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Between 1915 and 1918, the Swedish Red Cross organised transportation and exchanges of prisoners of war between Russia, Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During 1917, some particularly sick prisoners were sent to Norway and Denmark to be hospitalised. This paper studies the aid effort to prisoners of war by the Swedish Red Cross during World War One by studying their work with these prisoner exchanges. By doing this, the study aims to answer the question of how the Swedish Red Cross cooperated with states to conduct exchanges of prisoners of war. This is done through a qualitative method of analysis of the material, during which Nye’s theory of interdependence is employed as a tool for the analysis. The four dimensions of interdependence (sources, benefits, relative costs, and symmetries) are used to generate operationalized research questions and to analyse the results. These transportations were a massive administrative undertaking for the Swedish Red Cross and required cooperation from all involved states to run smoothly. The Russian revolution and subsequent civil war, lack of coal and oil, and animosity between the belligerent nations created problems repeatedly threatening the cooperations. The study concludes that the cooperation was based on administrational work by the Swedish Red Cross together with material, financial and medical contributions from the states. The study also concludes that the main sources of interdependence were the mutual need to exchange prisoners between the belligerent states. For them the main benefit was getting their compatriots back; for the Red Cross and neutral states, it was recognized as a humanitarian actor. The Swedish Red Cross and the neutral states were the more sensitive actors, while the belligerent states were the more vulnerable actors. The cooperation was relatively symmetrical but slightly skewed in the favour of the belligerent states

Becoming business-like is a phenomenon that is gaining more and more attention in the non-profit sector. One aspect within this phenomenon is professionalization; which implies that there are an increased number of professional employees, higher demands on volunteers, and that there is a perception that experts should be in charge. This has influenced the governance of non-profit organizations to become more business-like through greater formalities, increased competence and education. At the same time, these organizations are expected to be driven primarily by volunteers, which limits the possibilities for formal control. The field of research has found that professionalization is a widespread phenomenon, but has not considered what happens to business-like organizational ideas when they travel within the organization. This study contributes to the field of research by increasing the understanding of how professionalization manifests itself in terms of management at different organizational levels, as well as how this affects the non-profit identity. Following an in-depth qualitative case study of the Swedish Red Cross, this study concludes that professionalization is primarily expressed in management through a strong focus on professional skills and increased administrative requirements, and that it appears to be an influential aspect of two different organizational identities. This is based on 13 interviews with people at three different organizational levels, seven participatory observations at the second-hand shop Kupan, as well as analysis of externally and internally produced documentation. By using translation theory, the study shows that professional ideas undergo editing and translation when they travel within the organization. Thus, the study's conclusions also indicate that professionalization decreases at lower levels. Nevertheless, the perception of two different organizational identities remains a consequence of decoupling; a strategy to meet the environment's expectations of being both a professional and non-profit organization. This creates a distance between the organizational levels and reduces the individuals sense of belonging. Furthermore, this study shows that further research is needed examining what happens to ideas about professionalization when they travel within organizations, to truly understand the phenomenon. / Att bli företagslik är ett fenomen som får allt mer uppmärksamhet inom den ideella sektorn. En aspekt av detta fenomen är professionalisering; vilket tidigare forskning menar innebär att andelen professionella anställda ökar, att det ställs högre krav på volontärer och att det finns en uppfattning om att experter ska vara ansvariga. Detta har influerat styrningen i ideella organisationer att bli mer företagslik genom högre formalitet, kompetens och utbildning. Samtidigt förväntas dessa organisationer primärt drivas av volontärer, vilket begränsar möjligheterna för formell styrning. Forskningsfältet har konstaterat att professionalisering är ett utbrett fenomen men har inte undersökt vad som händer med företagslika organisationsidéer när de sprids inom organisationen. Denna studie bidrar till forskningsfältet genom att öka förståelsen för hur professionalisering tar sig i uttryck i styrningen på olika organisatoriska nivåer, samt hur detta påverkar den ideella identiteten. Efter en ingående kvalitativ fallstudie av Svenska Röda Korset är studiens slutsatser att professionalisering främst uttrycks i styrningen genom ett stort fokus på professionell kompetens och ökade administrativa krav, samt att det verkar vara en influerande aspekt till två olika organisationsidentiteter. Detta baseras på 13 intervjuer med personer på tre olika organisatoriska nivåer, sju deltagande observationer på second hand-butiken Kupan, samt analys av externa och interna dokument. Genom att använda translationsteori visar studien att professionella idéer genomgår redigering och översättning när de sprids inom organisationen. Således indikerar studiens slutsatser även att professionaliseringen avtar på lägre nivåer. Trots detta kvarstår uppfattningen om två olika organisationsidentiteter som är en konsekvens av särkoppling; en strategi för att möta omgivningens förväntningar om att vara både en professionell och ideell organisation. Detta skapar en distans mellan de organisatoriska nivåerna och minskar individernas känsla av tillhörighet. Därmed visar denna studie att det behövs ytterligare forskning om vad som händer med idéer om professionalisering när de sprids inom organisationer, för att verkligen förstå fenomenet.

The Swedish Red Cross (SRK) has worked for over a century to improve Swedishsociety and at the same time been involved in aid operations for several internationalhumanitarian disasters and crises. SRK is meant to be a stateless and neutralorganization, but has at the same time since its inception in 1864 SRK had a closecollaboration with the Swedish government. This essay aims to understand how thiscooperation has affected SRK's aid actions in war and if it has affected their neutralityin choosing sides in the wars. The essay's investigation deals with three areas thatwere affected by war and where SRK chose to carry out aid operations. The sourcematerial has been analyzed based on the qualitative text analysis method where thesource material is selected according to the three areas; Abyssinia, Finland andGreece. Furthermore, the empirical evidence has been analyzed based on Joseph S.Nye Jr. Theory of interdependence to better and at a deeper level understandcooperation. The analysis is based on the four concepts that Nye Jr. built his theorybased on: sources, benefits, relative costs, and symmetries. The study shows that therewas a mutual need for a collaboration between SRK and the Swedish state, whichaffected SRK's neutrality into whom and where the aid actions should be sent. / Svenska Röda Korset (SRK) har arbetat i över ett sekel för att förbättra det svenskasamhället och samtidigt varit involverat i hjälpinsatser för flera internationellahumanitära katastrofer och kriser. SRK är tänkt att vara en statslös och neutralorganisation, men har samtidigt sedan starten 1864 haft ett nära samarbete med densvenska regeringen. Denna uppsats syftar till att förstå hur detta samarbete harpåverkat SRK:s biståndsåtgärder i krig och om det har påverkat deras neutralitet i attvälja sida i krigen. Uppsatsens utredning behandlar tre områden som drabbats av krigoch där SRK valde att genomföra biståndsinsatser. Källmaterialet har analyseratsutifrån den kvalitativa textanalysmetoden där källmaterialet väljs ut enligt de treområdena; Abessinien, Finland och Grekland. Vidare har den empiriska evidensenanalyserats utifrån Joseph S. Nye Jr. Teori om interdependens för att bättre och på endjupare nivå förstå samarbete. Analysen bygger på de fyra begrepp som Nye Jrbyggde sin teori utifrån: källor, nytta, relativa kostnader och symmetrier. Studien visaratt det fanns ett ömsesidigt behov av ett samarbete mellan SRK och svenska staten,vilket påverkade SRK:s neutralitet till vem och vart biståndsinsatserna skulle skickas.