Defence lawyer in the criminal proceedings Abstract The defending lawyer is an important institution in criminal law. With this institution a basic principal can be guaranteed, the right of defense. This master's degree thesis is about the defending lawyer in criminal trials in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, its similarities and differences. It consists of an introduction, a body consisting of 7 chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the historical development of this institution on Czech territory from the 18th century until the present time. It especially emphasizes the effect of historical events on modifications and on the practical observance of written law. The next chapter defines the term defending lawyer under Czech law and explains how someone can become a defending lawyer. It specifies how a defending lawyer should conduct the defense case and explains the differences between elected and nominated lawyers. The following chapters analyse the rights and obligations of lawyers and methods of legal defense. Furthermore, they try to examine the importance and necessity of a defending lawyer in a criminal trial. On the other hand, they show the limitations of defense lawyers and their tactics. Additionally, they examine what disciplinary options are available e.g. to authorities...

The following thesis is comprised of a pair of projects focused on the making of architecture through the concept of framing. The work was conducted at the Academia d'Architettura in Mendrisio, Switzerland, under the direction of Peter Zumthor, Miguel Kreisler and Myriam Sterling, emphasizing the relationship between ordered structures and contextual propriety. The making of architecture is inherently most pure when approached as the subtraction of unnecessary elements and a distillation of what is required for a specific program on a particular site. Life is given to structure through habitation; therefore the senses of the inhabitant must be engaged through interaction with the philosophical and tectonic elements of a place. In this didactic, the structure is made complete by its inhabitation and it completes the sensory framing of place by establishing the vantage point of the inhabitant. The confluence of inhabiting space and marking place together result in an architecture of experience. / Master of Architecture

No description available.

Although the Biennales Internationales de la Tapisserie are widely recognized as important fiber art exhibitions, no history of them has been written. This study endeavors to trace the history of the first through the tenth Lausanne Biennales.

How can architecture encourage and intensify a limited period of life? I examine this by composing an austere cell for living, focused on the interaction of materials, natural light, and human movement through specific distinct sequences. Casa Maderni in Riva San Vitale Switzerland serves as the starting point to receive the concequences of my design with: a new dining room, library, renovation of existing structures, but primarily a new living wing created at the rear of the property. I focus on the juxtaposition between the introverted private realm of the living cell and the public realm of the dining room. A series of spatial sequences through new and existing building parts is conceived as material manipulations to mediate connections at different scales, combined with the light and color to emphasize important architectural moments in sequence. This sequence of architectural momentss of public and private are choreographed at a larger scale in a master plan. Although silently assumed here, the role of architecture as a pedagogical tool can ultimately only be gauged through reality and human reaction. The architecture of Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Carlos Scarpa assisted greatly through precedence in my architectural descisions. / Master of Architecture

Yes / Many hundreds of Bronze Age bronze artefacts are known from excavations in Switzerland, yet the interpretation of production networks from the object find locations remain problematic. It is proposed that the decorative elements used on items, such as ring-jewellery, can be used as elements to assist in the identification of artisanal traditions and ‘schools’, and also regional or community preference and selection of specific designs. Combining the analysis of over 1700 items of ring-jewellery from Switzerland with approaches from network science has facilitated the identification of regional clustering of design elements, comparable with cultural typologies in the area. It is also possible to identify potential instances of cultural differentiation through decoration within the broader regional cultural traditions. The study highlights important facets of bronzework production in the region of Switzerland, while also demonstrating future potential directions which could build upon the European wide dataset of prehistoric bronzework. / Primary research conducted under previous funding at University of Basel, Switzerland – SNF grant

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Sweden and Finland chose to join NATO, but Ireland and Switzerland chose to remain neutral. This study asked how Irish and Swiss neutrality differs with regards to integration and screening; why does their neutrality differ and how well can structural realism and neoclassical realism explain Irish and Swiss neutrality? The purpose was to gain an understanding of how neutral Ireland and Switzerland could be considerd to be since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and test if Irish and Swiss neutrality could be explained by structural and neoclassical realism. This study used four factors: national defense policy, strategic culture, public opinion, and the policy process. An analytical framework was applied to understand how their neutrality differed. The factors were compared to find where the biggest differences lie which could explain why their neutrality differed. Finally, how they differed was compared with why they differed to understand if the theories used explained their neutrality. The study found that Irish neutrality was more integrated compared with Swiss neutrality. Their neutrality differed due to differences in defense policy and policy process whilst similarities were due to strategic culture and public opinion. Finally, this study found that structural and neoclassical realism could explain Irish and Swiss neutrality, but studies using other theories and methods need to be made to strengthen these results

At first glance, the very idea of analysing the freedom of the media and of researching censorship in Switzerland seems absurd. After all, the Federal Constitution explicitly guarantees freedom of the media, and censorship is forbidden. Furthermore, this small, federal, multilingual and multicultural landlocked country in the middle of Europe is universally praised as a model of democracy. Indeed, in a country whose people have a far greater say in government than anywhere else, one could easily assume that the freedom of the media is a foregone conclusion. Yet, in reality, this shining image is more than a little tarnished. The "Prototype for Europe" – as the former Federal President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker once described Switzerland – experiences the same forms and mechanisms of censorship as any other democratic country. Of course, in Switzerland "undesirable" journalists are not threatened with murder, but critically discerning authors do risk becoming social outcasts. Switzerland prohibits governmental pre-censorship, but the advertising industry has on occasion attempted to shape the content of the media by means of post-publication censorship in the form of boycotts. Switzerland is a constitutional state, yet the paragraphs of its penal and civil codes hang over media workers like the sword of Damocles. Then there are structural problems such as the lack of proper journalistic education. However one looks at it, the freedom of the media in Switzerland is officially, materially and structurally restricted. However, most people remain unconcerned by and indeed unaware of this state of affairs. Thomas Jefferson's reminder that, "to preserve the freedom of the human mind then and freedom of the press, every spirit should be ready to devote itself to martyrdom; for as long as we may think as we will, and speak as we think, the condition of man will proceed in improvement”*, has long been forgotten in Switzerland. The Swiss appear to be basking in their country’s reputation as a place without media problems. It therefore came as no surprise to us when, both in our quantitative and qualitative research, many of those interviewed were surprised and even irritated at our 2 questions about possible threats to freedom of the media in Switzerland. Some people even felt that they were being personally attacked and responded along the lines that "Instead of fouling our own nest we ought to describe the advantages of our country and our democratic system". Or: "In comparison with Russia or China we are living in a paradise": It seems that only the most critical among the media personnel, media experts and media scientists are willing to pinpoint the problems faced by the contemporary Swiss media. All the others are convinced that we have the best media on earth. This attitude of part indifference, part ignorance and part wishful thinking, was the catalyst for our research on the freedom of the Swiss media and the potential dangers and mechanisms which threaten it. Our findings reveal that all that glitters is not gold and that the Swiss media scene is, in some ways, reminiscent of a Potemkin village. *Jefferson, Thomas, Letter to William Green Mumford, 18 June 1799 (http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/jefferson.htm, consulted 15 June 2006)

Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2002.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Zürich, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 337-358).