Transmission line parameters play a significant role in a variety of power system applications. The accuracy of these parameters is of paramount importance. Traditional methods of determining transmission line parameters must take a large number of factors into consideration. It is difficult and in most cases impractical to include every possible factor when calculating parameter values. A modern approach to the parameter identification problem is an online method by which the parameter values are calculated using synchronized voltage and current measurements from both ends of a transmission line. One of the biggest problems facing the synchronized measurement method is line transposition. Several methods have been proposed that demonstrate how the line parameters of a transposed line may be estimated. However, the present case of today's power systems is such that a majority of transmission lines are untransposed. While transposed line methods have value, they cannot be applied in real-world scenarios. Future efforts of using synchronized measurements to estimate transmission line parameters must focus on the development and refining of untransposed line methods. This thesis reviews the existing methods of estimation transmission line parameters using synchrophasor measurements and proposes a new method of estimating the parameters of an untransposed line. After the proposal of this new method, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine its performance when noise is present in the measurements. / Master of Science

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Master of Science / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Todd W. Easton / Integer programs (IP) are a commonly researched class of problems used by governments and businesses to improve decision making through optimal resource allocation and scheduling. However, integer programs require an exponential amount of effort to solve and in some instances a feasible solution is unknown even with the most powerful computers. There are several methods commonly used to reduce the solution time for IPs. One such approach is to generate new valid inequalities through lifting. Lifting strengthens a valid inequality by changing the coefficients of the variables in the inequality. Lifting can result in facet defining inequalities, which are the theoretically strongest inequalities. This thesis introduces the Cutting-plane Algorithm in Three Sets (CATS) that can help reduce the solution time of integer programs. CATS uses synchronized simultaneous lifting to generate a new class of previously undiscovered valid inequalities. These inequalities are based upon three sets of indices from a binary knapsack integer program, which is a commonly studied integer program. CATS requires quartic effort times the number of inequalities generated. Some theoretical results describe easily verifiable conditions under which CATS inequalities are facet defining. A small computational study shows CATS obtains about an 8.9% percent runtime improvement over a commercial IP software. CATS preprocessing time is fast and requires an average time of approximately .032 seconds to perform. With the exciting new class of inequalities produced relatively quickly compared to the solution time, CATS is advantageous and should be implemented to reduce solution time of many integer programs.

O foco desta dissertação foi sintetizar nanopartículas de cobre plasmônicas que sejam estáveis no meio aquoso na escala de tamanho (≤ 5nm) e, a partir da investigação das propriedades fluorescentes que apresentam, estudar as diferenças entre as suas propriedades plasmônicas. Foi empregado o Ranelato (ligante de um metalofármaco) como agente estabilizante para a preparação das séries de sínteses que apresentam fluorescência com o método de redução química. Esse ligante, na forma de complexo de estrôncio, é um fármaco contra osteoporose. Na forma livre, mostrou-se altamente capaz de estabilizar diferentes estados de oxidação do cobre em um fino controle de síntese de nanopartículas de cobre, em meio aquoso, que foram altamente estáveis a oxidação, apresentando curiosamente duas populações de tamanho entre 1,8 e 15 nm. As nanopartículas apresentaram absorção de SPR no visível em 581 nm e foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia UV-Vis. Estas nanopartículas também apresentaram uma banda de emissão em 600 nm (quando excitadas em 581 nm) e foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de fluorescência; a distribuição de tamanho por espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS) e o tamanho real das partículas bem como os estados de oxidação do metal, se caracterizaram por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução (HRTEM). Os mecanismos envolvidos na fluorescência e as possíveis transferências de energia foram estudados juntos por espectroscopia de fluorescência sincronizada. Além de todas estas técnicas utilizadas foram usadas outras técnicas como EPR e XPS de forma exploratória sem muito aprofundamento que também ajudaram na caraterização do material. Tais sínteses abrem novos e interessantes estudos sobre a natureza do ligante e a química de coordenação do ligante metal em superfície. O fenômeno de fluorescência que apresentaram as partículas nesta escala de tamanho cria futuras estratégias para aplicações biológicas, como na terapia fotodinâmica, por exemplo. / The focus of this dissertation was to synthesize copper nanoparticles plasmons in a way that they are stable in aqueous environment in size scale (≤ 5 nm) and from the investigations of the fluorescent properties they show, to study the differences among their plasmons properties. We employed Ranelate (a metalodrug ligand) as a stabilizer agent to the preparation of several syntheses that show fluorescence with the chemical reduction method. This ligand, in the form of strontium complex, is a drug against osteoporosis. In its free form, it showed high capacity of stabilizing different states of copper oxidation in a fine synthesis control of copper nanoparticles, in aqueous environment, that were highly stable oxidation, reporting, curiously, two populations of size between 1,8 and 15 nm. The nanoparticles reported absorption of SPR in the visible in 581 nm and they were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. These nanoparticles also presented an emission band in 600 nm (when excited in 581 nm) and they were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy; the distribution of size by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the real size of the particles so as the copper oxidation states, by high resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM). The mechanisms involved in the fluorescence and the possible transferences of energy were studied together with synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition to all these techniques, other techniques such as EPR and XPS were used in an exploratory rather deep manner that also helped to characterize the material. These syntheses open new and interesting studies about the nature of ligand and the ligand-metal coordination chemistry at the surface. The phenomenon of fluorescence that reported the particles in this size scale might create future strategies for biological applications, such as in photodynamic therapy.

Este trabalho versa sobre a análise teórica do desempenho da regulação sincronizada aplicada na redução de vibrações de rotores utilizando mancais magnéticos. Originalmente apresentado na dissertação \\Regulação sincronizada de distúrbios senoidais\", de Vaydia I. C. Segura, o regulador teve o seu módulo de regulação modificado para trabalhar com múltiplas entradas e saídas, além de permitir a estimação em tempo real da matriz de influência. O desempenho e a robustez do regulador foram analisados em função de seus parâmetros. A regulação sincronizada foi aplicada a um modelo teórico de rotor desenvolvido pelo método dos elementos finitos e simulado em computador. / This work discusses about the theoretical analysis of the performance of synchronized regulation applied in reduction of rotor vibrations using magnetic bearings. Originally presented in the dissertation \\Synchronized regulation of sinoidal disturbing\", of Vaydia I. C. Segura, the regulator had its regulation module changed to work with multiple inputs and outputs, in addition to enabling real-time estimation of the influence matrix. The performance and robustness of the regulator were analyzed as a function of the parameters. The synchronized regulation was applied to the theoretical model developed by the finite elements method and simulated in a computer.

Nesta dissertação, discorre-se sobre manobra sincronizada de disjuntores. Entre as atividades desenvolvidas para a sua elaboração estão a análise de transitórios causados por manobras em capacitores, reatores e linhas de transmissão, estudos de sobretensão e estudos para a determinação de instantes favoráveis às manobras, sob o ponto de vista de diminuição de sobretensões. Completa a dissertação a especificação de equipamento de sincronismo que, a partir de medições em tempo real de variáveis elétricas - que interferem nas sobretensões - e de variáveis climáticas - que interferem no tempo de acionamento dos contatos dos disjuntores - calculam o tempo de atraso necessário para o fechamento elétrico em instantes mais convenientes. / The scope of this dissertation is the study of synchronized switching of circuit breakers. The transients caused by capacitor, reactor and transmission line switching are analyzed, for overvoltage evaluation and to determined the favorable time in the wave that leads to smallest overvoltages. Finally the specification of an equipment is produced. The equipment acquire, in real time, the values of electrical variables (current and voltages) the ambient temperature and oil pressure in the circuit breaker operating mechanism, voltage in the auxiliary system and assign a delay in the breaker switching time in order to control overvoltages.

Nesta dissertação, discorre-se sobre manobra sincronizada de disjuntores. Entre as atividades desenvolvidas para a sua elaboração estão a análise de transitórios causados por manobras em capacitores, reatores e linhas de transmissão, estudos de sobretensão e estudos para a determinação de instantes favoráveis às manobras, sob o ponto de vista de diminuição de sobretensões. Completa a dissertação a especificação de equipamento de sincronismo que, a partir de medições em tempo real de variáveis elétricas - que interferem nas sobretensões - e de variáveis climáticas - que interferem no tempo de acionamento dos contatos dos disjuntores - calculam o tempo de atraso necessário para o fechamento elétrico em instantes mais convenientes. / The scope of this dissertation is the study of synchronized switching of circuit breakers. The transients caused by capacitor, reactor and transmission line switching are analyzed, for overvoltage evaluation and to determined the favorable time in the wave that leads to smallest overvoltages. Finally the specification of an equipment is produced. The equipment acquire, in real time, the values of electrical variables (current and voltages) the ambient temperature and oil pressure in the circuit breaker operating mechanism, voltage in the auxiliary system and assign a delay in the breaker switching time in order to control overvoltages.

傳統上，派屈網路分類的方式是依照區域結構分成"簡單網"、"非對稱選擇網"， "擴充自由選擇網"，"自由選擇網"，"標記圖形網"，"狀態機"。最近我們將派屈網路依照全域結構的分類方式分成兩類：同步選擇網及非同步選擇網。 同步選擇網的結構不同於其它的分類方式，不但可以作派屈網的分類，而且可以因此決定網路的性質如：boundedness、liveness、reversibility等。 在一個同步選擇網中，任何一個沒有bridge的handle必定是一個TT-或PP-路徑；同步選擇網也可以分解成許多T-components或P-components；同步選擇網是非常值得研究的題目，如果一個派屈網不屬於同步選擇網，這個派屈網很可能有設計上的錯誤如unbounded或deadlock。 / Traditionally Petri nets (PN) are classified, based on local structures (input and output set of transitions or places), into simple nets, asymmetric choice nets, extended free choice nets, free choice nets, mark graphs and state machines. We categorize ordinary Petri nets into two lasses: SNC and non-SNC based on global structure. Unlike other class of Petri nets, the structure of SNC nets not only classify the nets, but also determine the properties of the nets such as boundedness, liveness, reversibility, …etc. In an SNC, any prime handle must be either a TT-or PP-path. SNC nets is declared to be largest (than Free Choice) set of nets that are covered by both T-components and P-components. SNC nets is interesting because if a designed PN is not an SNC, then most likely it suffers from design errors of deadlocks or unbounded. SNC nets is both structurally live and bounded. However, it may not be live or reversible. This thesis presents the conditions of liveness and rsibility. An algorithm is developed to detect SNC nets which based on a useful mechanism called S-Matrix to records the structure relationship between any two PSP's. Further, we will also provide algorithms to check the SNC nets to be live and irreversible.

The Synchronize Choice Petri net, a subclass of Petri nets that is constructed based on special structural objects, can improve analytical power to make solving the behavioral problems of Petri nets practically possible. The fact that proving liveness and verifying reachability of a Synchronize Choice Petri net are feasible may lead to several applications. This thesis contributes to one of the applications: building a dynamic key exchange mechanism embedded in Virtual Private Network products by applying Synchronize Choice Petri nets. 　　Based on modern symmetric-key algorithms, such as DES, the dynamic key exchange mechanism enables two communicating sides to use the changing keys to encrypt or decrypt messages correctly without requiring any key transmission during the communication session after the initiation. A proper use of the mechanism is to be integrated with Virtual Private Network products to make the information transmitting between two peers more confidential.

In the present study, electrophysiological and behavioral effects of compromised Gama-Aminobutyric Acid (GABAergic) transmission were investigated in adult Rhesus macaque monkeys (N=2). GABAergic transmission was perturbed in the putamen by administration of a GABAa receptor antagonist, gabazine (10 and 500 μM), via a microdialysis-local field potential (MD-LFP) probe. Resultant changes in striatal local field potentials (LFPs) were measured as an assay of synchrony. Gabazine perfusion evoked discrete large amplitude spikes in LFPs in all subjects, and the frequency and shape of individual spikes were concentration-dependent. Pre-treatment with the GABAa receptor agonist, muscimol (100 μM) blocked the gabazine-induced events, confirming a role for GABAa receptors in the effects. Behavioral manifestations of gabazine treatment were observed only at the maximum concentration. Unusual facial movements suggested aberrant electrical activity was propagated from striatum to motor cortex, perhaps via reentrant circuits. These results support a role for GABAergic transmission in segregation of striatal circuits.