new C-C bonds has proven to be a versatile tool towards the synthesis of complex molecules. Over the past three decades, there has been an array of developments and accomplishments in this area of research including the joint awarding of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Suzuki, Heck, and Negishi. Our group published the first successful example of the cross-coupling of chiral secondary benzylic boronic esters. The key components in this reaction were the incorporation of silver oxide and excess triphenyl phosphine. Silver oxide was required for the transmetallation step to occur. Remarkably, the reaction was not only effective for the coupling of these challenging substrates; it was also selective for the branched benzylic species in the presence of a linear alkyl boronic ester. In order to further probe the selectivity of the aforementioned cross-coupling reaction, we have prepared a substrate that incorporates both an aryl and a secondary benzylic boronic ester. Since the secondary benzylic boronic ester requires specialized conditions for the cross-coupling to proceed, we have been able to employ this reaction to introduce two different substituents in place of the boron groups based solely on reaction conditions. Herein, we discuss the optimization and successful chemoselective/iterative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of a substrate that incorporates both an aryl and a secondary benzylic boronic ester without the need of protecting groups on the boron atoms. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2012-10-13 21:20:42.541

Les travaux de recherche s'articulent autour de l'élaboration de nouveaux ligands à plateformepyridylméthylamine, de l'étude de leur activité catalytique, et de leur application potentiellepour la construction d'édifices hélicéniques. La première partie consiste en la synthèse denouveaux ligands pma. Un travail méthodologique a été effectué afin de trouver le meilleurcompromis entre un nombre d'étapes limitées, des conditions douces, un apport de chiralité etune possibilité d'apporter une importante diversité structurale. La deuxième partie de cemanuscrit concerne l'étude catalytique des ligands synthétisés dans diverses transformationscomme le couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura, le couplage oxydant au cuivre et l'additionnucléophile par un organozincique. Les premiers éléments d'une étude structure activité desligands pma appliqués aux couplages de Suzuki-Miyaura a été réalisée en solution grâce à laRMN 15N. La dernière partie repose sur la construction d'architectures moléculairescomplexes et la possibilité de gérer la chiralité axiale dans l'étape clé de leur synthèse. / The manuscript is dealing with the development of new ligands pyridylmethylamine platformfor the study of their catalytic activity and potential application for the construction of helicalarchitectures. The first part describes the synthesis of new pma ligands. Attention has beenpaid to define the best compromise between a limited number of steps, mild conditions,introduction of chirality at key steps and opportunities to reach structural diversity. Thesecond part concerns the catalytic study of these ligands in various transformations such as Pdcatalysis in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Cu catalysis in oxidative coupling copper and Znpromoted nucleophilic addition. First lines of structure-activity relationships has been realizedusing 15N. Finally the last part is devoted to the construction of helical moleculararchitectures. Axial chirality is installed in key coupling step.

The stereochemical course of the Pd–catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of α-substituted, enantioenriched allylic boronic esters with phenyl iodide has been examined. The secondary boronic esters were prepared in both racemic and enantioenriched forms via borylationof a lithiated carbenoid with a geometrically defined vinyl boronic ester. The geometric purities were determined to be >99% and the enantiomeric excesses of stereodefined secondary boronic esters were found to exceed 98:2. In total, 8 allylic boronic esters were successfully cross-coupled, providing arylated products with high regioselectivities (>90:10) and complete enantiospecificities (>99%). The cross-coupling of a sterically and electronically unbiased, deuterated substrate confirmed that fully equilibrated π-allylic intermediates are not involved. Additionally, correlating the absolute configurations of the allylic boronic ester and the cross-coupling product allowed us to confirm that the transmetalation step of the reaction proceeded through a closed transition state via a syn-SE’ mechanism, which further suggests the importance of the distinct Pd-O-B bond linkage. Further, the cross-coupling of vinyl iodides to secondary boronic esters was investigated. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-12 19:05:19.488

Nesta tese a reação de Suzuki-Miyaura será abordada em três diferentes enfoques: utilização de ésteres glicerolarilboronatos, emprego de glicerol como meio reacional e síntese de atropoisômeros a partir de ligantes nitrogenados N-N’ quirais. Primeiramente, a reação do glicerol com ácido fenilborônico proporcionou uma mistura de ésteres cíclicos, glicerol 1,2- fenilboronato (80 %) e glicerol 1,3-fenilboronato (20 %). Os ésteres glicerol fenilforonatos foram empregados em reações de Suzuki-Miyaura catalisadas por paládio com haletos de arila e as respectivas biarilas foram obtidas com rendimentos elevados (> 90 %). Não foi necessário utilização de excesso do composto organoborado e as reações de acoplamento Suzuki-Miyaura foram realizadas mediante precursor catalítico preparado in situ a partir de acetato de paládio e trifenilfosfina sob condições reacionais brandas. A atividade catalítica foi obtida com TON de 62.000. Posteriormente, o uso de glicerol como meio reacional foi eficaz para a o acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura que foi estudado. A reação entre brometos de arila e de ácidos arilborônicos, utilizando glicerol como solvente, forneceu um protocolo ambientalmente menos danoso, eficiente e prático para a síntese biarilas. O glicerol foi usado como solvente utilizando baixas quantidades de catalisador (0,5-1 mol%) produzindo produtos de acoplamento com rendimentos de moderados a elevados (46-99 %). Os produtos foram facilmente isolados através de extração simples e o catalisador pôde ser reutilizado. Finalmente, a síntese de uma série de ligantes piridina-imina e quinolinaimina N-N’ quirais foi descrita. A eficácia destes ligantes N-N’ quirais foi investigada utilizando paládio como precursor catalítico em reação de Suzuki assimétrica entre o ácido 2-etóxinaftilborônico e 1-iodonaftaleno. O produto de acoplamento foi obtido com máximo de 25 % de enantiosseletividade e 91 % de conversão em condições reacionais brandas (50 oC e 6 h). / In this thesis, the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is discussed in three different approaches: using glycerol arylboronates esters, glycerol application as reaction medium and synthesis of atropisomers from chiral N-N' ligands. First, the reaction of glycerol with phenylboronic acid provided a mixture of cyclic glycerol esters, glycerol 1,2-phenylboronate (80 %), and glycerol 1,3- phenylboronate (20 %). The glycerol phenylboronates were applied to the Pdcatalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides, affording the corresponding biphenyl products in high yields. Excess glycerol phenylboronate was not required, and the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction employed a simple catalyst precursor prepared in situ from palladium acetate and triphenylphosphine under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic activity was obtained 62.000 of TON. Second, the use of glycerol as efficient reaction medium for Suzuki- Miyaura reaction was studied. The reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids using glycerol as solvent provides an environmentally benign, efficient and practical protocol for the synthesis of biaryl products. We have found that glycerol can used as solvent using low amounts of catalyst (0.5 mol%) and giving the coupling products in moderate to high yields (46-99 %). The products were easily removed by simple extraction and under the catalyst medium was reused. In the last part, the synthesis of a series of pyridine-imine and quinolineimine chiral N-N’ ligands was described. The efficacy of these chiral N-N’ ligands was investigated in the palladium catalysed asymmetric Suzuki coupling between 2-ethoxynaphthylboronic acid and 1-iodonaphthalene, leading to a maximum of 25 % enantioselectivities at 91 % conversion under mild reactions conditions (50 oC and 6 h).

Nesta tese a reação de Suzuki-Miyaura será abordada em três diferentes enfoques: utilização de ésteres glicerolarilboronatos, emprego de glicerol como meio reacional e síntese de atropoisômeros a partir de ligantes nitrogenados N-N’ quirais. Primeiramente, a reação do glicerol com ácido fenilborônico proporcionou uma mistura de ésteres cíclicos, glicerol 1,2- fenilboronato (80 %) e glicerol 1,3-fenilboronato (20 %). Os ésteres glicerol fenilforonatos foram empregados em reações de Suzuki-Miyaura catalisadas por paládio com haletos de arila e as respectivas biarilas foram obtidas com rendimentos elevados (> 90 %). Não foi necessário utilização de excesso do composto organoborado e as reações de acoplamento Suzuki-Miyaura foram realizadas mediante precursor catalítico preparado in situ a partir de acetato de paládio e trifenilfosfina sob condições reacionais brandas. A atividade catalítica foi obtida com TON de 62.000. Posteriormente, o uso de glicerol como meio reacional foi eficaz para a o acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura que foi estudado. A reação entre brometos de arila e de ácidos arilborônicos, utilizando glicerol como solvente, forneceu um protocolo ambientalmente menos danoso, eficiente e prático para a síntese biarilas. O glicerol foi usado como solvente utilizando baixas quantidades de catalisador (0,5-1 mol%) produzindo produtos de acoplamento com rendimentos de moderados a elevados (46-99 %). Os produtos foram facilmente isolados através de extração simples e o catalisador pôde ser reutilizado. Finalmente, a síntese de uma série de ligantes piridina-imina e quinolinaimina N-N’ quirais foi descrita. A eficácia destes ligantes N-N’ quirais foi investigada utilizando paládio como precursor catalítico em reação de Suzuki assimétrica entre o ácido 2-etóxinaftilborônico e 1-iodonaftaleno. O produto de acoplamento foi obtido com máximo de 25 % de enantiosseletividade e 91 % de conversão em condições reacionais brandas (50 oC e 6 h). / In this thesis, the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is discussed in three different approaches: using glycerol arylboronates esters, glycerol application as reaction medium and synthesis of atropisomers from chiral N-N' ligands. First, the reaction of glycerol with phenylboronic acid provided a mixture of cyclic glycerol esters, glycerol 1,2-phenylboronate (80 %), and glycerol 1,3- phenylboronate (20 %). The glycerol phenylboronates were applied to the Pdcatalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides, affording the corresponding biphenyl products in high yields. Excess glycerol phenylboronate was not required, and the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction employed a simple catalyst precursor prepared in situ from palladium acetate and triphenylphosphine under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic activity was obtained 62.000 of TON. Second, the use of glycerol as efficient reaction medium for Suzuki- Miyaura reaction was studied. The reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids using glycerol as solvent provides an environmentally benign, efficient and practical protocol for the synthesis of biaryl products. We have found that glycerol can used as solvent using low amounts of catalyst (0.5 mol%) and giving the coupling products in moderate to high yields (46-99 %). The products were easily removed by simple extraction and under the catalyst medium was reused. In the last part, the synthesis of a series of pyridine-imine and quinolineimine chiral N-N’ ligands was described. The efficacy of these chiral N-N’ ligands was investigated in the palladium catalysed asymmetric Suzuki coupling between 2-ethoxynaphthylboronic acid and 1-iodonaphthalene, leading to a maximum of 25 % enantioselectivities at 91 % conversion under mild reactions conditions (50 oC and 6 h).

Nesta tese a reação de Suzuki-Miyaura será abordada em três diferentes enfoques: utilização de ésteres glicerolarilboronatos, emprego de glicerol como meio reacional e síntese de atropoisômeros a partir de ligantes nitrogenados N-N’ quirais. Primeiramente, a reação do glicerol com ácido fenilborônico proporcionou uma mistura de ésteres cíclicos, glicerol 1,2- fenilboronato (80 %) e glicerol 1,3-fenilboronato (20 %). Os ésteres glicerol fenilforonatos foram empregados em reações de Suzuki-Miyaura catalisadas por paládio com haletos de arila e as respectivas biarilas foram obtidas com rendimentos elevados (> 90 %). Não foi necessário utilização de excesso do composto organoborado e as reações de acoplamento Suzuki-Miyaura foram realizadas mediante precursor catalítico preparado in situ a partir de acetato de paládio e trifenilfosfina sob condições reacionais brandas. A atividade catalítica foi obtida com TON de 62.000. Posteriormente, o uso de glicerol como meio reacional foi eficaz para a o acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura que foi estudado. A reação entre brometos de arila e de ácidos arilborônicos, utilizando glicerol como solvente, forneceu um protocolo ambientalmente menos danoso, eficiente e prático para a síntese biarilas. O glicerol foi usado como solvente utilizando baixas quantidades de catalisador (0,5-1 mol%) produzindo produtos de acoplamento com rendimentos de moderados a elevados (46-99 %). Os produtos foram facilmente isolados através de extração simples e o catalisador pôde ser reutilizado. Finalmente, a síntese de uma série de ligantes piridina-imina e quinolinaimina N-N’ quirais foi descrita. A eficácia destes ligantes N-N’ quirais foi investigada utilizando paládio como precursor catalítico em reação de Suzuki assimétrica entre o ácido 2-etóxinaftilborônico e 1-iodonaftaleno. O produto de acoplamento foi obtido com máximo de 25 % de enantiosseletividade e 91 % de conversão em condições reacionais brandas (50 oC e 6 h). / In this thesis, the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is discussed in three different approaches: using glycerol arylboronates esters, glycerol application as reaction medium and synthesis of atropisomers from chiral N-N' ligands. First, the reaction of glycerol with phenylboronic acid provided a mixture of cyclic glycerol esters, glycerol 1,2-phenylboronate (80 %), and glycerol 1,3- phenylboronate (20 %). The glycerol phenylboronates were applied to the Pdcatalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides, affording the corresponding biphenyl products in high yields. Excess glycerol phenylboronate was not required, and the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction employed a simple catalyst precursor prepared in situ from palladium acetate and triphenylphosphine under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic activity was obtained 62.000 of TON. Second, the use of glycerol as efficient reaction medium for Suzuki- Miyaura reaction was studied. The reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids using glycerol as solvent provides an environmentally benign, efficient and practical protocol for the synthesis of biaryl products. We have found that glycerol can used as solvent using low amounts of catalyst (0.5 mol%) and giving the coupling products in moderate to high yields (46-99 %). The products were easily removed by simple extraction and under the catalyst medium was reused. In the last part, the synthesis of a series of pyridine-imine and quinolineimine chiral N-N’ ligands was described. The efficacy of these chiral N-N’ ligands was investigated in the palladium catalysed asymmetric Suzuki coupling between 2-ethoxynaphthylboronic acid and 1-iodonaphthalene, leading to a maximum of 25 % enantioselectivities at 91 % conversion under mild reactions conditions (50 oC and 6 h).

As cumarinas são compostos com potente atividade biológica. Foi explorada sua funcionalização, iniciando pela sua bromação, gerando o composto 3-bromocumarina, utilizado como material de partida para as reações de acoplamento do tipo Suzuki-Miyaura, que são uma das reações mais empregadas para a formação de ligação carbono-carbono, a qual utiliza paládio como catalisador e ácidos e ésteres borônicos como nucleófilo. Esses ácidos e ésteres borônicos possuem desvantagens, por isso foram substituídos pelos sais de organotrifluoroboratos de potássio, que são mais nucleofílicos, estáveis à umidade e à luz e não são higroscópicos. Assim, foi associada a catacterística reativa da cumarina para gerar derivados cumarínicos. Foram utilizados sais de ariltrifluoroboratos de potássio na primeira etapa e alquiniltrifluoroboratos de potássio na segunda etapa. Após o término destas duas etapas, foi utilizado o acoplamento de Sonogashira para a geração de um segundo material de partida, o 3-etiniltrimetilsililcumarínico, para poder sintetizar os 1,2,3-triazolilcumarínicos através da 1,3-dipolar cicloadição de Huisgen. Os 1,2,3-triazóis também possuem vasta atividade biológica, sendo de grande interesse sua preparação. / The coumarins are compounds with great biologic activity, for this reason in this dissertation we explored the functionalization beginning with bromination, generating the compound 3-bromocoumarin, used as starting material for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions is one of the most employed protocol for carbon-carbon bond formation that use palladium as catalyst, boronic acid and ester as nucleophiles. But this boronic acid and ester have drawback and were substituted for potassium organotrifluoroborate salts that are more nucleophilic, moisture and light stable and are not hygroscopic. In this context, we associated the coumarin reactivity characteristic with the methodology mentioned above for create coumarin derivatives. We used potassium aryltrifluoroborate salts in the first step and potassium alkynyltrifluoroborate salts for the second step. After finished both steps mentioned before, we used the Sonogashira coupling to create the second starting material, the 3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-2H-chromen-2-one, so we could synthesize the 1,2,3-triazolyl coumarins through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddtion. The 1,2,3-triazole also have a huge biologic activity, that represent a large interest for your preparation.

As cumarinas são compostos com potente atividade biológica. Foi explorada sua funcionalização, iniciando pela sua bromação, gerando o composto 3-bromocumarina, utilizado como material de partida para as reações de acoplamento do tipo Suzuki-Miyaura, que são uma das reações mais empregadas para a formação de ligação carbono-carbono, a qual utiliza paládio como catalisador e ácidos e ésteres borônicos como nucleófilo. Esses ácidos e ésteres borônicos possuem desvantagens, por isso foram substituídos pelos sais de organotrifluoroboratos de potássio, que são mais nucleofílicos, estáveis à umidade e à luz e não são higroscópicos. Assim, foi associada a catacterística reativa da cumarina para gerar derivados cumarínicos. Foram utilizados sais de ariltrifluoroboratos de potássio na primeira etapa e alquiniltrifluoroboratos de potássio na segunda etapa. Após o término destas duas etapas, foi utilizado o acoplamento de Sonogashira para a geração de um segundo material de partida, o 3-etiniltrimetilsililcumarínico, para poder sintetizar os 1,2,3-triazolilcumarínicos através da 1,3-dipolar cicloadição de Huisgen. Os 1,2,3-triazóis também possuem vasta atividade biológica, sendo de grande interesse sua preparação. / The coumarins are compounds with great biologic activity, for this reason in this dissertation we explored the functionalization beginning with bromination, generating the compound 3-bromocoumarin, used as starting material for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions is one of the most employed protocol for carbon-carbon bond formation that use palladium as catalyst, boronic acid and ester as nucleophiles. But this boronic acid and ester have drawback and were substituted for potassium organotrifluoroborate salts that are more nucleophilic, moisture and light stable and are not hygroscopic. In this context, we associated the coumarin reactivity characteristic with the methodology mentioned above for create coumarin derivatives. We used potassium aryltrifluoroborate salts in the first step and potassium alkynyltrifluoroborate salts for the second step. After finished both steps mentioned before, we used the Sonogashira coupling to create the second starting material, the 3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)-2H-chromen-2-one, so we could synthesize the 1,2,3-triazolyl coumarins through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddtion. The 1,2,3-triazole also have a huge biologic activity, that represent a large interest for your preparation.

La recherche de nouvelles molécules à visée thérapeutique est un enjeu majeur pour la communauté scientifique et actuellement, 60% des médicaments utilisés cliniquement sont des produits naturels ou leurs analogues. Dans ce contexte, afin d’être capable de générer rapidement une bibliothèque de composés, le développement d’outils de synthèse efficaces est fondamental et c’est dans cette optique que s’inscrit le travail mené au cours de cette thèse. Les produits d’origine marine sont une source d’inspiration considérable dans le domaine de la création de nouveaux médicaments. Lors de ce travail, une attention particulière a été accordée à la ningaline B et à ses analogues avec pour objectif de mettre au point une voie d’accès simple et efficace. En effet, si la capacité de la forme hexaméthyléther à reverser la résistance aux anticancéreux par inhibition de la glycoprotéine-P a déjà été rapportée dans la littérature, l’étude d’analogues n’a été que peu exploitée.Dans ce contexte, une voie de synthèse reposant sur une étape clé de double couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura sur un dérivé (pseudo)dihalogéné symétrique a été proposée. Cette étape a fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie en envisageant deux approches. La première approche, basée sur des travaux antérieurs réalisés au laboratoire, a été de type simultané. Ainsi, à la manière d’une réaction multicomposante, tous les réactifs sont introduits dès le départ dans le milieu réactionnel. Cette méthode a montré des résultats intéressants dans le cas où deux dérivés borés électroniquement différents sont employés. En revanche, il a été montré que l’utilisation d’espèces borés électroniquement similaires était peu viable avec l’obtention d’un mélange statistique en produits de dicouplage. Toutefois, la préparation des cibles visées requérant l’utilisation d’aryles borés riches en électrons, une autre approche, séquentielle, a été envisagée. Après un travail d’optimisation sur des substrats simplifiés, avec pour objectif de disposer de conditions efficaces, adaptables, faciles avec des réactifs standards, une méthode de monoarylation de dérivés (pseudo)dihalogénés symétriques a été mise en place. Le champ d’application a ensuite été élargi en incluant les noyaux pyrroles nécessaires à la synthèse de la ningaline B et de ses dérivés. Ces travaux ont permis d’accéder aux molécules ciblées. En effet, une fois, les teraryles préparés, quelques étapes de manipulations fonctionnelles permettront d’avoir rapidement accès à de nombreux analogues. D’autre part, les motifs pouvant être obtenus par ce type de séquence réactionnelle pourraient être facilement dérivatisables afin de générer une bibliothèque d’analogues. / New therapeutic targets inversigation is one of the most serious challenges for the scientific community. Nowadays, 60% of clinically used drugs are natural products or their analogs. Thus, the development of new efficient synthetic tools to easily access such library of compounds is crucial. Marin natural products are an important source of inspiration for original drug design. Here we focused on development of an easy and efficient synthesis of ningalin B and its analogs. Indeed, while the literature reports the potential of the hexamethyl ether form to reverse multidrug resistance inhibing P-glycoprotein, only few studies have been done on analogs.Thereby, here we suggest a synthesis based on double Suzuki-Miyaura couplings on symmetrical dihaloarenes as a key step. This is a step to deal with studies in depth and two approaches have been envisaged. The first one relies on a previous simultaneous work in the laboratory. Thus, like a multicomponent reaction, all the starting materials are introduced in the mixture at the beginning of the reaction. This method show promising results when opposed electronic aryl boron derivatives are employ. Nevertheless, using electronic similar boron derivatives, a statistical mixture of dicoupling products is obtained. Since the preparation of our targets only needs the introduction of electron rich aryl moieties, a sequential approach has been envisaged. Preliminary optimizations afford optimal monocoupling conditions on symmetrical dihaloarenes. The scope of the reaction has then been studied including pyrrol nucleuses that are required for the synthesis of ningalins.This work led to desired molecules and analogs can be easily access in a few steps to fulfil a library of compounds.

Since its discovery in 1979, the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) reaction has become one of the most widely utilised tools for carbon-carbon bond formation. The palladium catalysed coupling of an organoboron and organohalide compounds proceeds through a three-stage mechanism of oxidative addition, transmetalation and reductive elimination. The transmetalation of boronic acids to a palladium(II) complex has been widely studied. However, very little is known about the transmetalation of boronic esters, which are commonly used as an alternative to unstable boronic acids. Whether these species undergo direct transmetalation or prior hydrolysis to the boronic acid under SM conditions remains unknown. This research aimed to elucidate the mechanism of this cross-coupling process. Initial results under typical SM conditions created a biphasic reaction, promoted by the inorganic base and solvent composition, and showed that the boronic esters and corresponding boronic acid couple at the same absolute rate. This is thought to be a consequence of the formation of a biphasic mixture, rendering phase transfer the turnover-limiting step. The conditions were thus adapted to maintain a monophasic system using an organic soluble base, 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, enabling the focus to be transmetalation as the turnover-limiting step. These new conditions show a significant difference in both reaction rate and induction period when using a boronic ester compared to the corresponding boronic acid. The use of guanidine was also shown to have an interesting effect on the boronic acid/ester species by 19F and 11B NMR. Further studies found the use of guanidine to create a boronate species, with this species being an aryl trihydroxyboronate or the hydroxyl"ate"-complex of the boronic ester, depending on the presence of diol in the system. Formation of a boronate species was found to be crucial for efficient cross-coupling. When testing weaker bases, unable to form a boronate species, poor SM cross-coupling conversion was found using the newly developed phosphine-free guanidine conditions, showing the importance of the boronate species under these conditions. The results suggest that depending on the strength of base used, the pathway of transmetalation pathway can be switched, between the boronate pathway and the oxo-palladium pathway, under the specific conditions developed.