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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Especiação sem barreiras e padrões de diversidade / Speciation without barriers and diversity petterns

Andrade, Elizabeth Machado Baptestini 15 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_ElizabethMachadoBaptestini_D.pdf: 4491574 bytes, checksum: 117d970a1c273ecd6ef9533aa742bb0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho, estudamos doismecanismos de formação de espécies. No primeiro deles, consideramos um modelo espacial de especiação neutra totalmente probabilístico, sem barreiras geográficas ou interações ecológicas. A população evolui devido a influência de reprodução sexuada, mutações e recombinação. O modelo é baseado em acasalamento seletivo dependente de duas distâncias críticas, uma no espaço físico e outra no espaço dos genomas. Os vínculos introduzidos por essas duas distâncias permitem que a população se divida em grupos reprodutivamente isolados. Nossos resultados mostram que essa dinâmica gera padrões de diversidade consistentes com padrões observados na natureza, como distribuição de abundâncias do tipo log-normal, lei de potência para curvas espécie-área, taxas de especiação e extinção constantes e maior número de espécies para baixas dimensões. No segundo, nós generalizamos um modelo de especiação simpátrica baseado em competição intraespecífica, proposto por Dieckmann e Doebeli. Nesse modelo, uma população assexuada, inicialmente idêntica, evolui por seleção direcional para um fenótipo ótimo, onde a competição intraespecífica induz à seleção disruptiva. Nós mostramos que a forma das funções de competição e distribuição de recursos afetam a probabilidade de dois fenótipos coexistirem. Nós desenvolvemos um modelo analítico e simulações computacionais e comparamos os resultados de ambas abordagens / Abstract: In this work, we have studied two different mechanisms of species formation. In the first one, we considered a probabilistic spatial neutral model of speciation, without physical barriers or any kind of ecological interaction. The population evolves under the combined influences of sexual reproduction, mutation and recombination. The model is based on assortative mating and it depends on two critical distances, one in the genetic space and one in the physical space. The constraints imposed by these two distances allow the population to split in reproductively separated groups. Our results show that this kind of dynamics creates patterns of biodiversity in agreement with observed data, like lognormal distributions of species abundance, power law species-area relationships, steady speciation and extinctions rates and more species in low dimensions. In the second model, we generalized a sympatric speciation model based on intraspecific competition, proposed by Dieckmann and Doebeli. In that model, an assexual population, initially identical, evolves by directional selection to an optimal phenotype, where intraspecific competition induces disruptive selection. We show that the shape of the competition and carrying capacity kernels affects the likelihood of emergence of two coexisting phenotypes. We developed an analytical and a computational model and we compared the results of both approaches / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutora em Ciências
32

Role genetické variance ve speciaci / Role of genetic variance in speciation

Payne, Pavel January 2011 (has links)
Sympatric speciation has received much attention both empirically and theoretically. However, the contribution of sympatric speciation to biodiversity remains unclear. One piece missing from the speciation puzzle is the plausibility of sympatric ecological divergence of species through adaptation in polygenic traits. I consider an environment consisting of two niches, where one value of the trait is advantageous in only one niche, and vice versa. The selection regime is described by a trade-off in viabilities between the niches. These polygenic traits can, and often do, involve epistatic interactions among and between loci, so that the contribution of the alleles to viability deviates from additivity. Epistasis then also affects the curvature of the trade-offs: predominant less-than-additive epistasis turns the curve towards concavity and predominant more-than-additive towards convexity. The curvature of the trade-off plays a crucial role in the evolution of populations. With a convex trade- off, extreme values of the trait are favored and the population tends to diverge, but relatively stringent symmetry in strength of selection within the niches and the niche proportions is necessary to maintain polymorphism. In this study I use two and three- locus haploid versions of Levene's model to...

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