This research examines the interrelationships between customary and statutory tenure systems in Swaziland, in relation to urban development. It also focuses on the assumptions, aspirations and practices of modern and traditional authorities in relation to the processes of urban development. The Swaziland Urban Development Project (SUDP) initiated in the late 1980's, to upgrade informal settlements of Swaziland's cities, is used to examine the extent to which these land tenure interrelationships impact on the residents and the upgrading of informal settlements. Implementation of the SUDP (insitu upgrading) in Manzini, only took place in 2007 – a decade after the original planned commencement date. This was because the traditional leaders of the informal settlements of Moneni area (an area where the project would be piloted), did not accept the project. Since the Government and the Municipal Council of Manzini did not want to use force (Municipal Council of Manzini, 2004) it entered into further negotiations. This study investigates why the project was not accepted, examines the role of the traditional leaders in the non-acceptance of the project and the changes in attitudes towards the project in 2007. In the process, it explores the diverse responses to the SUDP and the processes of negotiation between the traditional and urban authorities, demonstrating how both authorities fought for retention of their authority over the area and also for their own vision of 'development'. Such contestation resulted in protracted discussions on the part of the urban authorities, whilst the issue of authority remains inconclusive. To investigate the impact of these interactions on the residents of the informal settlements, the study interrogates the assumptions of the development planners (project officials from Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MHUD), City Councils and the World Bank) with regard to the benefits of the project. The different understandings of development priorities, different assumptions about the outcomes of the SUDP and the complex interactions that occur between formal and traditional structures have undermined efforts to improve living conditions of the urban residents. This study demonstrates that these assumptions of policy-makers and planners and their aspirations are colonially inherent and based on western thinking about modernisation. The implementation of grandiose plans and the making of a beautiful city are pursued, whilst residents lament that from their perspective there is ‘no development'. In addition, the study takes cognisance of social differentiation - separately examining how women in the project area were affected by the project. This study therefore demonstrates that the main challenge underlying the process of improving the living conditions of informal settlements' residents is the existence of different urban land tenure systems, managed by various authorities namely; urban authorities (government, municipalities) and traditional authorities, both asserting their legitimacy over the areas.

Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in southern Africa are often connected with forced resettlement, marginalization and exclusion from the decision-making process of the local community. Therefore this study investigates the level and kind of community involvement in the TFCA process in Swaziland by performing nine semi-structured interviews in five different communities. The results show that the TFCA process in Swaziland is not quite like the situation described in the rest of southern Africa. They demonstrate that although the community projects in Swaziland’s TFCAs might not be completely gender sensitive and still have to develop in terms of their sustainability, they are on the right track. Most communities are autonomous regarding the governance of their development, either through community boards or traditional structures. Additionally, it is obvious that there are a lot of ideas on and possibilities for development in the communities that need to be encouraged.

The present report, based on a survey conducted over four years and on the accumulation of museum records, provides the most detailed documentation yet of the herpetofauna of Swaziland. One hundred and two new forms are recorded from the country bringing the total number of forms to 154, consisting of 44 amphibians and 110 reptiles. Up-to-date checklists of the amphibians and reptiles are presented and effectively indicate a rich and diverse herpetofauna. The biogeography of the Swaziland herpetofauna is discussed based on distribution records derived from collected specimens as well as reliable sight and audio records. Swaziland does not constitute a distinctive biogeographical unit. The present study indicates that the herpetofauna shows affinities with both the Afrotemperate and Afrotropical biomes. The traditional biogeographical classification in southern Africa, of the presence of a Cape temperate fauna and a tropical East African lowland fauna, is tested by means of a transect and is reinforced. It is also shown that Swaziland, together with Natal and southern Mozambique, forms an integral part of the tropical subtraction zone of south-east Africa. Amphibian diversity and species turnover in southern Africa are investigated by means of a transect from the east coast, through Swaziland, to the interior plateau, and a north to south transect down the eastern lowveld. The Dice-Sorenson Similarity index gives a value of 41% for the entire east-west transect and 89% for the north-south transect. The conservation status of the amphibians and reptiles of Swaziland is discussed. Conservation measures are proposed. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1992.

Nurses are prone to occupational hazards while carrying out their professional duties. The HIV-related post exposure prophylaxis is recommended for health workers who prick themselves accidentally with needles that have been used on clients. The taking of antiretroviral drugs after encountering needle stick injury has been documented by medical scientists as relatively successful in preventing sero-conversion and decreasing the likelihood of contracting HIV infection. However, some of the nurses are reluctant to implement this programme and yet they have been exposed to needle stick prick. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors contributing to nurses’ poor utilization of HIV-related post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) at a selected region in Swaziland. The study was conducted in one hospital setting and one public health unit. A quantitative research design using an exploratory, descriptive cross sectional survey was used for this study. A census sample size of 200 participants was obtained from a group of nurses working in the government hospital and public health units. Using self-administered questionnaires, quantitative data was obtained and analysed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23 software computer program. The study findings revealed that though majority of nurses (65%) are knowledgeable about PEP, its importance and operational policies and guidelines, this knowledge level was not transferred to influence the utilization of PEP as only 38% (n=75) reported utilizing PEP. Factors identified as causes of lower levels of PEP service utilization among respondents included fear of undergoing pre-prophylaxis procedures like HIV testing and counselling, and consequences thereof which include stigma, challenges of adherence and dealing with medication side effects. Based on these findings the researcher recommends strengthening of staff development programs offered to nurses with focus on preventive measures against occupational exposure to HIV and AIDS through use of PEP. Institutional responsibility to ensure that PEP policies and guidelines are available and known by all new health personnel during induction and practicing nurses throughout their employment. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The main objectives of the study are to determine the extent of control women have over sexual matters in Swazi traditional marriages; to identify the factors influencing the extent of control women have over sexual matters in traditional marriages; and to analyse the consequences of women’s lack of control over sexual matters on the women themselves, their families and their communities with regard to development. Reviewed literature and identified themes were verified in the field through focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The study revealed that women in traditional marriages do not have control over their sexuality because of the obligations and cultural practices inherent in the marriage restricting women’s involvement in decision making in sexual matters. This position undermines the social and economic development of women, families and communities. It is therefore recommended that cultural practices be amended to improve the status of women in decision making. / Development Studies / M.A. (Social Sciences)

This thesis explores women and theatre for development in Swaziland. It focuses on how theatre for development is used as a tool in the development of women. Firstly, I examine the key concepts used throughout the thesis and I pay special attention to Theatre for Development. In the second chapter, I give an account of the country's history and pay special attention to the social status of women. In chapter 3, I examine the various forms of performance found in Swaziland and how they impact on the development of Swazi women. In the fourth chapter, I consider the evolution of literary practice in Swaziland and discuss two play-texts in English by H.I.E Dhlomo, a key literary figure and pioneer playwright of modem black drama in South Africa. I explore A Witch in My Heart by Hilda Kuper, a white anthropologist who lived in Swaziland in the mid twentieth century, and lastly. The Paper Bride by Zodwa Motsa, a contemporary Swazi writer. Next, in chapter 5, 1 investigate the first phase of Theatre for Development in Swaziland where non-governmental organizations, the Swazi Government and independent individuals worked together using Theatre for Development in Swazi communities. I consider first the workshops initiated by the youth. In chapter 6, I give an account of workshops involving whole communities and the kudliwa inhloko ebandla, a workshop that involved men only. In all these workshops 1 examine how they impacted on the development of women. I then conclude with a discussion of the findings of the study and their implications for the development of women.

Magister Bibliothecologiae - MBibl / Indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) have made positive contributions in agriculture; health care; medicine; food preparation and preservation; land use; education and a host of other activities in rural communities as well as in urban ones (Warren, 1991:26). Yet hardly a day goes by when an elderly man or woman does not die with all the wealth of knowledge, which is then buried beyond recovery. Therefore, there is a need for institutions, which are in the business of information like libraries and/or information centers to manage (collect, document, organize, store, disseminate) the indigenous knowledge for potential contribution in present and future endeavours. Ngulube (2002: 96) rightly points out that the loss of IK will “impoverish society”.The main aim of the study was to explore the issue if indigenous knowledge within the library and information sector, specifically within the Swaziland National Library Service; investigate if IK is managed; determine how it can best be managed in order to contribute positively to the community; and identify ways to best manage it. This study adopted the qualitative research methodology using the triangulation method, which allows the use of different data collection techniques.The study found that Swaziland National Library Service (SNLS) manages IK, but at a very low level. Lack of funds is one major issue that has been voiced as the biggest hindrance to Indigenous Knowledge Management and that Library and information professionals are not adequately trained to manage IK. The study also discovered that Library and information services in Swaziland are still very much book-based and very much westernized, such that only a select elite is catered for by the current services. Intellectual property rights are not dealt with, with respect to IK.From the findings, this study recommends that Library and information professionals include indigenous knowledge in the existing collection development policies or must design collection development policies that include IK. / South Africa

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Swaziland aggravated by the escalating HIV epidemic. Health services in five of the major industries in Swaziland represent the potential for the highest quality of TB care in the country, arising from increased supervision and better case holding. The guidelines of the national TB control programme (TBCP) are mostly adhered to, but there is a tendency to rely on clinical and radiological parameters for diagnosis due to problems with sputum microscopy. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate current TB management protocols by describing case management and treatment outcomes in these five industries. Specific objectives included the determination of quantitative outcomes (cure and treatment completion, smear conversion, treatment interruption and failure, and mortality). Patient knowledge of TB and its treatment as well as health worker practices were also assessed. Methods: Descriptive questionnaire survey. Results: The majority of TB patients (79%) were young (mean age 38 yrs) males. 81 % of patients were treated for TB for the first time. The HIV status of a third of patients was known, and 82.7% of these were positive. There were significant differences between the perceptions of health workers and patients on the delivery of TB care and the time lapse between diagnosis and treatment. Chest X-ray was the main diagnostic tool used. In more than 97% of cases the TBCP prescribed treatment regimen was used. Directly observed treatment was provided to 77.4% of patients. The majority of patients had some knowledge of TB and its spread. 73.4% of patients knew about available TB treatment, and 75% about treatment duration. Coughing was identified as an important symptom by 84.5% of patients. There was a significant difference between calculated and estimated adherence to treatment. In 55.6% of patients no sputum smear was done at two months. Treatment outcome was favourable in 83.7 % of patients, compared to only 62.1 % of TBCP patients in 2001. Outcome analysis showed that the participating industries had a highly successful TB control programme compared to the national TBCP, with outcome indicators meeting international standards. A serious deficiency detected was the lack of smear microscopy for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Limitations: The possibility exists that patients presenting to the Health Centres were not registered sequentially. The usual limitations relating to questionnaires are applicable. Recommendations: Directly observed treatment coverage and supervision can be improved in industry as the patient group is well-defined and captive. Sputum microscopy should become the mainstay of diagnosis and monitoring. Health care providers should be primed to detect co-existing lung disease and HIV, and TB drug side effects. Accurate recording and reporting systems should be introduced without delay. Communication between the TBCP and the non-governmental health institutions in Swaziland needs improvement. / Dissertation (MMed)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / Unrestricted

Businesses in Swaziland have been somewhat cushioned against the impact of world trade liberation and least as far as home and regional markets are concerned (Ministry of Enterprise and Employment, 2005: 18). The country's position with the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) affords temporary protection against the competition felt by economies elsewhere in Africa. Furthermore, with limited domestic markets, export-oriented industries are the backbone of Swaziland's economy (Thompson, 2010:19). Trade vibrancy caused by globalisation, health standards requirements and other factors has started affecting export industries. It is therefore, important that the businesses in Swaziland prepare for more intense competition in the future. This could be achieved through improved management and improved productivity which would then enhance competitiveness. The decrease of foreign direct investment in the agricultural sector, the removal of trade preferences among top export industries (sugar, textile), decrease in demand for export products (as a result of economic downturn), indicates that there is a problem of competitiveness in the Swaziland agribusiness sector. Therefore, the objectives of the study are; to determine the constraining and enhancing factors of competitiveness of the agribusiness sector of Swaziland and to develop the strategies to improve competitiveness of the sector. A structured questionnaire adapted from the Agricultural Business Chambers (ABC) of South Africa was used to collect the data through face-to-face interviews. Porter's (1998) theory for the determinant of competitive advantage was used as a base in designing the questionnaire in order to capture the constraining and enhancing factors influencing competitive advantage. The target group comprised decisionmakers (chief executive, managing directors) for agribusiness firms, including in the following industries: dairy, sugar, animal feed, maize, livestock and poultry, textile. The data was analysed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) and was presented in tableau and figure format. The scale of classification used when analysing the determinants of competitiveness was; a mean score of 1 meant constraining competitiveness success; a mean score of 3 meant moderate effect and a mean score of 5 meant enhancing competitiveness success. Most of the determinants [factor (2.72), demand (2.64), related and supporting industries (2.29), chance (2.46) and government conditions (2.48)] were constraining competitiveness. The top three factors contributing to this are: unavailability of professional labour (1.63), costs of inputs and supplies (1.69), incompetent (1.69) and ineffective public sector personnel (1.88) and small local market size (1.88). The only determinant that has the ability to enhance competitiveness is the firm's strategy, structure and rivalry conditions, as indicated by a moderate mean score of 3.38. The top three factors enhancing competitiveness success of the agribusiness sector are; production of high quality affordable products (4.19), availability of water for production and processing purposes (4.00), and the cost of unskilled or semiskilled labour (3.94). The Porter analysis indicated that the competitive environment in which the sector operates in is unfavourable and does not enhance competitiveness. An analysis of the interviewed industries revealed that the overall performance of each industry, particularly the sugar, dairy and maize industries are moderately competitive compared to the other ones. This is supported by the finding that these industries have three determinants of comparative advantage enhancing competitiveness. Special attention, through implementation of strategies to enhance the competitiveness of the agribusiness sector is necessary. This could be achieved though collaboration and intervention by all participants in the sector. The strategies are explained in terms of roles that could be played by the agribusinesses and the government. Strategies involve; industry coordination to minimise costs, market orientation strategy, HIV/AIDS services at company level, encouraging sustainable investments, products diversification and promoting internship and graduate training programmes. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / PhD / unrestricted