Nesta monografia foram desenvolvidas metodologias sintéticas para a funcionalização das 2-(S)-isopropil-5-iodo-pirimidinonas, utilizando a reação de acoplamento cruzado de Suzuki-Miyaura e a reação de cicloadição azida-acetileno com cobre, através de estratégias simples e eficientes que permitiram a preparação de uma série de compostos com grande diversidade estrutural. Inicialmente descreve-se a síntese da 2-(S)-isopropil-5-iodo-pirimidinona (S)- 3, a partir da (S)-asparagina enantiomericamente pura 1, um aminoácido barato e de fácil acesso, produzindo na primeira etapa o 2-(S)-isopropil-peridropirimidinona-6- ácido carboxílico (2S,6S)-2, que reagindo com diacetoxiiodo benzeno/iodo e BF3.OEt2, gera a pirimidinona (S)-3. Em seguida, preparou-se uma série de 2-(S)-isopropil-5-aril-pirimidinonas (S)- 6a-q e 2-(S)-isopropil-5-alquinil-pirimidinonas (S)-7a-q, através da reação de acoplamento cruzado de Suzuki-Miyaura, sob catálise de paládio, utilizando aril- (4aq) e alquiniltrifluoroboratos de potássio (5a-q), respectivamente. Desta forma sintetizou-se uma variedade de pirimidinonas com alterações programadas de substituintes na posição 5 do anel, com rendimentos de 15% a 95%. Ainda a fim de obter algumas pirimidinonas com substituintes acetilênicos alquílicos 9a-f, utilizou-se a metodologia de acoplamento de Sonogashira. Em todos os casos obtiveram-se bons rendimentos. Dando sequência ao projeto, sintetizou-se as 2-(S)-isopropil-pirimidinonas funcionalizadas na posição C5 com anéis triazólicos substituídos na posição N1 (S)- 11a-k, através da reação de cicloadição azida-acetileno utilizando CuI como fonte de cobre e ondas ultra-sônicas como fonte de energia. Preparou-se diversos compostos, todos com rendimentos variando de 79% a 87% em 5 minutos de reação. Por último, através da redução da dupla ligação endocíclica dos compostos (S)-6a, 6b, 6g, 6l e 6n e posterior hidrólise utilizando radiação microondas proporcionou a obtenção de α-aril β-aminoácidos altamente enantioenriquecidos. / This monograph shows the development of a synthetic methodology for the functionalization of 2-(S)-isopropyl-5-iodo-pyrimidinones using either Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions or cycloaddition reactions of azide-acetylenes with copper, through a simple and efficient pathway enabling the preparation of a series of structurally diverse compounds. This paper begins by describing the synthesis of 2-(S)-isopropyl-5-iodopyrimidinones (S)-3, from enantiomerically pure (S)-asparagine 1. This inexpensive and readily available amino acid forms 2-(S)-isopropyl-perhidropyrimidinone-6- carboxylic acid (2S, 6S)-2, which is reacted with DIB / iodine and BF3·OEt2 to form pyrimidinone (S)-3. Using palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, a series of 2-(S)-isopropyl-5-arylpyrimidinones (S)-6a-q and 2-(S)-isopropyl-5- alkynylpyrimidinones (S)-7a-q were prepared using potassium aryl- (4a-q) and alkynyltrifluoroborates (5a-q), respectively. With this reaction, a variety of pyrimidinones with different substituents at position 5 of the ring were synthesized, with yields ranging from 15% to 95%. The Sonogashira coupling reaction was used to prepare pyrimidinones with alkyl acetylenic substituents (S)-9a-f, giving good yields in all cases. 2-(S)-Isopropylpyrimidinones were then functionalized in the C5 position with N1 (S)-11a-k substituted triazole rings. These functionalizations were performed by the cycloaddition of azide-acetylenes using CuI and ultrasonic waves, which provided enough energy to reduce the reaction time to only five minutes. Several different variations of this compound were prepared, all with yields between 78% and 87%. Finally, the endocyclic double bonds in compounds (S)-6a, 6b, 6g, 6l and 6n were reduced, followed by a hydrolysis using microwave radiation to afford the highly enantioenriched α-aryl β-amino acids.

Face à l’apparition grandissante de souches bactériennes multi-résistantes à l’arsenal d’antibiotiques actuels, les thiopeptides antibiotiques, bien que connus depuis plus de 60 ans, suscitent actuellement un fort regain d’intérêt. En effet, cette classe de molécules présente une forte activité antibiotique contre des souches bactériennes résistantes et multirésistantes, et met en œuvre deux modes d’inhibition originaux de la synthèse protéique encore inexploités en thérapie antibiotique humaine. Leur développement pharmacologique est en particulier freiné par la difficulté de préparation de ces molécules très complexes. L'élaboration d'une stratégie innovante de synthèse de la partie la plus complexe de ces molécules, le cœur hétérocyclique est étudiée dans ce travail. Cette approche repose sur l'étude et la valorisation de nouvelles méthodologies de fonctionnalisation directe des liaisons C-H et C-X de mono- et bis-thiazoles avec une large gamme d’hétéroaromatiques. Sa viabilité est démontrée par la préparation du cœur hétérocyclique commun aux amythiamicines. / Due to the emergence of multiresistant bacterial strains to standard antibacterial treatments, thiopeptides antibiotics are actually highly considered, though they are known for 60 years. They show an excellent antibiotic activity against multiresistant bacterial strains, and implement two originals inhibition mechanisms of protein synthesis, still unemployed in human therapy. However, the difficulty to prepare these complex macromolecules limits their pharmacological development. The development of a new strategy to synthetize the most complicated part of these macromolecules, their heterocyclic core, is studied here in. This approach is based on the study and the exploitation of novel direct C-H and C-X transition-metal-catalyzed couplings of mono- and bithiazoles units with a broad panel of heteroaromatics. Its viability is here demonstrated trough the multi-step synthesis of the common heterocyclic core of amythiamicins.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de mécanismes de réactions catalysées par des métaux ainsi qu’au développement de nouveaux outils pour la rationalisation et la prévision du comportement catalytique. L’étape de transmétallation entre le bore et le nickel a été étudiée en détail à l’aide de méthodes expérimentales variées (electrochimie, RMN, cinétiques) et par DFT, permettant d’expliquer certaines limitations rencontrées par les experimentateurs. La seconde partie de cette thèse est dédiée à la rationalisation du comportement d’une famille d’acides de Lewis : les sels de triflate et de triflimidate. Leur comportement a été étudié sur des réactions modèles d’amination et d’oxidation et une nouvelle échelle théorique d’acidité de Lewis basée sur l’estimation du transfert de charge vers l’acide à permis de reproduire et prévoir l’activité catalytique. / In this thesis mechanistic studies of metal-catalyzed reactions as well as development of new tools to predict and rationalize the catalytic properties are presented. The boron-tonickel transmetalation step was thoroughly studied by experimental technics (electrochemistry, NMR, kinetics) and DFT calculations, allowing us to solve some of the limitation encountered by the synthetic chemists. In the second part of this thesis the behavior of a family of Lewis acids (triflates and triflimides) is rationalize. Two model reactions (SN and redox) were studied and a new theoretical scale of Lewis acidity was developed based on the charge transferred to the acid allowing us to reproduce and predict the catalytic activity of these salts.

The 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones were prepared via acid-catalyzed cyclization of the corresponding 2-aminochalcones, which were in turn, prepared by base-promoted Claisen-Schmidt aldol condensation of 2-aminoacetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives. The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones were prepared by reacting 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in carbon tetrachloride-chloroform mixture at room temperature. The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones were subjected to palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with arylboronic acid using dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)-tricycohexylphosphine as catalyst mixture and potassium carbonate as a base in dioxane-water under reflux to afford the corresponding novel 2,6,8-triaryl-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones in a single-pot operation. The latter were subjected to thallium(III) p-tolylsulfonate in dimethoxyethane under reflux to yield the 2,6,8-triarylquinolin-4(1H)-ones. The 2,6,8-triaryl-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones were treated with molecular iodine in refluxing methanol to afford the corresponding 2,6,8-triaryl-4-methoxyquinolines. All the new compounds were characterized using a combination of 1H NMR & 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR and mass spectroscopic techniques. / Chemistry / M.Sc. (Chemistry)

Cross-coupling reactions, where a transition metal catalyst facilitates the formation of a new carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond between two coupling partners, has become one of the most widely used, reliable, and robust family of transformations for the construction of molecules. The Nobel Prize was awarded to pioneers in this field who primarily used aryl iodides, bromides, and triflates as electrophilic coupling partners. The expansion of the reaction scope to non-traditional electrophiles is an ongoing challenge to enable an even greater number of useful products to be made from simple starting materials. The major goal of this thesis research is to improve and expand upon this field by using esters as electrophiles via the activation of the strong C(acyl)−O bond. Esters are particularly robust in comparison to other carboxylic acid derivatives used in cross-coupling reactions. Success on the activation of such inert functional group using catalysis has both fundamental and practical value. By discovering new reaction modes of this abundant functional group, synthetic routes to access novel or industrially important molecules can be improved. Chapter 1 of this thesis describes a literature overview of what has been accomplished in the field of cross coupling reactions using carboxylic acid derivatives as electrophilic coupling partners. Chapter 2 discloses the first palladium Suzuki-Miyaura couplings of phenyl esters to produce ketones. The method is efficient and robust, giving good yields of useful products. The reaction is proposed to proceed via an oxidative addition to the strong C(acyl)−O bond of the ester. In contrast to previous efforts in this field that use traditional catalysts such as Pd(PPh3)4, the developed reaction requires use of an electron-rich, bulky N-heterocyclic carbene ligand, which facilitates the strong bond activation. Furthermore, a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryl esters and anilines is reported, enabling access to diverse amides. The reaction takes place via a similar activation of the C−O bond by oxidative addition with a Pd−NHC complex, which enables the use of relatively non-nucleophilic anilines that otherwise require stoichiometric activation with strong bases to react. Chapter 3 discloses a nickel-catalyzed amide bond formation using unactivated and abundant esters. In this transformation, an accessible nickel catalyst can facilitate the activation of diverse aliphatic and aromatic esters to enable direct amide bond formation with amines as nucleophiles. No stoichiometric base, acid, or other activating agent is needed, providing exceptional functional group tolerance and producing only methanol as a by-product. This reaction is of both fundamental and practical importance because it is the first to demonstrate that simple conditions can enable Ni to cleave the C–O bond of an ester to make an oxidative addition product, which can be subsequently coupled with amines. This discovery contrasts industrially-common and wasteful methods that still require stoichiometric activating agents or multistep synthesis. Chapter 4 describes the evaluation of different types of cross-coupling reactions using methyl esters as electrophilic coupling partner. A high-throughput screening technique has been applied to this project. A combination between specific ligands, known by their efficiency to activate strong C−O bonds, and literature-based conditions has been designed for the chosen transformations. Using this strategy, two promising hits have been obtained using the same NHC ligand: a decarbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura and a decarbonylative borylation reaction.

As key components of flexible organic electronics, the synthesis of polythiophenes via less toxic and more cost-effective routes is demanded. An efficient synthetic route for the production of thienyl-containing homopolymers and copolymers has been developed. The synthetic approach consists of: i) the synthesis in high yield and high purity of thienyl borane monomers protected with N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) via C-H electrophilic borylation. This reaction uses a combination of inexpensive reagents BCl3, AlCl3, and 2,6-dichloropyridine (Cl2Py) for the regioselective electrophilic aromatic substitution of thiophenes, followed by addition of a second aprotic amine pre-esterification to reduce the Brønsted acidity of the reaction mixture. In situ esterification provided the desired thienyl MIDA boronateester monomers in one-pot at room temperature. ii) Subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura polymerisation of the synthesised monomers to produce well defined thienyl containing pie-conjugated polymers in high molecular weight and high yields. Key reaction parameters for successful Suzuki-Miyaura polymerisation of thienyl-derived MIDA boronate esters under mild temperatures (i.e., 55 °C in THF) were found: a) an optimal monomer:H2O:base ratio, which enables controlled hydrolysis of the BMIDA moiety into its corresponding boronic acid at appropriate rates for high fidelity polymerisation. b) Nature of the base, where K3PO4 provided the best results for production of homopolymers (e.g., rr-P3HT), or KOH which gave excellent results for the formation of copolymers across a range of electronically different comonomers (e.g., pCPDT-BT). Thus, it is demonstrated that the approach is a general strategy for the highly efficient production of thienyl containing pie-conjugated regioregular, regiosymmetric and Donor-Acceptor polymers.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés d'acides pulviniques et à l'évaluation de leurs propriétés antioxydante et radioprotectrice. Cette étude a été réalisée dans le but de développer de nouveaux agents de protection contre les rayonnements ionisants. Une nouvelle voie d'accès à des dérivés d'acides pulviniques a été mise au point en partant du L-tartrate de diméthyle. Elle est basée notamment sur une étape de cyclisation de Dieckmann, une déshydratation et un couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura. Elle permet une préparation efficace et concise de différents dérivés d'acides pulviniques : des dérivés tétroniques comportant un a-hydroxyester, des dérivés pulviniques monosubstitués et des pulvinates de méthyle. Une modification de cette méthode a été réalisée afin de préparer des pulvinones. Cette stratégie conduit en quatre étapes aux pulvinones souhaitées. La rapidité de cette méthode est apportée par un processus tandem, réalisé en dernière étape, mettant en jeu une cyclisation de Dieckmann et une b-élimination. Une synthèse d'acides 3-aryltétramiques a également été mise au point afin de préparer des dérivés azotés d'acides pulviniques. L'activité antioxydante des composés préparés a ensuite été évaluée à l'aide de différents tests : DPPH, ABTS, protection de la thymidine et de l'ADN et étude de la peroxydation lipidique. Ces évaluations ont permis de définir des relations structure-activité intéressantes des dérivés pulviniques. Elles ont montré que plusieurs dérivés possédaient de très bonnes actvités antioxydantes. Enfin, des tests de radioprotection sur des cellules TK6 et des souris ont pu être réalisés sur une sélection de composés.

A one-pot synthesis of ortho-arylated 9-(pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles via C-H bond activation, in which palladium(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling of 9-(pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles with potassium aryltrifluoroborates is presented. Silver nitrate and tert-butanol were proved to be the best oxidant and solvent for the process, respectively. The product yields fluctuated from modest to excellent, and the reaction showed sufficient functional group tolerance. p-Benzoquinone served as an important ligand for the transmetalation and reductive elimination steps in the catalytic process. The key intermediate of the reaction, 9-(pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole palladacycle was isolated and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) for the C-H bond activation step was measured as 0.87. In addition, Hammett experiment gave a negative rho value, -2.14 with a reasonable correlation (R2 = 0.90). The directing group, pyridyl was demonstrated as a removable functional group. Finally, a rational catalytic mechanism is presented based on all experimental evidence.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von amid- und esterfunktionalisierten Aminen. Dabei steht vor allem die Verwendung dieser Verbindungsklasse als Ionophore in der chemischen Sensorik im Vordergrund. Durch geeignete Voruntersuchungen, wie die Bestimmung der Lipophilie und UV/Vis-Spektroskopie, war es möglich, eine Selektion der Vielzahl von synthetisierten Ionophoren durchzuführen. Dennoch war es nur durch systematische Untersuchungen erreichbar, die für den Einsatz in der ISE am besten geeigneten Ionophore zu bestimmen. Die Anwendung als Katalysatorträgermoleküle für die Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion wurde nur von den ferrocenfunktionalisierten Molekülen in Betracht gezogen. Diese wurden an Palladiumallylchlorid koordiniert und auf ihr katalytisches Verhalten untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit Zunahme der funktionellen Endgruppen im Molekül ein negativer dendritischer Effekt auftritt.

Esta tesis doctoral se centró en la síntesis y la caracterización de nanopartículas metálicas (Pd, Ni, Pt) estabilizadas por varios tipos de ligandos y el uso de estas nanopartículas en reacciones de formación de nuevos C-C o C-heteroatomo: a) Reacción de substitución alílica catalizadas por Pd; b) Reacción de acoplamiento asimétrico de Suzuki-Miyaura; c) Reacción de acoplamiento de Suzuki-Miyaura; d) reacción de adición 1,4 de ácidos borónicos a cetonas. En cada una de estas reacciones se llevó a cabo la síntesis y caracterización de nanoparticulas metálica y complejos moleculares usando muchos tipos de ligandos en los sistemas moleculares y los sistemas análogos cataliazados por nanopartículas. Excelentes actividades y enatioselectividades fueron obtenidas en la reacción de alquilación y aminación alílica. Además, estos sistemas fueron reciclados usando líquidos iónicos. También, nuevos y selectivas nanoparticulas fueron sintetizadas y caracterizadas. Estas nanopartículas fueron usadas exitosamente en varias reacciones de formación de nuevos enlaces C-C. / This doctoral thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticles (Pd, Ni, Pt) stabilized by several types of ligands and the used of these nanoparticles in new C-C or C-heteroatom bond formation reactions: a) Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions; b) Pd-catalysed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions; c) Ni-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions; d) Pt-catalysed 1,4-addition of phenylboronic acid to 2-cyclohexen-1-one reaction. For each reaction, the synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticles and molecular complexes using several types of ligands were performed and both types of catalytic systems were tested in the appropriate reactions. Remarkably, excellent enantioselectivities using Pd/phosphite ligand were obtained in allylic substitution reaction. An efficient recovery of the catalytic system was carried out using ionic liquids as reaction medium. New active and selective nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. These nanoparticles were applied successfully in various C-C bond formation reactions.