The general problem was to determine if there was a significant relationship among collegiate swim team training methods, final team standings and individual team member’s placement by event in the 1976 NCAA Division I Swimming Championship Meet.

Johannesburg's urban fabric is characterised by fragmentation. The natural landscape beyond and its remnants in the city are absorbed in a diffuse urban landscape. In the development of the public park in Yeoville, it is evident that an escalation in the population exacerbates urban expansion characterised by fragmentation and dissolution of the urban form. The scheme proposes the use water for leisure as a means to establish a relationship between the city's users and the natural environment. In the pursuit of responsive urban place making control is taken over the effect of fragmentation on urban development in the park and the fantastical nature as well as the use of water is considered in public urban spaces where it has largely been absent. An existing pool is the catalyst for the programme of swimming and recreation where unbounded fantasy transcends the user from the physical boundaries of the pools of water to become one with the natural environment. The proliferation of existing types of fragments fi nds expression in a series of courtyards that are spatial types of enclosure that offer retreat and seclusion from the context to meet the demands of the overburdened public space. The use and inherent nature of water informed the form and concept of water collection, storage, treatment and use for swimming and cleansing and is central to the narrative of navigation of the courts and pools. The value of the architecture as a contextual response lies in the exploration of the manifold relationships between the city user, urban fabric and the natural environment and urban as well as human scale at which the haptic experience unfolds. / Johannesburg se stedelike weefsel word gekenmerk deur fragmentasie. Die natuurlike landskap en dit wat daarvan oor is in die stad word in 'n uiteenlopende en verbrokkelende stedelike landskap geabsorbeer. In die ontwikkeling van die publieke park in Yeoville, is dit ooglopend dat 'n styging in die bevolking stedelike groei wat gekenmerk word deur fragmentasie en ontbinding van stedelike weefsel, vererger. Die skema beoog om deur middel van water gebruik vir plesier 'n verhouding te vestig tussen die stedelike gebruiker en hul natuurlike omgewing. In die strewe na reaktiewe stedelike plekmaak word beheer geneem oor die effek wat fragmentasie op stedelike ontwikkeling in die park het en die fantastiese natuur sowel as die gebruik van water word oorweeg in publieke stedelike ruimtes waar dit grootliks nagelaat was. 'n Bestaande publieke swembad is die katalis vir 'n program van swem en ontspanning waar die gebruiker deur ontbonde fantasie fi siese grense van poele water oortref om een met hul natuurlike omgewing te word. Die doelbewuste voortbestaan en groei van bestaande fragment-tipes vind uitdrukking in 'n reeks binnehowe wat ruimtelike tipes van omsluiting - wat afsondering van die konteks te weeg bring - om die vereistes van oorlaaide publieke ruimtes te verlig. Die gebruik en inherente natuur van water het die vorm en konsep van water-opgaarding, berging, behandeling en gebruik vir swem en reiniging ingelig en is 'n kerngedagte in die narratief van ontdekking van die binnehowe en poele. Die waarde van die argitektuur as kontekstuele reaksie l? in die ondersoek na die meervoudige verhoudings tussen die stadsgebruiker, stedelike weefsel en die natuurlik omgewing op 'n stedelike sowel as 'n menslike skaal waar 'n tasbare ervaring ontvou. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

Considerable amounts of research, including research in psychology, has been produced to better understand the social constructions, dynamics, and relations of ‘race’, generally, and whiteness, in particular, within the field of sport. This study continues in this vein by critically examining the ways in which whiteness and, with it, racialised forms of prejudice can become implicated in water safety and the development of swimming skills, within the context of the learn-to-swim environment. This study specifically aims to explore how whiteness is (re)produced through, and (re)productive of, the perspectives of a sample of white South African learn-to-swim instructors by examining their racialised perceptions and constructions of swimmers of colour and, in particular, their abilities in learning to swim. To this effect, six white learn-to-swim instructors from a swim school in Gauteng Province, South Africa, were recruited and participated in one-on-one, face-to-face, unstructured, individual interviews. The data was analysed using a thematic analysis, underpinned by a theoretical framework of social constructionism and critical whiteness studies. The predominant themes that arose from this study include: (1) stereotypes by white learn-to-swim instructors surrounding the challenges that people of colour (PoC) appear to have when learning to swim swim as a result of fear, physiology, and issues around access; (2) whiteness in the form of comparing swimmers of colour to the ‘standard of whiteness’, white privilege and subtle forms of whiteness; (3) racial colour-blindness, and structural-institutional suggestions in order to make swimming and learn-to-swim more accessible to PoC and to assist in promoting water safety and swimming skills. Furthermore, two integrated themes emerged from the main themes, namely: (1) the understandings of race and (2) racialised coaching approaches. The value of this study lies in presenting initial insights into the ways that race, broadly, and swimmers of colours, more specifically, are perceived and socially constructed through the perspectives and coaching approaches of white learn-to-swim instructors. In doing so, the study attempts to understand the ways in which black subjectivities and black bodies are perceived and constructed, through the lens of whiteness and the perspective of the white gaze, in relation to water and, ultimately, how both explicit and implicit racialised prejudices continue to be (re)produced in learn-to-swim spaces and coaching approaches. / Mini Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Psychology / MA (Counselling Psychology) / Unrestricted

It would facilitate the coaching process if coaches could compare the various levels of cardiovascular fitness that their swimmers have attained. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maximum oxygen uptake and the 12, 9, 6 and 3 minute aerobic swim performance tests in intercollegiate male and female swimmers.

Controlled frequency breathing (CFB) is a training technique used by swimmers in an effort to limit oxygen availability to the body and stimulate anaerobic metabolism. During CFB, a swimmer restricts breathing to one breath every six, seven, or even eight strokes per breath. The purpose of this study was to determine tb.e influen<;:e of CFB on blood lactate, heart rate, and stroke rate during front crawl stroke swimming. A maximal exertion test was used to determine peak swimming velocity. Based on this maximal test, five different workloads were used to compare CFB and normal breathing (NB). Subjects swam three-minute workloads at 55%,65%,75%, 85%, and 95% of maximal effort with two minutes rest between each workload. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after each workload and stroke rate was counted manually. Subjects were assigned to breathe normally (NB) or to restrict their breathing to one breath every eight strokes (CFB). Breathing conditions were randomly assigned. Multivariate analysis was used to compare the blood lactate, heart rate, and stroke rate between NB and CFB. Tukey's post hoc test was used when F-values were significant (p<0.05). Twenty-eight subjects (18 females, 10 males) completed the entire protocol. As expected there were significant main effects for the heart rate and blood lactate responses to increasing workloads (p<0.01). However, CFB did not alter blood lactate levels when compared to NB. Interestingly, heart rate (p=0.014) was lower and stroke rate (p=0.011) was higher in the CFB condition when compared to N'B.

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment for the degree of M.Sc.(Med) / During a typical swimming training session, the volume of fluid lost via sweat is not evident which may contribute to a swimmer not replacing fluid loss effectively. This study investigates fluid balance during a typical swim training session. The physiological responses measured included fluid loss, fluid gain and plasma lactate concentrations / IT2018

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Swimming is a very popular sport among adolescents in the US. Little is known about the diet of competitive adolescent swimmers in the US but data from other countries indicate several inadequacies, including excessive intake of fat and lower than recommended intake of carbohydrate and several micronutrients that may affect athletic performance and bone accrual. We assessed usual diet, using a food frequency questionnaire and calcium checklist, among 191 adolescent males and females [91 swimmers (mean 13.7, s = 2.5 years) and 100 non-athletes (mean 14.4, s = 2.8 years)]. For both males and females, swimmers and non-athletes generally had similar average intakes of macro- and micro-nutrients, including higher than recommended amounts of total fat (36%) and saturated fat (12%), and inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and daily servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. This first study of nutritional intake among adolescent swimmers in the US suggests that dietary habits of adolescents who swim competitively may jeopardize optimal athletic performance and place them at risk for future chronic diseases, including osteoporosis.

No description available.

No description available.