Esta dissertação tem por objetivo explorar a espacialidade simbólica em arquitetura. Para tanto, principia expondo de maneira sucinta conceitos fundamentais de semiótica arquitetônica, situando o debate do simbolismo em arquitetura dentro de uma abordagem comunicacional do fenômeno arquitetônico. Em seguida expõe algumas considerações acerca da questão mais ampla do sentido em arquitetura, da qual entende-se que a questão do simbolismo em arquitetura faça parte. Apesar de partir inicialmente de uma visão vulgar do conceito de símbolo, baseada livremente na conceituação dada por Charles Peirce, esta dissertação explora também diferentes abordagens oriundas da semiótica, da lingüística, da psicanálise, da filosofia e da própria arquitetura, de forma a encontrar novos elementos que a auxilie a alcançar uma posição particular em relação ao símbolo, adequada ao seu uso em teoria da arquitetura. Partindo desta exploração do conceito de símbolo, a dissertação prossegue analisando a construção do símbolo em arquitetura ? seus mecanismos e aplicação. Trata então do simbolismo estrutural, implícito e identificado com o edifício em si, e do simbolismo aplicado, explícito e aposto à edificação. Para tanto parte da distinção que Venturi, Brown e Izenour fazem do simbolismo do ?pato? e do ?galpão decorado?. Em sua segunda parte a dissertação oferece exemplos do simbolismo em arquitetura religiosa, não se limitando a uma tradição ou a um contexto específico. A intenção é ilustrar o debate teórico desenvolvido na primeira parte ao mesmo tempo em que se aprofunda a questão de um simbolismo arquitetônico específico ? aquele da arquitetura religiosa. Além de uma introdução geral ao simbolismo do edifício religioso são analisadas as diferentes escalas de manifestação do símbolo no edifício: em sua localização, implantação, forma e conteúdo. A dissertação conclui com uma reflexão acerca de algumas das questões suscitadas e uma especulação acerca de caminhos possíveis para futuras pesquisas. / The aim of this dissertation is to explore the symbolic quality of space in architecture. Hence, it begins showing in a concise way basic concepts of architectural semiotics, placing the debate of the symbolism in architecture inside a communicational approach of the architectural phenomenon. After that it displays some considerations about the broadest question of the meaning in architecture, of which one understands that the question of architectural symbolism is a portion. Despite starting out from a vulgar concept of symbol, based freely in its given conceptualization by Charles Peirce, this dissertation explores also different approaches deriving from the semiotics, the linguistics, the psychoanalysis, the philosophy and the architecture itself, in such a way to find new elements that assist it to reach a particular position in relation to the symbol, proper for its use in architectural theory. Leaving from this exploitation of the symbol concept this dissertation goes on analyzing the construction of the symbol in architecture ? its mechanisms and application. It deals then with the structural symbolism, implicit and identified with the building in itself, and with the applied symbolism, explicit and attached to the building. For that, it parts from the distinction that Venturi, Brown and Izenour make of the symbolism of the \"duck\" and of the symbolism of the \"decorated shed\". In its second part this dissertation presents examples of the symbolism in religious architecture, not limiting itself to a tradition or a specific context. The intention is to illustrate the developed theoretical debate of its first section altogether deepening the debate of a specific architectural symbolism ? that of the religious architecture. Beyond a general introduction to the symbolism of the religious building, the different scales of manifestation of the symbol in the building are analyzed: in its localization, implantation, form and content. This dissertation concludes with a reflection concerning some of the stirred up questions and a speculation about possible paths for future researches.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo explorar a espacialidade simbólica em arquitetura. Para tanto, principia expondo de maneira sucinta conceitos fundamentais de semiótica arquitetônica, situando o debate do simbolismo em arquitetura dentro de uma abordagem comunicacional do fenômeno arquitetônico. Em seguida expõe algumas considerações acerca da questão mais ampla do sentido em arquitetura, da qual entende-se que a questão do simbolismo em arquitetura faça parte. Apesar de partir inicialmente de uma visão vulgar do conceito de símbolo, baseada livremente na conceituação dada por Charles Peirce, esta dissertação explora também diferentes abordagens oriundas da semiótica, da lingüística, da psicanálise, da filosofia e da própria arquitetura, de forma a encontrar novos elementos que a auxilie a alcançar uma posição particular em relação ao símbolo, adequada ao seu uso em teoria da arquitetura. Partindo desta exploração do conceito de símbolo, a dissertação prossegue analisando a construção do símbolo em arquitetura ? seus mecanismos e aplicação. Trata então do simbolismo estrutural, implícito e identificado com o edifício em si, e do simbolismo aplicado, explícito e aposto à edificação. Para tanto parte da distinção que Venturi, Brown e Izenour fazem do simbolismo do ?pato? e do ?galpão decorado?. Em sua segunda parte a dissertação oferece exemplos do simbolismo em arquitetura religiosa, não se limitando a uma tradição ou a um contexto específico. A intenção é ilustrar o debate teórico desenvolvido na primeira parte ao mesmo tempo em que se aprofunda a questão de um simbolismo arquitetônico específico ? aquele da arquitetura religiosa. Além de uma introdução geral ao simbolismo do edifício religioso são analisadas as diferentes escalas de manifestação do símbolo no edifício: em sua localização, implantação, forma e conteúdo. A dissertação conclui com uma reflexão acerca de algumas das questões suscitadas e uma especulação acerca de caminhos possíveis para futuras pesquisas. / The aim of this dissertation is to explore the symbolic quality of space in architecture. Hence, it begins showing in a concise way basic concepts of architectural semiotics, placing the debate of the symbolism in architecture inside a communicational approach of the architectural phenomenon. After that it displays some considerations about the broadest question of the meaning in architecture, of which one understands that the question of architectural symbolism is a portion. Despite starting out from a vulgar concept of symbol, based freely in its given conceptualization by Charles Peirce, this dissertation explores also different approaches deriving from the semiotics, the linguistics, the psychoanalysis, the philosophy and the architecture itself, in such a way to find new elements that assist it to reach a particular position in relation to the symbol, proper for its use in architectural theory. Leaving from this exploitation of the symbol concept this dissertation goes on analyzing the construction of the symbol in architecture ? its mechanisms and application. It deals then with the structural symbolism, implicit and identified with the building in itself, and with the applied symbolism, explicit and attached to the building. For that, it parts from the distinction that Venturi, Brown and Izenour make of the symbolism of the \"duck\" and of the symbolism of the \"decorated shed\". In its second part this dissertation presents examples of the symbolism in religious architecture, not limiting itself to a tradition or a specific context. The intention is to illustrate the developed theoretical debate of its first section altogether deepening the debate of a specific architectural symbolism ? that of the religious architecture. Beyond a general introduction to the symbolism of the religious building, the different scales of manifestation of the symbol in the building are analyzed: in its localization, implantation, form and content. This dissertation concludes with a reflection concerning some of the stirred up questions and a speculation about possible paths for future researches.

Cette thèse propose une analyse assistée par ordinateur des espaces imaginaires dans un corpus de littérature de jeunesse. Elle part du constat qu’il existe, dans ce genre littéraire particulier, une dualité dans la construction spatiale. En effet, on y trouve d’une part un espace quotidien (que Tolkien nomme monde primaire), et de l’autre un espace magique (le monde secondaire). Le périple du héros-enfant, qui prend la forme d’un ou de plusieurs aller-retours entre ces deux mondes, le conduit à grandir et à se métamorphoser. En ce sens, l’espace participe à sa transformation. Le parcours du protagoniste est jalonné de lieux et de motifs spatiaux récurrents dans le corpus tels que les maisons, les forêts, les jardins, les souterrains. Plus que de simples éléments de décors, ils apparaissent comme signifiants parce qu’ils traduisent à la fois les étapes nécessaires à la construction du héros et son état d’esprit. Il s’agit, dans cette perspective, de comprendre les enjeux symboliques de ces espaces imaginaires. L’étude de l’organisation des espaces narratifs à partir de données quantitatives montre qu’il existe une dualité entre les deux mondes, renforcée par une série de dichotomies. Malgré cet antagonisme structurel, le héros est capable de passer d’un univers à l’autre. L’analyse des modalités et des moments du passage de la frontière révèle que le monde secondaire est un espace mental et spirituel. En effet, il est à a fois l’espace du rêve, de la mort et du sacré. / This thesis is a computer-aided analysis of a corpus composed of twenty British children’s novels. It is based on the fact that, in this literary genre, space is organized by a structural opposition. Indeed, there is, on one hand, a daily environment (the primary world according to Tolkien) and, on the other hand, a magical space (the secondary world). The hero’s journey leads him to grow up and to metamorphose. In this respect, the narrative space is part of his transformation. The hero’s journey is marked out by a series of recurring places and motifs such as houses, forests, gardens and undergrounds. More than mere settings, they are meaningful because they reflect the protagonist’s state of mind. All these topographical elements are interdependent and constitute the spatial system of the narrative. The aim of this research is to understand what is symbolically at stake regarding imaginary spaces. The study of the spatial organization, based on quantitative data, shows a duality between the two worlds, emphasized by a series of dichotomies. Despite this structural antagonism, the hero is able to pass from one land to the other. Focusing on how and when the crossing of the border is possible reveals that the secondary world is a mental and spiritual space. Indeed, it is at the same time the land of dreams, of death and of the sacred.

Cette étude se penche sur la façon dont le pouvoir politique se est imaginé et imagée dans le centre-ville de Nairobi. Il examine comment l'environnement bâti de la ville a transformé l'ubiquité en place-de-appartenance. Construit culture est considérée comme un outil (mais non exclusif) pour forger une relation entre la société et un contexte spatial donné; un support pour la société de «personnaliser» son espace. L'accent est mis bâtiments emblématiques situées dans l'espace central, public et symbolique et est en outre délimitée à leur style architectural. L'autorité politique, mais pas singulièrement responsables de l'identité collective, a été choisi comme point de départ, car sa contribution est décisive. Par conséquent, il est aussi un produit de la performance politique Nairobi est interrogé. Une exploration des connotations et les nuances des styles utilisés pour ériger ses bâtiments emblématiques possibles sont esquissées. Gouvernement colonial de Nairobi utilisé un style néo-classique. Kenyatta, le premier président indigène, se est éloigné de cette tradition néo-classique. Sa préférence était une déclaration stylisée-africaine. Et, en plus de choisir un style différent, il réorienté la dynamique spatiale dans City Square ainsi ré-articuler son identité. Pour un examen plus complet de Nairobi, elle est comparée à Dar es-Salaam (la capitale commerciale de la Tanzanie) voisin. Dar es Salaam dispose d'une plus grande variété dans les styles architecturaux: arabo-swahili, classique européenne avec des fonctionnalités omanais-arabes et les Sarrasins compositions décoratives. Pendant ce temps, la variété architecturale à Nairobi coloniale, où les Britanniques avaient plus de six décennies undisturbed- pour élaborer leur image, est carrément néo-classique. Présenté avec plus (ou moins) polarisée images coloniales, les présidents autochtones du Kenya et de la Tanzanie ont réagi différemment. L'image postcoloniale de Nairobi est ouvertement «africaine» peut-être une réponse au classicisme néo aussi manifeste des coloniaux. Dar es Salaam, d'autre part, est dépourvu de stridente de va-et-vient dans ses discours stylistiques. En conclusion, il semble que le plus fougueux du concours sous-jacente de posséder une ville, plus articuler son image spatiale; plus contesté un espace a été, le plus spectaculaire de l'image qu'il porte. Nairobi a connu un concours de propriété plus intense par rapport à Dar es-Salaam. Une concurrence intense nécessite un style architectural décisive tout pluralisme stylistique prospère où le concours est moins intense. Cela peut ne pas se applique à toutes les villes en Afrique, mais ce est la vue en gros plan, l'identité imagé dans l'espace central de Nairobi. / This study looks at how political power has imagined-and-imaged itself in Nairobi’s city centre. It examines how the city’s built environment has transformed ubiquity into place-of-belonging. Built culture is considered as a tool (though not an exclusive one) for forging a relation between society and a given spatial context; a medium for society to ‘personalise’ its space. The focus is iconic buildings sited in the central, public and symbolic space and is further delimited to their architectural style. Political authority, though not singularly responsible for collective identity, has been selected as the point of departure because its contribution is decisive. Therefore, it is as a product of political performance that Nairobi is interrogated. An exploration of possible connotations and nuances of the styles employed to erect its iconic buildings are sketched out. Nairobi’s colonial government used a neo classical style. Kenyatta, the first indigenous president, distanced himself from this neo-classical tradition. His preference was a stylised-African statement. And, in addition to selecting a different style he re-oriented the spatial dynamics in City Square thus re-articulating its identity. For a fuller scrutiny of Nairobi, it is compared to neighbouring Dar es Salaam (the commercial capital of Tanzania). Dar es Salaam features greater variety in architectural styles: Arab-Swahili, European classical with Omani-Arab features and the decorative saracenic compositions. Meanwhile, architectural variety in colonial Nairobi, where the British had over six decades–undisturbed– to craft their image, is bluntly neo-classical. Presented with more (or less) polarised colonial images, the indigenous presidents of Kenya and Tanzania reacted differently. Nairobi’s postcolonial image is overtly ‘african’ perhaps as a response to the equally overt neo classicism of the colonials. Dar es Salaam, on the other hand, is devoid of strident back-and-forth in its stylistic discourses. In conclusion, it appears the more spirited the underlying contest to own a city, the more articulate its spatial image; the more contested a space has been, the more spectacular the image it bears. Nairobi has experienced a more intense ownership contest compared to Dar es Salaam. Intense competition necessitates a decisive architectural style while stylistic pluralism thrives where the contest is less intense. This may not apply to all the cities in Africa but it is the close-up view, the imaged identity in Nairobi’s central space.