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How should a tax on realized capital gains be designed in order to yield the same revenue and the same impacts on savings and portfolio choice as a tax on current income? Should income from risky investments be taxed at a higher or lower rate than income from assets without risk? How is the capital structure and the dividend policy of firms determined in the presence of taxes and what are the effects of tax differentials on the debt ratio, on the dividend policy, on the capial intensity, on the willingness to take nonfinancial risks and on the welfare of workers and investors? These and related questions are analyzed in this dissertation, which uses models based on the theory of neoclassical economics and the theory of finance. As background, a comprehensive presentation is given of the theory of savings, investment and portfolio choice. The general effects of capital income taxes on housholds and firms are also analyzed. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Abstract       The actions of Sweden during the second world war has been richly discussed over the years. Sweden declared itself neutral in the war between the great powers but did not manage to maintain its neutrality. The nature of neutrality has often been discussed; whether it is of a idealistic or more pragmatic nature. Realism, a theory of international relations, would argue that it is of a more pragmatic nature, hence these two are in opposition. Realism also takes credit in claiming to explain how and why a state chooses to act in a situation.   The aim of this essay was to, by examining specific decisions made by the swedish government during the Second World War, come to a conclusion whether or not Sweden’s proclaimed neutrality was of idealistic or pragmatic nature, and thereby possibly coming to a conclusion about neutrality in large. It was also to examine the worth of realism as an explanatory theory by applying it to this specific case; to examine its validity. The study was conducted using a qualitative method; presenting empiric facts and then by using a decision model interpreting the actions and results from a realist perspective.   The study concludes that realism has explanatory power, although not a complete one. The evidence, concerning the neutrality matter, points to that neutrality should be considered as being of a more pragmatic nature.   Keywords: Second world war, international relations, realism, neutrality

Ordet effektivitet används i en speciell betydelse inom kapitalmarknadsforskningen. På en effektiv kapitalmarknad avspeglas all information omedelbart i priserna. Effektiva kapitalmarknader är en förutsättning för att nytt kapital ska fördelas på ett samhällsekonomiskt riktigt sätt. På en effektiv marknad kan en placerare inte få högre avkastning än normalt genom att söka efter ny information. Avhandlingen innehåller sex undersökningar av effektiviteten på Stockholms Fondbörs. Tre av dem försöker besvara frågan om historiska aktiekurser kan användas för att förutsäga kommande kursrörelser. Först beräknas några statistiska mått på beroendet mellan historiska och framtida kurser. Därefter undersöks en teknisk analysmetod, filterregeln. Dess köp- och säljsignaler genereras av den tidigare kursutvecklingen. På en effektiv aktiemarknad ska inte denna typ av teknisk analys löna sig. Under 1980-talet har ett antal anomalier i aktieprisbildningen upptäckts på den amerikanska aktiemarknaden. Anomalierna innebär att aktieavkastningen skiljer sig från det normala under vissa, lätt identifierbara, tidsperioder. Detta är den första undersökningen av anomalier på den svenska aktiemarknaden. De anomalier som studeras är veckodagseffekten, årsskifteseffekten och ex-dagseffekten. (Ex-dagen är den dag en aktie på börsen noteras exklusive t ex utdelning eller delrätt.) / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate how young female Kurd immigrants experienced their existence between two different cultures, namely Swedish compared to the immigrants parents culture. How their experience behavioural conduct between the opposite sex before marriage and if the young female Kurds thought the mass media picture of them was thought of as a correct image of their lives in general or whether they experienced it as a generalisation only. We chose qualitative methods for our study and used suitable literature based on the theories of this subject to be able to understand the problem. To go deeper whit the study five young female Kurds aged between eighteen and twenty years were asked if they would participate in an interview on the subject. These participants proved that they had no problem at all being multicultural. They adapted themselves no matter which environment they found themselves in, whether it is the Swedish or the Kurd culture. They did NOT see themselves as victims or nondependent individuals. They did not experience their male relatives as a threat either; on the contrary, family was seen as a big support for them instead. Their strong and positive side had not been highlighted in the mass media only neglected and ignored on behalf of the weak and oppressed female Kurd instead. This was very frustrating for the young female Kurds who we interviewed. If there is going to be a change in the problem, which actually does exist in society today, then one must examine the intersectionalism within research work that now seems to be done. This became quite clear in our research study that is presented here.

The aim of this essay is to see how various texts, both Swedish and foreign, have described the former Swedish colony of St. Bartholomew. The focus has been on the slaves on the colony, and here how they were treated and how the analyzed authors portray the slaves lives. The literature has been divided up into two different categories, based on when they were published. The distinction has been made by dividing them up into a contemporary cluster, that were published before the 1900’s, as opposed to the more recent literature, from after the 1900’s. This division also enables us to see a difference not only between authors, but also between time periods. The research shows a difference within the focus of the contemporary and the recent literature, where the contemporary focused more on the slave trade per se whereas the slaves lives are discussed more in the recent literature. This can be ascribed to the differing discourses, where the actuality of abolishing the slave trade was prominent when the contemporary authors were active. The recent authors have all had access to the same resources in the different archives, but most of them differ in their usage of said resources. By looking at these texts with the theory of historiography in mind we can ascribe these differences to many different reasons, some of being the differing discourses as well as the aim of the text.  Whereas there has been research conducted about St. Bartholomew as a Swedish colony, the subject has not caused a great stir within the academic world of history.