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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Over-expression of the potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2 in developing zebrafish

Reynolds, Annie, 1978- January 2006 (has links)
In embryonic neurons, the intracellular chloride concentration is elevated, making GABA and glycine depolarizing. Later in development, coincident with neuronal maturation, the extruding potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2 is expressed. It reverses the chloride gradient, rendering it hyperpolarizing. Early depolarization is assumed to play trophic roles during nervous system development. I thus decided to investigate the effects of the depolarizing chloride gradient on development in vivo in the zebrafish embryo. I first determined the temporal pattern of KCC2 expression in zebrafish and found it was absent in the embryo. I then over-expressed wild-type, gain-of-function and loss-of-function variants of human KCC2, using GFP-tagged constructs for detection purposes. Over-expression of functional hKCC2 perturbed the morphology and motor behaviours of the embryos. At the cellular level, KCC2 impaired axonal growth and affected the neuronal populations in the brain, hindbrain and spinal cord. This suggests the depolarizing effects of glycine are critical for neurogenesis.
2

Over-expression of the potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2 in developing zebrafish

Reynolds, Annie, 1978- January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
3

Metilação do gene simportador sódio-iodo (NIS) em tumores de tireóide / Methylation of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene in thyroid tumors

Galrão, Ana Luiza Resende 15 December 2011 (has links)
O iodo é transportado para a célula tireoideana através do simportador sódio-iodo (NIS). Estudo anterior de nosso grupo mostrou que a expressão do RNAm de NIS estava reduzida nos tecidos tumorais (T) tireoideanos quando comparada à dos tecidos não tumorais (NT) adjacentes. A metilação de ilhas CpG localizadas em promotores é um dos mecanismos epigenéticos que regula a expressão gênica. Já foi demonstrado que a metilação aberrante desempenha papel importante na tumorigênese humana, porém, estudos qualitativos não conseguiram definir um padrão de metilação do promotor de NIS no câncer diferenciado de tireóide. Assim, o presente estudo visou (1) investigar o padrão de metilação do promotor do gene NIS em amostras T (benignos e malignos) e NT adjacentes, e correlacionar o grau de metilação com os valores de RNAm, e (2) identificar novas sequencias regulatórias, alvos de metilação do DNA, que pudessem também modular a expressão de NIS. Foram estudados 30 pares de amostras de tecido tireoideano T e NT adjacente, sendo 10 benignos e 20 malignos. Também foi avaliado um par de amostras de paciente com nódulo maligno com alta captação de iodo (hipercaptante). A metilação da ilha1 CpG foi avaliada por PCR Metilação Específica (MSP) semiquantitativa e a metilação da ilha2 CpG foi analisada por bissulfito seqüenciamento; ambas com DNA bissulfito convertido. Novas ferramentas de bioinformática foram utilizadas na análise in silico para identificar ilhas CpG funcionais na região 5\' upstream da seqüência promotora de NIS. Plasmídios foram construídos contendo o fragmento de DNA da Ilha2 CpG na frente de gene reporter (luciferase) e usados em transfecções de células HEK293 para avaliar a atividade regulatória desta ilha. Celulas tumorais com baixa expressão de NIS foram tratadas com agente desmetilante 5Aza e a expressão de RNAm de NIS foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real. Na ilha1 CpG, todas as amostras (T e NT) do grupo benigno e maligno apresentaram metilação, não observando-se diferença no grau de metilação entre os grupos. No entanto, maiores níveis de metilação foram detectados na região 5 desta ilha, que decresceram na direção da extremidade 3. Observou-se maior grau de metilação no tecido T em relação ao tecido NT adjacente (T>NT) em 60% das amostras do grupo benigno e em 35% do grupo maligno. Não foi identificada correlação entre o grau de metilação da ilha1 CpG e a expressão de RNAm de NIS. Nas amostras (T e NT) do paciente com tumor hipercaptante não foi detectada metilação nesta ilha. Assim foi realizada nova análise in silico, a qual identificou por primeira vez uma segunda ilha CpG, ilha2 CpG, com 256pb, localizada entre as posições -2152 e -1887 (em relação ao sítio ATG), contendo 14 sítios CpG. As analises da metilação da ilha2 CpG indicaram que essa região também é alvo de metilação, sendo observada hipermetilação (66.07%) em todas as amostras T quando comparada às amostras NT(23,21%), nos grupos benigno e maligno. A análise individual de cada par de amostras detectou um padrão de metilação do gene NIS em tecidos tireoideanos; sendo que 100% das amostras do grupo benigno e 95% das do grupo maligno apresentavam a ilha2 CpG mais metilada no tecido T do que no tecido NT (T>NT). Além disso, foi possível identificar correlação inversa significativa entre o grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG e a expressão gênica de NIS. Estudos in vitro para caracterização funcional da ilha CpG2 mostraram que esta nova ilha pode ser considerada como um enhancer do gene NIS na presença de fatores de transcrição da tireóide. Também foi possível detectar, em linhagem de carcinoma folicular da tireoide, a reexpressão do RNAm de NIS paralelamente à redução do grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG, após o tratamento com agente desmetilante. Sendo assim, confirmamos que a metilação do promotor NIS é um evento freqüente em amostras T (benignas e malignas) e NT. Este é o o primeiro trabalho que descreve a existência da ilha2 CpG, na região 5 do gene NIS, com atividade de enhancer, que regularia a expressão gênica por metilação do DNA. Pela primeira vez identificou-se a existência de um padrão de metilação no gene NIS em tecido tireoideanos (T>NT), assim como correlação inversa entre o grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG e a expressão de RNAm de NIS. Estes resultados poderiam explicar a reduzida expressão do NIS observada em amostras tumorais benignas e malignas e a baixa captação de iodo dos tumores tireoideanos / Iodide is transported from the blood into thyroid cell through the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). We have previously detected reduced NIS mRNA expression in thyroid tumoral tissue (T) when compared with the non tumoral tissue (NT). Methylation of DNAs CpG islands, very common in promoters, is an epigenetic alteration that regulates gene expression. Aberrant gene methylation plays an important role in human tumorigenesis. Previous qualitative studies have failed to define a NIS promoter methylation pattern in thyroid cancer. This study aimed (1) to investigate the methylation pattern of the NIS gene promoter in thyroid tumors (benign and malignant), and to correlate the methylation status with cellular levels of NIS mRNA, in T and adjacent NT samples; (2) to identify new regulatory DNA sequences that could modulate NIS gene expression by methylation of the DNA. Thirty pairs of thyroid samples (tumoral and non-tumoral), 10 benign and 20 malignant tumors were included. A pair of samples of a malignant nodule with high iodide uptake was also included. Methylation of CpG Island1 was evaluated by semiquantitative Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) and methylation of CpG island2 was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing; both using bisulfite converted DNA. New bioinformatic tools were used in in silico analysis to identify functional CpG islands in the 5 upstream region of the NIS promoter. Plasmids were constructed containing the CpG island2 DNA fragment in front of a reporter gene (lucyferase) and used in transfections assays of HEK293 cells to assess the regulatory activity of this island. Tumor thyroid cell cultures with low NIS expression were treated with the demethylating agent 5Aza and NIS mRNA expression was quantified by real time PCR. Methylation of CpG island1 was detected in all the samples (NT and T) of benign and malignant group, no differences were observed in the methylation degree between the groups. However, highest methylation levels were detected in the 5 region of CpG island1, which decreased to the 3 end. The analysis of each pair of samples revealed higher methylation degree in T tissue with respect to NT adjacent tissue (T> NT) in 60% of the benign group and in 35% of the malignant group. No quantitative correlation was found between CpG island1 methylation and NIS mRNA levels in both groups. Methylation was not detected in the NT and T samples of the patient with high iodine uptake. Furthermore, new in silico analysis allowed to identify a second CpG island, CpG island2, with 256pb, located between positions - 2152 and -1887 (relative to ATG), containing 14 CpG sites. The analysis of the CpG island2 indicated that this region is also a target of DNA methylation. Hypermethylation was observed in all T samples (66.07%) when compared with NT samples (23.21%), in benign and malignant groups. The analysis of each pair of samples allowed to detect a NIS gene methylation pattern in thyroid tissues. In 100% of the benign group and in 95% of the malignant group methylation degree of the CpG island2 was higher in the T tissue as compared to NT tissue (T>NT). Moreover, it was possible to identify significant negative correlation between the methylation degree of CpG island2 and NIS mRNA gene expression. In vitro functional characterization of the CpG island2 showed that this new island may be considered an enhancer of NIS gene in the presence of thyroid transcription factors. The treatment of follicular thyroid carcinoma cells with demethylating agent restored the NIS mRNA expression, in parallel with the reduction of the CpG island2 methylation degree. In conclusion, we confirm that the NIS promoter methylation is a frequent event in thyroid T (benign and malignant) and NT samples. This is the first description of a new second CpG island in the 5\'region of the NIS gene, with enhancer activity, which may regulate gene expression by DNA methylation. This is the first report that described the existence of a NIS gene methylation pattern of in thyroid tissue (T>NT) as well as a negative correlation between the methylation degree of CpG island2 and NIS mRNA expression. These results may explain the reduced NIS expression observed in benign and malignant tumor samples as well as the low iodine uptake of thyroid tumors
4

A novel amplification gene SLC12A5 promotes cell proliferation and tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection

January 2014 (has links)
Background & Aims: By whole genome sequencing, we identified for the first time that solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) gene located on chromosome 20q13.12 was amplified in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to determine the amplification status of SLC12A5 and its clinical implication in CRC, and characterize the functional mechanisms of SLC12A5 in colorectal carcinogenesis. / Materials and Methods: Protein expression level of SLC12A5 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. SLC12A5 amplification was verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The correlations between SLC12A5 expression and clinicopathologic parameters as well as the prognosis impact of SLC12A5 were analyzed in 195 CRC patients. The biological function of SLC12A5 in CRC cell lines were determined by cell viability, colony formation, invasion, migration, flow cytometry and in vivo tumorigenicity assays. Standard tail vein metastatic assay was performed to examine the effect of SLC12A5 in lung metastasis in nude mice. Western blot, luciferase reporter assays and human tumor metastasis PCR array were performed to evaluate SLC12A5 downstream effectors and related pathways. / Results: RT-PCR showed SLC12A5 was readily expressed in 7 of 9 CRC cell lines, but was absent in normal colorectal tissues. The mean protein expression level of SLC12A5 was significantly higher in primary CRCs as compared to their adjacent normal tissues. Amplification of SLC12A5 was detected in 40.8% (78/191) of primary CRCs by FISH, which was positively correlated with its protein overexpression (P < 0.001). Overexpression of SLC12A5 was positively associated with a more advanced TNM stage (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that SLC12A5 overexpression was an independent predictor of poorer survival of CRC patients (P = 0.018). We further tested the biological function of SLC12A5 in human colon cancer cells. Ectopic expression of SLC12A5 in colon cancer cells SW480 and SW1116 increased proliferation and colony formation. Silencing SLC12A5 expression in HCT116 by siRNA had the opposite effects in vitro, and knockdown of SLC12A5 by shRNA significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. We further revealed that SLC12A5 inhibited apoptosis of colon cancer cells by mediating apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG) -dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. Moreover, gain-and loss-of-function experiments showed that SLC12A5 enhanced cell invasion and migration in vitro. Knockdown of SLC12A5 by shRNA significantly inhibited lung metastasis in nude mice. SLC12A5 promoted tumor metastasis through regulating key elements of the matrix architecture, such as matrix metallopeptidase and fibronectin. / Conclusion: We have identified a novel amplification gene SLC12A5 which is overexpressed in CRC. SLC12A5 may be an independent prognostic marker for CRC and may play a pivotal oncogenic role in colorectal carcinogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting metastasis. / 背景和目的:通過對結直腸癌進行全基因組測序,我們首次發現位於染色體20q13.12的SLC12A5基因在結直腸中擴增。本研究旨在探索SLC12A5在結直腸癌中的擴增情況和臨床意義,并進一步研究SLC12A5在結直腸癌發生發展中的作用機制。 / 材料和方法:採用免疫组化方法檢測SLC12A5的蛋白表达水平。應用熒光原位雜交方法驗證SLC12A5基因的擴增情況。在195例結直腸癌患者中对SLC12A5表达與临床病理關係及其對預後的影響其进行分析。通过檢測細胞活力、細胞集落形成實驗、侵襲實驗、遷移實驗、流式細胞術和體內成瘤實驗以研究SLC12A5在結直腸癌中的生物学功能。進而通過免疫印跡、熒光素酶報告實驗和人腫瘤轉移的PCR陣列,探索SLC12A5調控的基因和相关途径。 / 结果:我們採用RT-PCR方法檢測SLC12A5在9株結直腸癌細胞株的表達情況,SLC12A5在7株結直腸癌細胞株中穩定表達,但是在正常大腸組織中表達沉默。SLC12A5在結直腸中的平均蛋白表達水平顯著高於其鄰近的正常組織。通過熒光原位雜交方法,在40.8% (78/ 191)的結直腸癌中檢測到SLC12A5的擴增,該基因的擴增與其蛋白高表達水平呈正相關關係。SLC12A5高表達水平跟晚期TNM分期密切相關(P <0.05)。多因素Cox回歸分析表明,SLC12A5高表達是結直腸癌患者較差的生存的獨立預測因子(P = 0.018)。我們進一步在人結腸癌細胞株中檢測SLC12A5的生物功能。在結腸癌細胞SW480和SW1116中過度表達SLC12A5促進細胞增殖和集落形成。siRNA敲低HCT116 細胞SLC12A5的表達在體外實驗中有相反的效果。此外,shRNA敲低SLC12A5的表達顯著抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生長。我們進一步發現,SLC12A5通過介導凋亡誘導因子(AIF)和核酸內切酶G(EndoG)-依賴的細胞凋亡信號轉導通路抑制結腸癌細胞的凋亡。此外,功能獲得性和功能缺失性的體外實驗表明,SLC12A5促進腫瘤細胞的侵襲和遷移。尾靜脈注射實驗表明shRNA敲低SLC12A5的表達顯著抑制裸鼠肺轉移。SLC12A5通過調節基質結構的關鍵因子,如基質金屬蛋白酶和纖維連接蛋白,促進腫瘤轉移。 / 结论:我們發現了一個新的擴增基因SLC12A5,該基因在結直腸癌中高表達。SLC12A5是結直腸癌的一個獨立的預後標誌物。SLC12A5通過抑制細胞凋亡和促進腫瘤轉移,在結直腸癌的發生發展中起了舉足輕重的致癌作用。 / Xu, Lixia. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-120). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
5

Localization and function of electrogenic Na/Bicarbonate Cotransporter NBCe1 in rat brain

Majumdar, Debeshi. January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
6

Electrogenic Na/Bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCE1) variants expressed in Xenopus oocytes protein regions involved in function, expression, and ion translocation /

McAlear, Suzanne D. January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.
7

Structural and functional analysis of antiparallel coiled coils from Escherichia coli osmosensory protein ProP and rat cytoplasmic dynein /

Zoetewey, David Lawrence. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. in Molecular Biology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-167). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
8

Metilação do gene simportador sódio-iodo (NIS) em tumores de tireóide / Methylation of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene in thyroid tumors

Ana Luiza Resende Galrão 15 December 2011 (has links)
O iodo é transportado para a célula tireoideana através do simportador sódio-iodo (NIS). Estudo anterior de nosso grupo mostrou que a expressão do RNAm de NIS estava reduzida nos tecidos tumorais (T) tireoideanos quando comparada à dos tecidos não tumorais (NT) adjacentes. A metilação de ilhas CpG localizadas em promotores é um dos mecanismos epigenéticos que regula a expressão gênica. Já foi demonstrado que a metilação aberrante desempenha papel importante na tumorigênese humana, porém, estudos qualitativos não conseguiram definir um padrão de metilação do promotor de NIS no câncer diferenciado de tireóide. Assim, o presente estudo visou (1) investigar o padrão de metilação do promotor do gene NIS em amostras T (benignos e malignos) e NT adjacentes, e correlacionar o grau de metilação com os valores de RNAm, e (2) identificar novas sequencias regulatórias, alvos de metilação do DNA, que pudessem também modular a expressão de NIS. Foram estudados 30 pares de amostras de tecido tireoideano T e NT adjacente, sendo 10 benignos e 20 malignos. Também foi avaliado um par de amostras de paciente com nódulo maligno com alta captação de iodo (hipercaptante). A metilação da ilha1 CpG foi avaliada por PCR Metilação Específica (MSP) semiquantitativa e a metilação da ilha2 CpG foi analisada por bissulfito seqüenciamento; ambas com DNA bissulfito convertido. Novas ferramentas de bioinformática foram utilizadas na análise in silico para identificar ilhas CpG funcionais na região 5\' upstream da seqüência promotora de NIS. Plasmídios foram construídos contendo o fragmento de DNA da Ilha2 CpG na frente de gene reporter (luciferase) e usados em transfecções de células HEK293 para avaliar a atividade regulatória desta ilha. Celulas tumorais com baixa expressão de NIS foram tratadas com agente desmetilante 5Aza e a expressão de RNAm de NIS foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real. Na ilha1 CpG, todas as amostras (T e NT) do grupo benigno e maligno apresentaram metilação, não observando-se diferença no grau de metilação entre os grupos. No entanto, maiores níveis de metilação foram detectados na região 5 desta ilha, que decresceram na direção da extremidade 3. Observou-se maior grau de metilação no tecido T em relação ao tecido NT adjacente (T>NT) em 60% das amostras do grupo benigno e em 35% do grupo maligno. Não foi identificada correlação entre o grau de metilação da ilha1 CpG e a expressão de RNAm de NIS. Nas amostras (T e NT) do paciente com tumor hipercaptante não foi detectada metilação nesta ilha. Assim foi realizada nova análise in silico, a qual identificou por primeira vez uma segunda ilha CpG, ilha2 CpG, com 256pb, localizada entre as posições -2152 e -1887 (em relação ao sítio ATG), contendo 14 sítios CpG. As analises da metilação da ilha2 CpG indicaram que essa região também é alvo de metilação, sendo observada hipermetilação (66.07%) em todas as amostras T quando comparada às amostras NT(23,21%), nos grupos benigno e maligno. A análise individual de cada par de amostras detectou um padrão de metilação do gene NIS em tecidos tireoideanos; sendo que 100% das amostras do grupo benigno e 95% das do grupo maligno apresentavam a ilha2 CpG mais metilada no tecido T do que no tecido NT (T>NT). Além disso, foi possível identificar correlação inversa significativa entre o grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG e a expressão gênica de NIS. Estudos in vitro para caracterização funcional da ilha CpG2 mostraram que esta nova ilha pode ser considerada como um enhancer do gene NIS na presença de fatores de transcrição da tireóide. Também foi possível detectar, em linhagem de carcinoma folicular da tireoide, a reexpressão do RNAm de NIS paralelamente à redução do grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG, após o tratamento com agente desmetilante. Sendo assim, confirmamos que a metilação do promotor NIS é um evento freqüente em amostras T (benignas e malignas) e NT. Este é o o primeiro trabalho que descreve a existência da ilha2 CpG, na região 5 do gene NIS, com atividade de enhancer, que regularia a expressão gênica por metilação do DNA. Pela primeira vez identificou-se a existência de um padrão de metilação no gene NIS em tecido tireoideanos (T>NT), assim como correlação inversa entre o grau de metilação da ilha2 CpG e a expressão de RNAm de NIS. Estes resultados poderiam explicar a reduzida expressão do NIS observada em amostras tumorais benignas e malignas e a baixa captação de iodo dos tumores tireoideanos / Iodide is transported from the blood into thyroid cell through the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). We have previously detected reduced NIS mRNA expression in thyroid tumoral tissue (T) when compared with the non tumoral tissue (NT). Methylation of DNAs CpG islands, very common in promoters, is an epigenetic alteration that regulates gene expression. Aberrant gene methylation plays an important role in human tumorigenesis. Previous qualitative studies have failed to define a NIS promoter methylation pattern in thyroid cancer. This study aimed (1) to investigate the methylation pattern of the NIS gene promoter in thyroid tumors (benign and malignant), and to correlate the methylation status with cellular levels of NIS mRNA, in T and adjacent NT samples; (2) to identify new regulatory DNA sequences that could modulate NIS gene expression by methylation of the DNA. Thirty pairs of thyroid samples (tumoral and non-tumoral), 10 benign and 20 malignant tumors were included. A pair of samples of a malignant nodule with high iodide uptake was also included. Methylation of CpG Island1 was evaluated by semiquantitative Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) and methylation of CpG island2 was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing; both using bisulfite converted DNA. New bioinformatic tools were used in in silico analysis to identify functional CpG islands in the 5 upstream region of the NIS promoter. Plasmids were constructed containing the CpG island2 DNA fragment in front of a reporter gene (lucyferase) and used in transfections assays of HEK293 cells to assess the regulatory activity of this island. Tumor thyroid cell cultures with low NIS expression were treated with the demethylating agent 5Aza and NIS mRNA expression was quantified by real time PCR. Methylation of CpG island1 was detected in all the samples (NT and T) of benign and malignant group, no differences were observed in the methylation degree between the groups. However, highest methylation levels were detected in the 5 region of CpG island1, which decreased to the 3 end. The analysis of each pair of samples revealed higher methylation degree in T tissue with respect to NT adjacent tissue (T> NT) in 60% of the benign group and in 35% of the malignant group. No quantitative correlation was found between CpG island1 methylation and NIS mRNA levels in both groups. Methylation was not detected in the NT and T samples of the patient with high iodine uptake. Furthermore, new in silico analysis allowed to identify a second CpG island, CpG island2, with 256pb, located between positions - 2152 and -1887 (relative to ATG), containing 14 CpG sites. The analysis of the CpG island2 indicated that this region is also a target of DNA methylation. Hypermethylation was observed in all T samples (66.07%) when compared with NT samples (23.21%), in benign and malignant groups. The analysis of each pair of samples allowed to detect a NIS gene methylation pattern in thyroid tissues. In 100% of the benign group and in 95% of the malignant group methylation degree of the CpG island2 was higher in the T tissue as compared to NT tissue (T>NT). Moreover, it was possible to identify significant negative correlation between the methylation degree of CpG island2 and NIS mRNA gene expression. In vitro functional characterization of the CpG island2 showed that this new island may be considered an enhancer of NIS gene in the presence of thyroid transcription factors. The treatment of follicular thyroid carcinoma cells with demethylating agent restored the NIS mRNA expression, in parallel with the reduction of the CpG island2 methylation degree. In conclusion, we confirm that the NIS promoter methylation is a frequent event in thyroid T (benign and malignant) and NT samples. This is the first description of a new second CpG island in the 5\'region of the NIS gene, with enhancer activity, which may regulate gene expression by DNA methylation. This is the first report that described the existence of a NIS gene methylation pattern of in thyroid tissue (T>NT) as well as a negative correlation between the methylation degree of CpG island2 and NIS mRNA expression. These results may explain the reduced NIS expression observed in benign and malignant tumor samples as well as the low iodine uptake of thyroid tumors
9

Thermodynamic regulation of NKCC1-mediated chloride transport underlies plasticity of GABAA signaling /

Brumback, Audrey Christine. January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. in Neuroscience) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-96). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
10

Expressão do simportador sódio-iodo (NIS) nos tumores tireoidianos benignos e malignos através de estudo imunohistoquímico e da quantificação do RNA mensageiro / Expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in benign and malignant thyroid tumors using immunohistochemistry and mesenger RNA quantification

Sodré, Ana Karina de Melo Bezerra 15 February 2007 (has links)
O transporte de iodo para tireóide é mediado pelo simportador sódio-iodo (NIS), glicoproteína de 643 aminoácidos localizada na região basolateral da célula folicular que acopla a entrada de sódio e iodo para o interior da célula. A clonagem do gene NIS em 1996 foi o primeiro passo na investigação dos mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pela diminuição da captação do radioiodo nos tumores benignos e malignos da tireóide. Estudos prévios sobre a expressão do gene NIS baseados em quantificação do transcrito e/ou análise imuno-histoquímica da proteína, mostraram resultados bastante divergentes. A maioria dos estudos com RT-PCR mostrou redução ou até ausência do transcrito do NIS. Os estudos mais recentes de imunohistoquímica, no entanto, mostraram aumento da expressão da proteína NIS, ao invés de diminuição. Poucos foram os estudos que fizeram análise do transcrito e da proteína concomitantemente nas mesmas amostras. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar o RNAm do gene NIS e avaliar a expressão e localização celular da proteína NIS, através das técnicas de RT-PCR em tempo real e exame imunohistoquímico, respectivamente. Foram estudadas 30 amostras de nódulos de tireóide, sendo 14 nódulos benignos e 16 nódulos malignos, sempre pareados com o tecido não-tumoral do mesmo paciente. Através de exame cintilográfico, verificouse que 100% dos nódulos malignos e 85,7% dos benignos eram hipocaptantes. Houve diminuição da expressão gênica do NIS em 78,6% dos nódulos benignos, em 81,2% dos carcinomas utilizando o gene PSMC6 como controle interno e em 100% dos carcinomas com o gene GAPDH como controle interno. O exame imunohistoquímico da proteína NIS revelou positividade da proteína NIS no citoplasma em 100% dos tecidos não-tumorais, 100% dos nódulos benignos e 93,75% dos nódulos malignos, não sendo estatisticamente diferentes entre si. A positividade na membrana basolateral ocorreu em 23,3% das amostras não-tumorais, em 14,3% dos nódulos benignos e em 12,5% dos nódulos malignos, não se detectando diferença significativa entre os grupos. A comparação da intensidade da imunoexpressão do NIS no citoplasma entre os nódulos versus os tecidos não-nodulares mostrou que esta foi maior em 64,3% dos nódulos benignos e em 87,5% dos malignos. Houve associação entre diminuição da quantificação gênica do NIS tumoral e aumento da imuno-expressão da proteína NIS no citoplasma tumoral em 50% dos nódulos benignos, 87,5% dos nódulos malignos, quando se utilizou o GAPDH como controle interno e, em 68,75% dos nódulos malignos quando se utilizou o PSMC6. A diminuição da expressão gênica do NIS associada a maior imuno-positividade intracitoplasmática da proteína NIS se deve a provável incapacidade de migração da proteína para a membrana plasmática. / The iodide uptake by epithelial thyroid cells requires the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), a transmembrane glycoprotein of 643 amino acids. NIS is located at basolateral plasma membrane of the thyroid follicular cells and couples the transport of iodide and sodium to this cells. NIS gene was cloned in 1996, being the first step of investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the lower uptake of radioiodide by benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Previous studies about expression of NIS gene based in quantification by RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry analysis showed divergent data. The majority of RT-PCR studies showed reduction or even absence of transcript of NIS in malignant tumors. Recent studies of immunostaining showed that many tumors overexpress rather than under express NIS. Only a few studies have made the analysis of the transcript and the protein at the same time in the same samples. The objective of this study was to investigate NIS transcript levels and the presence and location of NIS protein, using real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. It was included 30 samples of thyroid tumors, 14 benign and 16 malignant ones, always compared to adjacent non-tumoral samples. Scintigraphic findings showed that 100% of malignant tumors and 87.5% of benign ones were ?cold?. RT-PCR data revealed lower gene expression in 78.6% of the benign tumors, 81.2% of the carcinomas using PSMC6 as a housekeeping gene and 100% of the carcinomas using GHPDH as a housekeeping gene, when paired to the normal tissue samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed presence of NIS protein in 100% of the nontumoral samples, 100% of the benign tumors and 93.75% of the malignant tumors. No statistical differences were detect in this data. NIS protein was identified at basolateral membrane in 23.3% of non-tumoral samples, 14.3% of benign tumors and 12.5% of malignant tumors. No statistical differences were detect in this data. Higher quantities of intracytoplasmatic NIS protein were detect in 64.3% of benign tumors and in 87.5% of malignant tumors when compared to non-tumoral samples. Association between lower gene expression and higher presence of intracytoplasmatic NIS protein was found in 50% of benign tumors, 87.5% of malignant tumors using GHPDH as a housekeeping gene and 68.75% of malignant tumors using PSMC6 as a housekeeping gene. The reduced gene expression of NIS in thyroid tumors with strong intracytoplasmatic staining may be due to his incapacity in migrating to cellular membrane.

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