User participation and its relationship to system success have been discussed in the information systems (IS) literature from many theoretical and practical perspectives. In reality, most of this discussion is grounded in empirical research that has yielded mixed results on the importance of user participation and its relationship to system success. The goal of this dissertation is to extend the line of inquiry into user participation during information system development by providing information systems researchers and IS practitioners with both a valid theoretical and practical investigation of a successful IS solution. This investigation organizes the study within a descriptive model that emerges from the different traditions of prior research and uncovers the approach to user participation in a successful IS solution. This user participation approach (UPA) model becomes the structure for the systematic arrangement of user participation approaches into a four-fold typology according to criteria or extrinsic information attributed to them in the research literature. A case study analysis and social network analysis of a successful IS solution will be used to describe, map and measure the relationships, activities, processes, and flows between participants, thus providing a descriptive and visual analysis of the relational structure that emerges. Indeed, these methodological approaches conceptualize the attributes and the relations of user participation during information system development and give insightful perspectives on how a successful IS solution is developed and implemented. The resulting outcome is a description of a successful approach to user participation and some practical recommendations on how to increase the chance of success in a system solution.

Research in solar heating has traditionally focused solely on increasing the system efficiency by improving the technical components. In this thesis the technical methodology and system boundaries are widened to connect the technical aspects with market actors that are highly influential on the implementation of solar technology. The research was focused on how social aspects can be brought into technical studies to improve the understanding of solar heating, and how solar thermal technology can be optimized in a larger energy system. Both heat storage and different system solutions have been investigated. The thesis is built on a number of sub-projects exploring different aspects of solar heating. Improved components and system configurations may result in higher fractional energy savings and thereby make solar energy go from a marginal contribution to be the main energy supplier. Both components and systems are considered in this thesis. The solar heating technology has been shown to work well, also in unique system solutions. Technical possibilities with medium-sized stores for single-family houses and seasonal stores for residential areas are presented. Methods to bring studies of technology and actor studies together are also proposed; domestic hot water use has been modelled based on time-use data, while a multifaceted market situation, in which new system solutions must find their way, has been described by the solar and pellet industries. The complexity of assessing installation and use of a particular heating system in relation to the overall energy system is also discussed. Overall, this thesis shows that successful use of solar heating does not only come down to proper technical solutions, but also depends on the interaction between technology and market actors. A widened perspective, including the social context in which the heating system appears, is then essential. This thesis constitutes a step in that direction.

A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica é uma técnica de obtenção de imagens do interior de um corpo, mediante grandezas elétricas medidas em sua superfície. Matematicamente, a técnica determina as distribuições de condutividades e permissividades elétricas num dado modelo do corpo, as quais reproduzem as medidas de correntes e potenciais elétricos em eletrodos fixados ao corpo. Nesse caso, as distribuições de condutividades e permissividades representam a solução de um problema não-linear e mal-posto, o qual é instável e apresenta mínimos locais, requerendo técnicas de inversão específicas. Um sistema de Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica aplicado à obtenção de imagens de valores absolutos possui, atualmente, limitações. São algumas delas a obtenção de distribuições de propriedades suaves e de valores geralmente subestimados, a sensibilidade elevada ao erro de posicionamento dos eletrodos (com relação ao modelo) e ao erro nos valores de parâmetros de contato, a sensibilidade elevada aos ruídos de medição, os tempos elevados de processamento, dentre outros. Com o intuito de abordar as limitações, melhorando o desempenho do sistema de Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica de imagens absolutas, são então propostas e avaliadas ferramentas baseadas no Método de Otimização Topológica no atual trabalho. Mais especificamente, avaliam-se: 1) um método para obtenção de parâmetros de contato em conjunto com uma imagem e um método de regularização baseado no controle explícito da variação espacial da imagem, 2) uma formulação para acomodação de incertezas, 3) uma formulação para correção do posicionamento de eletrodos, 4) uma formulação para projeto de eletrodos e 5) um novo solucionador de sistemas lineares de larga escala. Os resultados mostram a efetividade da maioria das técnicas propostas, e sugerem os novos tópicos de pesquisa em Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica. / Electrical Impedance Tomography images the interior of a body based on electrical quantities measured on the surface of it. Mathematically, the technique finds the electric admittivity distribution in a given body model which reproduces the boundary measurements of electric currents and potentials on electrodes attached to that body. Therefore, the admittivity distribution is the solution of a non-linear and ill-posed problem, which is unstable and have local minima, requiring specific inversion techniques. Electrical Impedance Tomography systems which obtain images corresponding to absolute values present limitations. For instance, the results are usually smooth and underestimated, the sensitivity to errors in the positioning of electrodes and wrong values of contact parameters and the sensitivity to measurement noise are high, the data processing time is high, etc. In this work, techniques based on the Topology Optimization Method intended for improving the performance of the particular Electrical Impedance Tomography system applied to absolute images are proposed and evaluated. More specifically, the following techniques are evaluated: 1) a method intended to obtain contact parameters together with images, and a regularization method based on the explicit control of the spatial variation regarding the image, 2) a formulation applied to handle uncertainties, 3) a formulation applied to correct the position of electrodes, 4) a formulation applied to design electrodes, 5) and a new solver for large-scale linear systems. Results show the effectiveness of most of the proposed techniques, and suggest new research topics in Electrical Impedance Tomography.

A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica é uma técnica de obtenção de imagens do interior de um corpo, mediante grandezas elétricas medidas em sua superfície. Matematicamente, a técnica determina as distribuições de condutividades e permissividades elétricas num dado modelo do corpo, as quais reproduzem as medidas de correntes e potenciais elétricos em eletrodos fixados ao corpo. Nesse caso, as distribuições de condutividades e permissividades representam a solução de um problema não-linear e mal-posto, o qual é instável e apresenta mínimos locais, requerendo técnicas de inversão específicas. Um sistema de Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica aplicado à obtenção de imagens de valores absolutos possui, atualmente, limitações. São algumas delas a obtenção de distribuições de propriedades suaves e de valores geralmente subestimados, a sensibilidade elevada ao erro de posicionamento dos eletrodos (com relação ao modelo) e ao erro nos valores de parâmetros de contato, a sensibilidade elevada aos ruídos de medição, os tempos elevados de processamento, dentre outros. Com o intuito de abordar as limitações, melhorando o desempenho do sistema de Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica de imagens absolutas, são então propostas e avaliadas ferramentas baseadas no Método de Otimização Topológica no atual trabalho. Mais especificamente, avaliam-se: 1) um método para obtenção de parâmetros de contato em conjunto com uma imagem e um método de regularização baseado no controle explícito da variação espacial da imagem, 2) uma formulação para acomodação de incertezas, 3) uma formulação para correção do posicionamento de eletrodos, 4) uma formulação para projeto de eletrodos e 5) um novo solucionador de sistemas lineares de larga escala. Os resultados mostram a efetividade da maioria das técnicas propostas, e sugerem os novos tópicos de pesquisa em Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica. / Electrical Impedance Tomography images the interior of a body based on electrical quantities measured on the surface of it. Mathematically, the technique finds the electric admittivity distribution in a given body model which reproduces the boundary measurements of electric currents and potentials on electrodes attached to that body. Therefore, the admittivity distribution is the solution of a non-linear and ill-posed problem, which is unstable and have local minima, requiring specific inversion techniques. Electrical Impedance Tomography systems which obtain images corresponding to absolute values present limitations. For instance, the results are usually smooth and underestimated, the sensitivity to errors in the positioning of electrodes and wrong values of contact parameters and the sensitivity to measurement noise are high, the data processing time is high, etc. In this work, techniques based on the Topology Optimization Method intended for improving the performance of the particular Electrical Impedance Tomography system applied to absolute images are proposed and evaluated. More specifically, the following techniques are evaluated: 1) a method intended to obtain contact parameters together with images, and a regularization method based on the explicit control of the spatial variation regarding the image, 2) a formulation applied to handle uncertainties, 3) a formulation applied to correct the position of electrodes, 4) a formulation applied to design electrodes, 5) and a new solver for large-scale linear systems. Results show the effectiveness of most of the proposed techniques, and suggest new research topics in Electrical Impedance Tomography.