Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRESSA GABARDO GRANZA.pdf: 2807698 bytes, checksum: a0442acfb9a8bff732a7ec5ecaa9a286 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of gluten free products is becoming increasingly important as the number of celiac people have increased. Cheese breads and sour cassava starch biscuits are examples of gluten free baked products widely consumed in Brazil, however, these products have problems related to starch retrogradation, in other words, a very rapid staling in the case of baked products and the cheese breads marketed as frozen dough are susceptible to release of water (syneresis). Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a anti-staling premix able to increase freeze-thaw stability of gluten free baked products (cheese bread and sour cassava starch biscuits) without interfere negatively on the expansion property of these products. Binary and ternary mixtures were prepared using native cassava starch and oxidized cassava starch ranging the type of gum (guar, locust, xanthan and carrageenan) and the concentration used (2, 4 and 6 %). Mixtures using the acid modified cassava starch instead of oxidized cassava starch were also tested, but in this case using only guar gum at concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 %. The mixtures were evaluated for freeze-thaw stability and expansion property and the results were compared with those obtained for sour cassava starch (PA) native cassava starch (N), oxidized cassava starch (O) and acid modified cassava starch (A). The binary and ternary mixtures with better results and samples PA, N and O were evaluated for technological properties (pasting properties, swelling power and solubility and paste clarity), thermal properties (Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC), structural properties (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - FTIR) and crystalline properties (X-ray diffraction); moreover, cheese breads were prepared with these samples and the staling of these products was evaluated (hardness parameter in texturometer and crumb moisture content). The mixture made with the native cassava starch, oxidized cassava starch and guar gum at a concentration of 4 % (MNO+GG 4 %) showed the best results of syneresis (loss of 4,87; 7,79 and 11 % in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd freeze-thaw cycle, respectively) compared with the other samples and the low retrogradation of this sample was confirmed by DSC analysis (enthalpy of retrogradation was non-existent) and FTIR (sample separated from others by principal component analysis - PCA). The expansion property of MNO GG+4 % sample was high (> 10 mL.g-1) and the cheese breads developed with this sample had a later staling compared with other samples, with lower hardness after 24 and 30 h of storage (23.71 and 29.59 N, respectively) and a wetter crumb (38.8 and 37.07%, respectively). These results indicate the possibility of using the premix MNO+GG 4% in gluten free baked products in place of sour cassava starch and/or native cassava starch. / O desenvolvimento de produtos livres de glúten está se tornando cada vez mais importante uma vez que o número de pessoas celíacas tem aumentado. Pães de queijo e biscoitos de polvilho são exemplos de produtos panificados livres de glúten consumidos em território brasileiro, porém, estes produtos possuem problemas relacionados com a retrogradação do amido, ou seja, um envelhecimento muito rápido no caso de produtos assados e os pães de queijo comercializados na forma de massa congelada estão susceptíveis à liberação de água (sinérese). Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver uma pré-mistura capaz de retardar o envelhecimento e aumentar a estabilidade ao congelamento-descongelamento de produtos panificados livres de glúten (pães de queijo e biscoitos de polvilho), além de não interferir negativamente na propriedade de expansão dos mesmos. Misturas binárias e ternárias foram elaboradas utilizando-se o amido de mandioca nativo e o amido de mandioca oxidado variando-se o tipo de goma (guar, locusta, xantana e carragena) e a concentração utilizada (2, 4 e 6 %). Misturas utilizando o amido de mandioca ácido modificado ao invés do amido de mandioca oxidado também foram testadas, mas neste caso utilizando somente a goma guar nas concentrações de 2, 4 e 6 %. As misturas foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade a ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento e propriedade de expansão e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos para o polvilho azedo (PA), amido de mandioca nativo (N), amido de mandioca oxidado (O) e amido de mandioca ácido modificado (A). As misturas binárias e ternárias com melhores resultados e as amostras PA, N e O foram avaliadas quanto às propriedades tecnológicas (propriedade de pasta, poder de intumescimento e solubilidade, e claridade de pasta), térmicas (calorimetria exploratória diferencial - DSC), estruturais (Espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier - FTIR) e cristalinas (difração de raios X); além disso, foram elaborados pães de queijo com essas amostras e o envelhecimento dos mesmos foi avaliado (parâmetro dureza em texturômetro e teor de umidade dos miolos). A mistura feita com o amido de mandioca nativo, amido de mandioca oxidado e goma guar na concentração de 4 % (MNO+GG 4 %) apresentou os melhores resultados de sinérese (perdas de 4,87; 7,79 e 11 % no 1º, 2º e 3º ciclo de congelamento-descongelamento, respectivamente) em comparação com as demais amostras e a baixa retrogradação desta amostra foi confirmada pela análise de DSC (entalpia de retrogradação foi inexistente) e FTIR (amostra separada das demais pela análise de componentes principais – PCA). A propriedade de expansão da amostra MNO+GG 4 % foi considerada elevada (>10 mL.g-1) e os pães de queijo desenvolvidos com esta amostra tiveram um envelhecimento mais tardio em relação as demais amostras, apresentando menor dureza após 24 e 30 h de armazenamento (23,71 e 29,59 N, respectivamente) e um miolo mais úmido (38,8 e 37,07 %, respectivamente). Esses resultados indicam a possibilidade de utilização da pré-mistura MNO+GG 4 % em produtos panificados livres de glúten, em substituição do polvilho azedo e/ou amido de mandioca nativo.

La bactérie lactique Oenococcus oeni qui fait partie de la flore d’intérêt du vin, est responsable de la fermentation malolactique. Au cours de son développement dans le vin, Oenococcus oeni est confronté à des conditions physicochimiques drastiques (présence d’éthanol, pH 3,5, basse température, présence de composés soufrés, …). Sa capacité à s’adapter à ces conditions défavorables en fait un bon modèle d’étude de la réponse à de multiples stress chez les bactéries lactiques (Guzzo et al., 2000). L’un des mécanismes de résistance d’O. oeni fait intervenir une protéine de choc thermique de faible masse moléculaire ou sHsp (small Heat shock protein) nommée Lo18. La protéine Lo18 possède une activité de chaperon ATP-indépendante. C'est-à-dire que son association avec une protéine en cours de dénaturation permet de protéger la protéine et d’empêcher son agrégation. De plus elle est capable de s’associer avec les bicouches lipidiques et de stabiliser la structure lipidique.Les sHsp se caractérisent par la présence d’une région d’environ 90 acides aminés appelée α-cristallin impliquée dans l’activité de chaperon moléculaire in vitro. En général, les extrémités N- et C- terminales jouent un rôle essentiel dans le processus d’oligomérisation qui est nécessaire à l’activité chaperon. Dans l’optique d’étudier la relation entre la structure et la fonction de la sHsp Lo18, son activité et son oligomérisation ont été caractérisées à différents pH. Les résultats ont montré que le pH influe sur l’oligomérisation de Lo18 et également son activité de chaperon moléculaire. Des protéines Lo18 modifiées dans le domaine α-cristallin ont également été caractérisées. Elles ont permis de démontrer qu’une substitution d’acide aminé dans ce domaine altère l’activité de Lo18. Enfin des formes tronquées de Lo18 pour ses deux portions N- et C- terminales ont été construites, surproduites chez Escherichia coli, puis purifiées par chromatographie d’affinité hydrophobe.La capacité de Lo18 à empêcher l’agrégation des protéines et à stabiliser les membranes lipidiques nous a conduit à tester l’impact de Lo18 d’une part sur la surproduction in vivo chez Escherichia coli de protéines hétérologues d’intérêt, et d’autre part sur la formation d’un caillé laitier riche en caséine et lipides.La surproduction hétérologue de protéines chez E. coli est utilisée pour produire de grandes quantités de protéines à faibles couts. Cependant cette production n’est pas toujours efficace car l’accumulation d’une même protéine dans la cellule de la bactérie conduit souvent à son agrégation et à sa dégradation. Il apparait nécessaire de développer des systèmes permettant d’améliorer la solubilité des protéines surproduites chez E. coli. Nous avons donc testé les potentialités de Lo18 dans ce système, et montré une augmentation de la solubilité de protéines d’intérêt coproduites avec la sHsp Lo18 et/ou la Hsp GroEL/ES.Le lait comporte quatre composants dominants : l’eau, les matières grasses, les protéines et le lactose. En technologie fromagère, la coagulation correspond à une déstabilisation de l’état micellaire des protéines majoritaires du lait: les caséines. La prise en gel est suivie d’une phase d'égouttage, la synérèse, qui correspond à la perte d’une partie du lactosérum hors du gel. Les propriétés de chaperon moléculaire de la protéine Lo18 ont permis d’influencer l’agrégation des caséines in vitro. Nous avons donc appliqué Lo18 au modèle caillé laitier et décelé des applications industrielles possibles. Nous avons notamment montré en laboratoire une accélération de la phase de prise en gel, et une accélération du processus de synérèse. En modèle fromager nous avons mis en évidence que Lo18 permet de diminuer le taux d’humidité dans les fromages de type « pâtes molles » / The lactic acid bacteria Oenococcus oeni is part of the flora of interest in wine. It is responsible for malolactic fermentation. During its development in the wine, Oenococcus oeni is facing drastic physicochemical conditions (presence of ethanol, pH 3.5, low temperature, presence of sulfuric compounds). Its ability to adapt to these conditions makes of it a good model to study the response to multiple stress in lactic acid bacteria (Guzzo et al., 2000). One mechanism of resistance of O. oeni involves a Heat shock protein (Hsp) of low molecular weight or sHsp (small Heat shock protein) called Lo18.Lo18 protein has a chaperone activity ATP-independent. It is to say that its association with a protein during denaturation can protect the protein and prevent its aggregation. In addition Lo18 is able to bind with lipid bilayers and stabilize the lipidic structure.The sHsp are characterized by the presence of a region of about 90 amino acids, called α-crystallin, involved in molecular chaperone activity in vitro. In most cases, the N-and C-termini regions play an essential role in the oligomerization process that is necessary for the chaperone activity.In order to study the relationship between structure and function of Lo18, its activity and oligomerization were characterized at different pH. The results showed that the pH affects the oligomerization of Lo18 and also its molecular chaperone activity. Lo18 modified proteins in their α-crystallin region was also characterized. They have shown that a single amino acid substitution alters the activity of Lo18. Finally truncated forms of Lo18 in its two portions N-and C-termini were constructed, overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified by hydrophobic affinity chromatography.The ability of Lo18 to prevent aggregation of proteins and stabilize lipid membranes led us to test the impact of Lo18 for heterologous overproduction in Escherichia coli, and also in the formation of a curd milk rich in casein and fat.Overproduction of heterologous proteins in E. coli is widely used to produce large amounts of protein at low cost. However, this production is not easy because the accumulation of a protein in bacteria’s cell often leads to its aggregation and degradation. It appears necessary to develop systems to improve the solubility of proteins overproduced in E. coli. We therefore tested the potential of Lo18 in this system, and showed an increase in the solubility of proteins of interest coproduced with the sHsp Lo18 and / or the Hsp system GroEL / ES.Milk has four dominant components: water, fat, protein and lactose. In cheese technology, coagulation is a destabilization of the micellar state of the major proteins of milk: the caseins. Jellyfication phase is followed by a dripping phase called syneresis, which corresponds to the loss of part of the whey out of the gel.The properties of the sHsp Lo18 influenced the aggregation of the caseins in vitro. So we applied Lo18 on the curd milk model and detected possible industrial applications. In particular, we showed in laboratory an acceleration of the jellyfication phase, and an acceleration of the syneresis. In cheese model we have shown that Lo18 is able to reduce the humidity rate in cheeses

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The process of salt replacement desalination proposed is believed to be able to produce vast quantities of fresh water be desalination. This method, which is a novel approach to minimizing the costs of saline water conversion, consists of the substitution of solutes in a solution to be desalted by a replacer chemical, and the low energy removal of that replacer chemical. The ultrafiltration of larger molecular sized replacer chemicals with high flux membranes increases the produce yield rate and reduces the corresponding energy requirement, with respect to reverse osmosis. In addition, the initial captial investment is less since no pressure constraining devices are required. The alteration of the osmotic pressure of the replacer solution within the process can also take advantage of energy savings through the utilization of an easily reversible reaction which synthesizes and breaks down a constituent that has a significant osmotic pressure difference between phases. Finally, the unusual process of fixed gel syneresis shows potential as a low energy salt replacement type process, but still requires extensive investigation.