The diploma thesis deals with media discourse of a participation of russian and american armed forces in Syrian Civil War since 2014 until the end of 2018. The aim of the thesis is to show by discourse analysis how oficial state daily Российская газета and independent Независимая газета inform press readers. The main aim of the analysis is to show a difference and stereotypes in the representation of russian and american participation in this conflict. Electronic and printed articles of these periodics are fundamental sources of the thesis. Within the research methods we derive from theoretical works about a media influence on public opinion, media image processing, stereotypes and other means that are forming this image. Key words: Russia, USA, Syrian Civil War, Rossiyskaya gazeta, Nezavisimaya gazeta, media discourse

敘利亞內戰的難民攝影直指當代戰爭的關鍵問題，也凸顯社群媒體使用者如何直面這些影像及採取後續行動。因此，本研究聚焦難民影像中的人道關懷有何轉變，以及社群使用者觀看戰爭影像時，如何理解戰爭影像中的人道意義，以及與社群他人共同觀看時有何倫理問題。 　　以庫爾迪影像為分析始點，指出庫爾迪影像及後文本展現社群人道主義，也隱含不同漠視庫爾迪的視線，包括國際政治的角力、宗教信仰的根本問題，更重要的是主流媒體與社群媒體觀者的旁觀問題。 　　再者，從《聖殤》的構圖傳統到現代戰爭影像，人道主義並非持守一套不變的道德倫理。儘管西方人道主義已深植於紀實戰爭影像的視覺論述，但是因指涉對象不同，人道主義的意義也隨之變動。難民影像除了悲憫與哀悼的人道傳統外，還展現出掙扎、焦慮、變動不安等意義，更隨著不同觀者而有所差異。 　　本文也藉由分析戰爭中的自拍以討論在社群媒體觀看的倫理問題。難民自拍連結社群他人，也跳脫主流新聞媒體的再現，展現難民的非戲劇性日常。而社群觀者便於使用社群媒體的視覺行動機制，實踐線上人道主義。然而，線上視覺人道行動也可能再次消費戰爭悲劇，與實際人道行動的意義相異。最後，觀者不僅漫遊於社群世界，尋找自我觀看的視角，更在與社群他人的互動中反覆確認、變換觀看的位置，以此理解戰爭事件與自身的關係，再採取線上視覺行動。 / The images of Syrian refugees point out key questions about modern war, also high-light how users on social media see the images and practice visual activism.　Therefore, this article aims to analyze what the transformation of humanitarian images is, how to understand the humanitarian meaning when users see the images, and what the ethics of seeing is. First of all, the image of Alan Kurdi and post-text show the social humanitarianism and connote lines of vision of ignorance and, including the struggle of international political, religion conflict, and the indifferent of mainstream media and social media. 　　Second, from Pietas to images of modern war, the meaning of humanitarianism is not always the same. Despite the western humanitarianism being rooted in the visual discourse of documentary war images, the meaning of humanitarianism has also changed with different referents. Besides compassion and mourn, struggle, anxiety, variation and instability are included in the images of refugees. 　　Third, this study discusses the ethics of seeing via analyzing selfies in war. Refugees take advantage of selfies to link others on social media and get rid of representation of mainstream media to present the nondramatic everyday life of fleeing. Furthermore, spectators on social media take the visual action to practice online humanitarianism, although it may consume the tragedy again. 　　Conclusively, seeing is not only wandering in social media world and seeking the angles of self-seeing but confirming and changing the position of seeing among the interaction with others time and again. By seeing, people can understand the relationship between war and self, and then take visual action.

The main objective of this research paper is to analyze the international effects the Syrian Conflict has had to the global community. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has declared this conflict to be the worst humanitarian crisis of our time. Millions of Syrians have fled their home country to avoid unjust persecution and are looking to not only neighboring countries, but the European Union for assistance in resettlement. Since the outbreak of the conflict in Syria in 2011, more than 220,000 people have been massacred, leaving fifty percent of the population in unrest due to home displacement. According to Amnesty International, apart from the twelve million Syrians who are in dire need of humanitarian assistance inside the country, there are about four million refugees fleeing to countries such as Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. These five countries are unable to maintain the capacity of refugees that are desperate to pour in from Syria. Further gulf countries such as Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia have refused to offer any resettlement venues for these migrants. Therefore, a plethora of European Union countries have received many asylum applications over the course of four years. Germany and Sweden have pledged resettlement locations for these refugees however relying on these two countries is not enough. This paper provides a historical background of the civil war in Syria, along with what the United Nations has done thus far to end the conflict. It will also analyze similar refugee situations in other countries in the region and compare it that in Syria. Finally, it will provide possible solutions of how the Refugee Agency, Human Rights Council, and Security Council can operate as a whole to distinguish this horrifying hostility in the region.

This diploma thesis is focused on war journalism and compares how the Czech daily Mlada fronta Dnes and American daily The New York Times inform about Syria civil war. In first theoretical part is introduced concept of journalism, process of news selection and agenda setting. Moreover war journalism, propaganda and historical development of war journalism are introduced. Following part brings concrete description of for theoretical bases which help form research questions. The quantitative analyse is chosen as a method of research. Research part of this work aims to discover masculine and feminine values in journalism. These values were former defined in Gina G. Barker study. Next part aims to connect three media roles by Daya Kishan Thussu a Des Friedman to chosen newspaper. Moreover the used sources of dailies are described. Research is focused on patriotism during inform about civil war as well. The last part brings the results of this research and comparison of journalism about Syrian civil war on the pages of Czech and American newspapers.

This thesis explores the pressing need for reform within the United Nations Security Council, a key organization in global governance, in the form of a case study. The main purpose of the research is to understand how its reform could enhance its legitimacy while attending to the possible opposition from the USA, China, and Russia. It encompasses historical information, from the League of Nations to the reform proposals throughout history, culminating in the present debates, as well as useful theoretical approaches for the analysis. Through the Syrian Civil War, it describes the Council struggle to handle contemporary geopolitical issues. The insights of the Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework and the Elements Paper are crucial to research the current reform debates, and other literature from scholars, International Organizations and media are also employed. The analysis investigates the research question and hypothesis, and the conclusion helps summarize the findings. The thesis serves as a call for a better articulated Security Council that can better confront the complexities of our multipolar world with effectivity and effectiveness.