Orientador: Nelson Jose Beraquet / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertoloni_William_D.pdf: 4770148 bytes, checksum: 5dffda950e07402d35c426c8d70bb70a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Diversas pesquisas tem sido realizadas pela comunidade científica com o objetivo de avaliar o bem-estar de suínos durante o abate, entretanto, a maioria destes estudos não representam as condições de abate e constituição genética dos híbridos suínos produzidos e comercializados no Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal, avaliar a influência da constituição genética de três híbridos suínos ( A, B e C) e dois sistemas de insensibilização (elétrico e gasoso) na qualidade da carne e bem-estar animal em condições de abate brasileiras. Um total de 956 suínos provenientes de três genéticas (A, B e C) amplamente comercializadas no Brasil com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foi aleatoriamente submetido ao sistema de insensibilização elétrico manual comercializado e produzido pela empresa Karl Schermer (220-230/250 volts, 45-60 HZ e 1,4 ¿1,5A) e ao sistema gasoso, modelo COMBI (90 % de CO2), coletivo do tipo compacto comercializado e produzido pela empresa dinamarquesa BUTINA no mesmo abatedouro. Mensurações de pH, cor (L, a*, b*), reflectância luminosa interna (HGP), perda por gotejamento (Drip Loss), capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), ¿umidade exprimivel¿ (Expressible Moisture), salpicamento muscular, escoriações da pele, contusões musculares, fraturas ósseas, reflexos palpebral, níveis plasmáticos de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK), lactato, cortisol e presença de gene halotano foram realizadas em uma amostra dos suínos submetidos aos sistemas de insensibilização estudados. Comparando-se os sistemas de insensibilização, o elétrico demonstrou ser mais estressante, pois os submetidos a esse tratamento apresentaram níveis médios superiores de cortisol (12,23 e 18,55 mcg/dl , p= 0,001) e lactato (142,59 e 158,26 mg/dl , p= 0,0001) para os híbridos A e C em comparação ao sistema gasoso (9,22 e 12,57 mcg/dl ) e (118,09 e 109,68 mg/dl ) respectivamente, entretanto maiores níveis de CPK (p= 0,05) foram obtidos nos híbridos C, quando submetidos ao sistema gasoso (CO2). Variações dos indicadores sanguíneos de estresse entre os híbridos estudados também foram encontradas. Utilizando-se o sistema elétrico valores médios superiores de cortisol (18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,0001) foram encontrados nos híbridos C quando comparados aos híbridos A (12,23 mcg/dl) e B (10,59 mcg/dl), entretanto, quando o sistema gasoso foi utilizado menores índices de cortisol e CPK foram observados nos híbridos A (9,22 mcg/dl e 1571,29 U/L, p= 0,001) comparativamente aos híbridos B (12,11 mcg/dl e 2641,69 U/L) e C (12,57 e 2789,60 U/L). A presença do genótipo (Nn) foi observada somente nos híbridos B onde níveis elevados de cortisol, lactato e CPK também foram encontrados quando estes animais foram submetidos ao sistema gasoso de insensibilização, entretanto, nas mesmas condições os híbridos C apresentaram elevados níveis de cortisol e CPK similares aos encontrados nos híbridos B, porem não se detectou a presença do genótipo (Nn) nestes animais. Diferenças significativas nos valores médios de luminosidade (L) (p= 0,05), valores (b*) (p= 0,0001), pH 24h pm no pernil (sm) (p= 0,05), pH 24 pm na sobrepaleta (sc) (p= 0,001), reflectância interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância interna 24h pm (p= 0,05) foram encontradas quando os sistemas de insensibilização gasoso e elétrico foram comparados. O sistema de insensibilização gasoso (CO2), apresentou ligeira vantagem em relação aos valores de pH 24h pm do pernil (sm) (5,76 ± 0,18) e sobrepaleta (sc) (6,09 ± 0,27) quando comparado ao elétrico (5,71 ± 0,17) e (6,24 ± 0,18) respectivamente, entretanto, nenhuma diferença significativa nos valores de capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e ¿umidade exprimível¿ foi observada quando os sistemas de insensibilização elétrico e gasoso foram comparados. A constituição genética dos híbridos avaliados influenciou os valores médios de luminosidade superficial (L) (p= 0,0001), valores (b*) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm do pernil (sm) (p= 0,0001), reflectância interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância interna 24h pm (p= 0,0001) quando o sistema gasoso foi utilizado para todos os híbridos estudados. Em relação ao sistema de insensibilização elétrico a constituição genética dos híbridos influenciou significativamente os valores de pH do pernil (sm) 24h pm (p= 0,05), pH da sobrepaleta (sc) 24h pm (p= 0,05), reflectância luminosa interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância 24h pm (p= 0,0001). As diferenças nos valores de cor (L, a*, b*), ph 24h no pernil (sm) e sobrepaleta (sc), assim como os valores de reflectância luminosa interna obtidas entre os híbridos A, B e C, quando submetidos aos sistemas de insensibilização estudados não foram suficientes para influenciar significativamente os valores de perda por exsudação, capacidade de retenção de água e ¿umidade exprimível¿ entre os mesmos. Suínos submetidos ao sistema gasoso (híbridos A e B) apresentaram elevados valores médios (b*) (7,16 e 7,42, p= 0,0001) quando comparados aos híbridos insensibilizados com o sistema manual elétrico (5,52 e 5,61), respectivamente. Comparando-se os sistemas elétrico e gasoso de insensibilização independentemente da genética suína estudada, o sistema manual elétrico apresentou índices médios de salpicamento significativamente superiores nas regiões do coxão mole (0,477 e 0,26, p= 0,008), paleta / cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p= 0,003), paleta / central (0,261 e 0,052, p= 0,0002), paleta / caudal (0,180 e 0,030, p= 0,002), lombo / central (0,185 e 0,065, p= 0,01), lombo / caudal (0,06 e 0,207, p= 0,01) e lombo / lateral externa (0,061 e 0,013, p= 0,04). Considerando-se a extensão da musculatura atingida pelo salpicamento, comportamento similar ao encontrado nos índices de intensidade foi observado, ou seja, o sistema manual elétrico apresentou salpicamento mais difuso nas regiões do coxão mole (0,461 e 0,279, p= 0,03), paleta / cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p= 0,003), paleta / central (0,231 e 0,039, p= 0,00002) e paleta / caudal (0,185 e 0,026, p= 0,0008) quando comparado ao sistema gasoso coletivo. Pequena influência da genética suína foi observada tanto na intensidade como na área da musculatura atingida pelo salpicamento, quando o mesmo sistema de insensibilização foi utilizado. Maiores índices de escoriações da pele nas regiões da paleta (1,098 e 0,795, p= 0,0000001), corpo (1,04 e 0,948, p= 0,04) e pernil (0,84 e 0,68, p= 0,001) foram obtidos quando o sistema de insensibilização manual elétrico foi utilizado em comparação ao sistema coletivo gasoso. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi obtida quando se considerou a genética como efeito principal para os índices de escoriações da pele dos híbridos A, B e C insensibilizados como o mesmo sistema. Suínos insensibilizados com o sistema manual elétrico apresentaram maiores índices de reflexo palpebral (11,57%) que os submetidos ao sistema gasoso coletivo (2,86%) de um total de 426 animais avaliados, demonstrando que o sistema manual elétrico foi menos eficaz e proporcionou um nível de narcose inferior ao sistema gasoso durante a sangria. Pequenos índices de fraturas ósseas (< 1%) e contusões musculares (< 2,5%) foram obtidos quando se utilizou ambos os sistemas de insensibilização para todas as genéticas estudadas / Abstract: Several researchers have been accomplished by the scientific community with the goal of evaluating the swine welfare during the stunning, however, most of these studies doesn¿t represent the stunning conditions and genetic background of pigs produced and marketed in Brazil. The present study had as main goal, evaluate the influence of genetic background of three swine hybrids (A, B and C) and two stunning systems (Electric and Gaseous) in the meat quality and welfare animal under the Brazilian slaughterhouse conditions . A total of 956 pigs of three genetics (A, B and C) thoroughly marketed in Brazil with live weight from 100 to 120 kg was randomly submitted to the manual electric stunning system marketed and produced by the company Karl Schermer (220-230/250 volts, 45-60 HZ and 1,4 .1,5A) and to the gaseous collective system, model COMBI (90% of CO2), compact type marketed and produced by the company Danish BUTINA in the same slaughterhouse. Mensurations of pH, color (L, a*, b*), light scattering (HGP), drip loss, water holding capacity, expressible moisture, blood splashed, skin damage, muscular bruises, bones fracture, eyelid reflex, color and intramuscular fat, plasmatic levels of creatine phospokinase (CPK), lactate, cortisol and presence of gene halothane were accomplished in a sample of the swine submitted to the stunning systems studied. Comparing the stunning systems applied, the electric system demonstrated to be more stressful, therefore the pigs submitted to that treatment presented superior medium levels of cortisol (12,23 and 18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,001) and lactate (142,59 and 158,26 mg/dl, p= 0,0001) for the hybrids A and C in relation to the gaseous system (9,22 and 12,57 mcg/dl) and (118,09 and 109, 68 mg/dl) respectively, although larger CPK levels (p= 0,05) were obtained when the hybrids C was submitted to the gaseous system. Variations of the blood indicators of stress among the hybrids studied were found. When the electric system was used superiors medium levels of cortisol (18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,0001) were found in the hybrids C when compared to the hybrids A (12,23 mcg/dl) and B (10,59 mcg/dl), by the other hand, when the gaseous system was used the smallest levels of cortisol and CPK were observed in the hybrids A (9,22 mcg/dl and 1571,29 U/L, p= 0,001) comparatively the genetics B (12,11 mcg/dl and 2641,69 U/L) and C (12,57 mcg/dl and 2789,6 U/L) . The presence of the genotype (Nn) was only observed in the hybrids B where high levels of cortisol, lactate and CPK were also found, when stunned with the gaseous system, however, in the same conditions the hybrids C showed similar levels of cortisol and CPK but absence of the (Nn) genotype. Significant differences in the average brightness values (p= 0,05), (b*) (p= 0,0001), pH 24h pm in the ham (sm) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm in the shoulder (sc) (p= 0,001), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,05) were found when the gaseous and electric systems of stunning were compared. The gaseous stunning system in comparison to the electric showed results slightly superiors, presenting better values of pH 24 in the ham (sm) (5,76 ± 0,18) and (5,71± 0,17) and in the shoulder (sc) (6,09 ± 0,27) and (6,24± 0,18), however any significant difference in the values of water holding capacity, drip loss and expressible moisture was observed when both systems were compared. The genetic constitution of the hybrids influenced the medium values of brightness (L) (p= 0,0001), (b*) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm of the ham (p= 0,0001), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,0001) when the gaseous system was used for all the animals studied. In relation to the electric system of stunning, the genetic constitution influenced the pH values of the ham (sm) 24h pm significantly (p= 0,05), pH of the shoulder (sc) 24h pm (p= 0,05), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,0001). The significant differences in pH24 pm values of the ham (sm) and shoulder (sc), light scattering and color (L, a*,b*) among the hybrids submitted to the electric and gaseous systems obtained were not enough to influence the values of water holding capacity, drip loss and expressible moisture. Hybrids stunned with the gaseous system (A and B) showed high levels of (b*) values (7,16 and 7,42, p= 0,0001) when compared with other animals of the same genetic stunned with the electric system(5,52 and 5,61), respectively. Comparing the electric and gaseous systems of stunning independently of the breeds studied, the manual electric system presented blood splashed levels significantly superiors in the areas of the inside round (0,477 and 0,26, p= 0,008), shoulder / cranial (0,154 and 0,039, p= 0,003), shoulder / central (0,261 and 0,052, p= 0,0002), palette / caudal (0,180 and 0,030, p= 0,002), loin / central (0,185 and 0,065, p < 0,01), loin / caudal (0,06 and 0,207, p= 0,01) and loin / lateral external (0,061 and 0,013, p= 0,04). Considering the extension of the musculature damaged by the blood splashed the manual electric system also presented more diffuse blood splashed in the areas of inside round (0,461 and 0,279, p= 0,03), shoulder / cranial (0,154 and 0,039, p= 0,003), shoulder / central (0,231 and 0,039, p= 0,00002) and shoulder / caudal (0,185 and 0,026, p= 0,0008) when compared to the collective gaseous system. Small effect of genetic background was observed in the intensity (x) and extension of muscle damaged (y) by the blood splashed when the hybrids were stunned with the same system. Larger skin damage levels in the areas of the shoulder (1,098 and 0,795, p= 0,0000001), body (1,04 and 0,948, p= 0,04) and ham (0,84 and 0,68 , p= 0,001) were obtained when the electric manual system was used in comparison on the gaseous collective system. No significant difference was obtained when was considered the genetics as main effect for the skin damage levels of the hybrids A, B and C stunned with the same system. Pigs stunned with the manual electric system presented larger eyelid reflex levels (11,57%) in comparison the pigs submitted to the collective gaseous system (2,86%), from a total of 426 animal appraised, demonstrating that the manual electric system was less effective and provided a small narcosis level than the gaseous system during the bleeding. Small levels of bone fractures (<1%) and muscular bruises (< 2,5%) were obtained when both stunning systems were utilized for all the studied hybrids / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

<p dir="ltr">To meet the growing demands for pork products, lactating sows are often housed in farrowing crates to reduce piglet crushing. However, the public has raised welfare concerns about farrowing crate systems due to the confinement and barren environment, which can impair social interactions between sow and piglets, change their activity levels, and alter how sows and piglets satisfy their motivated behaviors to chew and explore by oral manipulation of pen and pen mates. Barren and confined environments can result in skin abrasions caused by oral manipulations and fighting, physiological stress, inactivity, and abnormal behaviors, which can have an impact on sows’ and piglets’ welfare, productivity, and behavior. Previous work on environmental enrichments has shown promise to improve average daily gain, activity levels, stress, and behavioral repertoire. However, the majority of studies on pig environmental enrichments take place after weaning and research investigating the impact enrichments have during lactation is limited. In addition, research on maximizing the use of environmental enrichments based on the location inside the farrowing crate systems has not been conducted. To address the knowledge gaps concerning the impact of the location of environmental enrichments on the welfare, behavior, and productivity of sows and piglets in farrowing crate systems and to provide educational material on pig enrichment, this dissertation consists of two parts: Chapters 2 and 3 examine the effects of the location of environmental enrichments in farrowing crate systems on sows’ and piglet’s welfare, productivity, and behavior. Chapter 5 is an extension article on the different types of environmental enrichments and the best strategies for implementing enrichment in swine operations.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 2, sows (n = 37) and focal piglets (n = 148) were assigned to three treatment groups: SPE (both sows and piglets had access to enrichment objects), PE (only piglets had access to enrichment objects), and CON (control group with no enrichment) blocked by sow parity and genetics. Sow posture and piglet behavior during the lactation and nursery phases were observed at various times after birth and weaning. Environmental enrichments significantly influenced the behaviors of suckling piglets, reducing pig-directed and agonistic behaviors. Piglets with enrichments tended to explore the pen less and engage in more social behaviors. The location of enrichments also impacted behaviors, with higher nursing behavior observed during mid-lactation for piglets with access to enrichments (PE) and increased interaction with enrichments when they were accessible to both sows and piglets (SPE). Treatment did not affect sow postural changes or most nursery behaviors, except for walking, which increased in SPE nursery piglets compared to CON piglets. Overall, the study demonstrated positive effects of environmental enrichments on suckling piglets in farrowing crate systems, highlighting the importance of enrichment placement on nursing behaviors and enrichment interaction.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 3, the same sows and piglets were used to investigate the effects of enrichment location on the welfare (skin lesions, pressure sores, salivary cortisol, and tear stains) and performance (average daily gain and piglet crushing) of the sows and piglets. This study used the same animals that were assigned the treatment group, housing, and management practices from Chapter 2. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from sows at four time points: 24 hours after moving into farrowing crates, 24 hours after treatment group assignment, midway between moving into crates and weaning, and on the day of weaning. Pressure sores of sows were scored on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 17 after farrowing. For suckling piglets, tear stains and skin lesions were assessed on the same days, and their average daily gain (ADG) was analyzed weekly during lactation. In the nursery phase, salivary cortisol was collected from piglets on the day of weaning and days 1, 7, and 14 post-weaning, with tear stains and skin lesions measured on those days as well. Nursery ADG was analyzed from weaning to day 14 post-weaning. Results indicated that control (CON) sows were less likely to have no pressure sores compared to sows with shared (SPE) enrichments, while piglets in the enriched treatment groups (PE and SPE) had smaller tear stain areas than those in the CON group. Treatment influenced skin lesions in suckling piglets, with enriched piglets having fewer lesions in the ear and front body regions. There was no treatment effect on salivary cortisol for both sows and nursery piglets, nor did treatment affect ADG, piglet crushing, or nursery skin lesions. The provision of environmental enrichments in farrowing crates reduced pressure sores of sows, skin lesions of suckling piglets and tear stains of suckling and nursery piglets.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, providing environmental enrichments to suckling piglets reduced aggression, as evidenced by fewer agonistic and pig-directed behaviors, and resulted in fewer skin lesions compared to piglets without enrichments. This suggests potentially reduced stress levels in enriched piglets, indicated by smaller tear stain areas. While most behaviors and skin lesion scores showed no significant differences during the nursery phase, enriched piglets continued to have smaller tear stains. Enrichment location influenced the following: sows had fewer pressure sores, and suckling piglets interacted more with enrichments and exhibited fewer pig-directed behaviors when enrichments were accessible to both sows and piglets compared to the only piglet enriched treatment group. Piglets with access only to enrichments also performed more nursing behaviors during mid-lactation compared to the control group. Overall, the study highlights the benefits of environmental enrichments in farrowing crate systems, particularly the positive impact of enrichment location on the welfare and behavior of sows and piglets.</p><p dir="ltr">Lastly, in Chapter 5, the extension article discusses the definition of environmental enrichment and its impact on pigs’ welfare. The article also delves into the five types of environmental enrichments (nutritional, occupational, physical, sensory, and social), providing examples of each. Additionally, the article offers five practical tips for efficiently and successfully implementing environmental enrichments in swine herds.</p>