The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and study how Swedish managers manage cross-cultural differences and how their management style is adapted to foreign cultures. This thesis could contribute to getting a deeper understanding of how Swedish management is adapted to foreign cultures. The empirical material in this study has been collected through qualitative interviews with four different Swedish managers with experience of managing abroad. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts cultural dimensions, management and cross-cultural adaptation which also are the three concepts in our conceptual framework. The conceptual framework is present in the interview template, the empirical chapter and the analysis to provide the thesis with a clear line of argument. The empirical chapter describes how the Swedish managers have dealt with the challenges of working in a foreign culture and how they have adapted their management to another culture.In the analysis the empirical material is analyzed with the help of the theoretical framework. In the analysis the effect of cultural dimensions is discussed in relations to Swedish management and which challenges a Swedish manager encounter when managing abroad. The conclusion indicates that Swedish managers seem to adapt their management style to the extent that they have to be more clear and strict in their management and they have to make a lot more decisions. It seems to be a linkage between to what extent Swedish mangers have to adapt their management style to the local culture and what kind of management position they have.

With the economic and technology development, International Corporation amongcountries becomes increasingly popular. All countries become an entire unit, thereforeunderstanding among different cultures is important. Different cultural backgroundleads to different management style. The cultural diversity is needed to cooperateglobally. Chinese management style and Swedish management style has its owncharacteristics. Study the differences between these two different management stylescan offer an opportunity for understanding each other.The purpose of this thesis is to compare and analyze the differences between Chinesemanagement style and Swedish management style. Empirical data is collected fromindividual interviews with five Chinese employees who work in Sweden and underSwedish manager.The result of the study reveals that Swedish management style is people-oriented,empowerment and small hierarchy. Swedish manager achieve their goal by “loose”management while Chinese manager is more in control and focus on relationshipbuilding between manager and employees.

Scandinavia comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Twenty years ago, the concept of Scandinavian management was created (Grennes, 2003). Earlier research is referring to culture as the reason for different management styles around the world. It is also found that human resources are highly valued in Scandinavian manage-ment (Eriksen et al., 2006). This study aims at understanding what Scandinavian management is and see if this matches with the style of management actually practised in Sweden. The purpose of the thesis is to, through empirical examples, study what Scandinavian management is and if it is practised on the Swed-ish market. Included in the purpose is also to investigate how Scan-dinavian management is addressed in prior research. This study uses a qualitative method. Two earlier done case studies about Manpower and IKEA are used. Using a qualitative method, we have conducted five interviews to get accurate data to help us answer our purpose. Two of the interviews were conducted with representatives from both Manpower and IKEA. One interview was done with Schramm-Nielsen who is an expert in the field of Scandi-navian management. The last interviews were carried out with two persons with a wide range of experience in the field of management in Sweden. The study concludes that the main focus of Scandinavian manage-ment lies within human resources. Equality, communication, coop-eration, trust and consensual decision making are vital elements in the concept of Scandinavian management. Managers in Sweden are focused on their employees and feel that they need to satisfy them in order to motivate them. This motivation has proven to lead to better productivity and performance of the organization. Swedish managers are indeed focused on human resources and are practising Scandinavian management. Scandinavian management is necessary on the Swedish market as it increases the chances for having a pro-ductive company with satisfied employees and customers.

<p>Scandinavia comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Twenty years ago, the concept of Scandinavian management was created (Grennes, 2003). Earlier research is referring to culture as the reason for different management styles around the world. It is also found that human resources are highly valued in Scandinavian manage-ment (Eriksen et al., 2006). This study aims at understanding what Scandinavian management is and see if this matches with the style of management actually practised in Sweden.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to, through empirical examples, study what Scandinavian management is and if it is practised on the Swed-ish market. Included in the purpose is also to investigate how Scan-dinavian management is addressed in prior research.</p><p>This study uses a qualitative method. Two earlier done case studies about Manpower and IKEA are used. Using a qualitative method, we have conducted five interviews to get accurate data to help us answer our purpose. Two of the interviews were conducted with representatives from both Manpower and IKEA. One interview was done with Schramm-Nielsen who is an expert in the field of Scandi-navian management. The last interviews were carried out with two persons with a wide range of experience in the field of management in Sweden.</p><p>The study concludes that the main focus of Scandinavian manage-ment lies within human resources. Equality, communication, coop-eration, trust and consensual decision making are vital elements in the concept of Scandinavian management. Managers in Sweden are focused on their employees and feel that they need to satisfy them in order to motivate them. This motivation has proven to lead to better productivity and performance of the organization. Swedish managers are indeed focused on human resources and are practising Scandinavian management. Scandinavian management is necessary on the Swedish market as it increases the chances for having a pro-ductive company with satisfied employees and customers.</p>

In recent years the fashion industry has experienced a high frequency of famous Creative Directors departing the companies for unknown reasons. The same problem does not seem to occur in the Scandinavian fashion industry. This study’s purpose is to explore why Scandinavia does not experience the same problem, contribute a deeper understanding of the leader-designer relationship in the Swedish fashion industry, and to examine how the Scandinavian Cooperative Advantage is applicable in the Swedish fashion industry. Three case studies were conducted at the Swedish fashion companies TRIWA, Baron and Weriseg where both leaders and designers were interviewed. The findings showed that the leaders view their designers as an essential part of the organisation but how they are prioritised depend on the situation. Further more, this study indicates that all of the studied companies have a stakeholder approach, uses a value creating strategy based on cooperation with their stakeholders, are aligned with a typical Swedish organizational culture, and has a Swedish Management Style. Thus this study indicates that the notion of Scandinavian Cooperative Advantage is applicable at the Swedish fashion industry and that this might be a factor for their success.

Begreppet managementkonsult har visat sig vara diffust och vad professionen innebär är svårt att definiera. Det faktum att managementkonsulter i princip säljer ett löfte om vad de ska leverera gör att förmågan att inge förtroende är en viktig egenskap hos en konsult. I denna studie undersöker vi hur den svenska managementkonsultbranschen ser ut och vilken betydelse förmågan att skapa förtroende har. Genom en fallstudie på företaget Reforce har vi kunnat analysera vilken position ett litet managementkonsultföretag, utan ett känt och väletablerat varumärke, kan ha på marknaden samt vilka aspekter som påverkar deras förmåga att inge förtroende. I kartläggningen av den svenska managementkonsultmarknaden framkommer att de företag som agerar på marknaden idag kan delas in i tre huvudsakliga kategorier; amerikanska, semiamerikanska och svenska företag. Det har visat sig att de olika kategorierna skiljer sig åt bland annat i avseende på vilka primära tjänster de erbjuder och på vilket sätt de arbetar. Managementkonsultbranschen är kunskapsintensiv och något som därför har uppmärksammats i denna studie är att företagen inte endast konkurrerar om kunder utan också om bra personal. Fallföretaget Reforce kallar sig själva för affärsstrateger och säger sig vara en blandning av managementkonsulter, säljkonsulter och investerare. De arbetar efter en specifik metod och hjälper sina klienter genom att ta fram strategier som de sedan operativt är med och förverkligar. Resultatet av fallstudien visar att det inte går att placera in Reforce i någon av de huvudsakliga aktörskategorierna på den svenska managementkonsultmarknaden. Detta tyder på att företaget har en unik position på marknaden i förhållande till övriga aktörer. Studien tyder även på att de utmaningar som ett mindre managementkonsultföretag står inför, både ur ett positionerings- och ett förtroendeperspektiv, beror av företagets specifika egenskaper och förutsättningar. Resultatet visar att det i dagsläget tycks finnas utrymme på marknaden för en aktör som inte går i fotspåren av de dominerande globala aktörerna. Vilket pris ett managementkonsultföretag tar för sina tjänster har visat sig vara av mindre betydelse i den förtroendegivande processen, medan konsulternas förmåga att utstråla engagemang, trygghet och erfarenhet är av stor vikt. En av de största utmaningarna för en aktör som tänker annorlunda, tycks vara att överbrygga och förändra gamla värderingar. I arbetet har Reforce endast studerats ur ett internt perspektiv och en intressant framtida utveckling av studien skulle därför kunna vara att utreda hur företagets kunder ser på Reforce och deras förmåga att inge förtroende. / There is no general definition of management consulting or what such consultants do. It is hard to measure the results that they deliver and one may say that they sell promises about future results. To be trustworthy is therefore one of the most important qualities for a management consultant to possess. The purpose of this study is to take a deeper look into the Swedish management consulting industry and to investigate the importance of trust. To be able to further discuss how small companies, without a well-established brand, can be positioned at the market and how they work with the creation of trust; a case study is performed at the Swedish company Reforce. The investigation of the Swedish management consulting industry shows that companies that are operating on this market, can be divided into three main categories; American, Semi-American and Swedish companies. These different categories differ in respect to, inter alia, what they offer and their method of work. Management consulting is a knowledge intensive industry, which makes the companies that operate on the market compete with each other, not only to win clients, but also to get the most talented consultants. Reforce uses the term business strategists to describe themselves. They say that they are a mix of management consultants, sales consultants and investors and have developed a specific methodology, which they use in all of their projects. They assist their clients to reposition themselves on their markets and are also operatively involved in the implementation process. Through interviews and observations it can be concluded that it is not possible to place Reforce in any of the main categories on the Swedish management consulting market. This suggests that Reforce might have a unique position relative to the other companies on the market. The challenges for small management consulting companies depend on its characteristics and the environment in which they operate. This study shows that there is room for new companies on the market, even though they do not think and act like the dominating, global companies. It has been shown that the price of the service is of minor importance when building trust. The consultant’s ability to show devotion, be confident and experienced is, on the other hand, of great importance. The main challenge for a company that differs from their competitors seems to be to overcome their clients’ conservative thoughts. This study investigates Reforce from an internal perspective and an interesting development would be to interview the company’s clients to find out how they experience Reforce ability to inspire confidence.