No description available.

<p>In cooperate with Asko Cylinda we have developed a new heat system too short the process</p><p>time and reduce the energy consume in a dishwasher and still have it too be a class AAA.</p><p>The environment and quality is important for the company too still be the number one on</p><p>the market, If they want too keep that position the product developed of new innovations will</p><p>be very important. The systems we have developed are more effective and reduce energy up</p><p>too 25 %. The process time is reduced too less than two hours, from the today two and</p><p>half-hour. The solutions are too heat up the rinse water and the dishwater at the same time,</p><p>with a new heating system and it make are solutions unique and effective. Its good for the</p><p>dish and the environment. This will help the company too still be the number one on the</p><p>market for household appliances.</p>

In cooperate with Asko Cylinda we have developed a new heat system too short the process time and reduce the energy consume in a dishwasher and still have it too be a class AAA. The environment and quality is important for the company too still be the number one on the market, If they want too keep that position the product developed of new innovations will be very important. The systems we have developed are more effective and reduce energy up too 25 %. The process time is reduced too less than two hours, from the today two and half-hour. The solutions are too heat up the rinse water and the dishwater at the same time, with a new heating system and it make are solutions unique and effective. Its good for the dish and the environment. This will help the company too still be the number one on the market for household appliances.

No description available.

Dans le contexte actuel de durcissement de la réglementation thermique visant à améliorer l’efficacité énergétique des bâtiments, il est nécessaire de repenser les installations de chauffage, de rafraîchissement et d’eau chaude sanitaire. Un système thermodynamique multifonction, appelé thermofrigopompe (TFP), produisant simultanément de l’énergie frigorifique et calorifique, semble alors une solution intéressante. L’emploi d’un fluide frigorigène à faible potentiel de réchauffement global (le GWP exprimé en émissions équivalentes de CO2), dans les machines frigorifiques, permet de répondre de manière efficace à la problématique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Cette thèse présente un prototype préindustriel de thermofrigopompe utilisant le propane comme fluide frigorigène. Le propane (R290) est intéressant d’abord pour son faible impact environnemental (ODP nul et GWP100ans =3) et pour ces performances énergétiques. Le prototype est le fruit d’une collaboration entre le Pôle cristal, centre technique froid et génie climatique de Dinan, et le laboratoire LGCGM de Rennes. Une nouvelle architecture du circuit frigorifique de la TFP est proposée avec une réduction significative du nombre d’électrovannes. Cette architecture permet une récupération efficace de la charge en fluide frigorigène lors des basculements entre les différents modes. Les besoins en chauffage, rafraîchissement et eau chaude sanitaire de trois types de bâtiments situés dans différents climats sont obtenus par simulation sous TRNSYS. La nature du bâtiment ainsi que le climat influencent fortement le caractère simultané des besoins. Un indicateur de besoins simultanés (TBS) est proposé afin d’identifier le bâtiment le plus adapté à une solution de production simultanée. Des essais en chambre climatique ont permis de valider le fonctionnement du prototype et de caractériser ses performances. Ces résultats expérimentaux ont servis à calibrer les modèles de composants et de machines frigorifiques pour chaque mode de fonctionnement développés avec le logiciel EES. Un bâtiment résidentiel collectif et un immeuble de bureaux ont été choisis dans l’étude comparative, afin d’évaluer l’influence de la nature des besoins sur les performances de la TFP. Les performances annuelles simulées par la méthode de corésolution (EES-TRNSYS) de la TFP sont comparées à une solution référence qui combine une PAC air/eau réversible pour le chauffage, et le rafraîchissement et un ballon thermodynamique pour l’ECS. Les résultats des simulations des performances saisonnières ont démontré que la piste des bureaux est intéressante dans le cas de zones nécessitant un fort besoin en rafraîchissement tout au long de l’année. / In the current context of hardening of thermal regulations to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, it is necessary to reconsider the heating, cooling and domestic hot water installations. A multifunctional heat pump system for simultaneous heating and cooling (HPS), which simultaneously produces cooling and heating energy, seems to be an interesting solution. The use of a refrigerant with low global warming potential (GWP expressed in equivalent emissions of CO2) in the refrigeration machinery can respond effectively to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This work presents a pre-industrial prototype of HPS using propane as refrigerant. Propane (R290) is interesting firstly for its low environmental impact (zero ODP and GWP100 = 3) and for the energy performance. The prototype is the result of the collaboration between the Technical Centre for refrigeration and HVAC, Pôle Cristal and LGCGM laboratory. A new architecture of the refrigerant circuit of the HPS is proposed with a significant reduction in the number of valves. This architecture allows for efficient recovery of the refrigerant charge when switching between modes. The needs for heating, cooling and domestic hot water for three types of buildings in different climates are obtained by simulation using TRNSYS. The nature of the building and climate strongly influence the simultaneous nature of the needs. A ratio of simultaneous needs (RSN) is proposed to identify the most suitable building for the simultaneous production of heating and cooling energy. Climate chamber tests were used to validate the operation of the prototype and characterize its performance. These experimental results were used to calibrate the models of components and refrigerating machines for each operation developed with EES software. A collective residential building and an office building were selected in the comparative study, in order to evaluate the influence of the nature of the requirements on the performance of the HPS. Annual performance simulated by the co-solving method (EES-TRNSYS) of HPS is compared to a reference solution that combines a reversible air / water heat pump for heating, cooling and thermodynamic water heater for domestic hot water. The simulation results of the seasonal performance showed that the office building is interesting in the case of areas requiring a strong need for refreshment throughout the year.

The energy efficiency of space heaters is rated by Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) governed by the Department of Energy in the United States which is a simple ratio of usable heat and fuel usage of a single heating device. It doesn't consider the overall performance of the heating system including not only the heating devices but also the characteristics of the building in different applications. The current AFUE method calculates only the energy efficiency which is thermodynamics first law efficiency. In this research, the systematic efficiency of a heating system rather than simple device efficiency has been defined and investigated. The systematic efficiency considers the overall efficiency of the whole heating system and it varies in the different applications even though with the same heating device. So it represents the performance of the system more precisely. Analytical models have been built to calculate both the systematic energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, and to evaluate the systematic energy and exergy efficiency of heating systems for direct fired and indirect fired heaters. Efficiency performances of the systems with these two types of heaters are compared. Sensitivities of input parameters for systematic energy efficiency are studied to show the impact towards systematic energy efficiency. Indoor carbon dioxide concentration level of direct fired heating system is also studied.<br> In a case study, results show that systematic energy efficiency of indirect fired heating system is always constant at heater device efficiency which is 80\% while systematic energy efficiency of direct fired heating system varies from 40%-92% under different condition (heat loss coefficient, ambient temperature and air change requirement), indicating that simple device efficiency is not capable to evaluate the overall performance of heating system. New efficiency method such as systematic energy efficiency used in this research is needed to better describe the performance of the heating system. Results of indoor carbon dioxide level of direct fired heating system, from 1000 to 4500 PPM under different conditions, show that indoor air quality needs to be considered while using direct fired heating.<br>

This thesis proposes a double-loop on-off temperature control which comprises two loops of compensation. The configuration is simple and the stability and performance can be easily achieved with proper choice of two parameters in the controller. For the performance, the controller switches the current through the heater in order to achieve the goal of power efficiency and temperature regulation; switching noise suppression and small regulation error can be achieved at the same time. The proposed control scheme is applied to a water heater. The experimental results reveal that the regulable range of temperature is from room temperature to 100 ¢J¡]room temperature ¡Ù 30 ¢J¡^, with temperature regulation error within ¡Ó1 ¢J. It conforms the stability and accuracy of the proposed control scheme.

No description available.

Fjärrvärme är idag den vanligaste formen av fastighetsuppvärmning i Sverige. Förutom värmeanläggningar som byggts just för ändamålet att leverera fjärrvärme har pappers- och massaindustrin blivit en betydande aktör på marknaden i de orter där industrin finns. BillerudKorsnäs massa- och pappersbruk på Gruvön i Grums kommun levererar fjärrvärme till kommunen och till det intilliggande sågverket.   Syftet med projektet är att genom kartläggning av Gruvöns sekundärvärmesystem på barrsulfatlinjen belysa effektiviseringsmöjligheter med en ökad fjärrvärmeleverans som följd.   Målet är att upprätta en simuleringsmodell i programmet Wingems och med hjälp av den se vad dessa effektiviseringsmöjligheter kan leda till i form av ökad fjärrvärmeleverans.   Metoden i arbetet har utgått från att kartlägga energiflöden till två vattencisterner på barrsulfatlinjens sekundärvärmesystem. Driftdata för vattenflöden i sekundärvärmesystemet har inhämtats i form av flödesstorlek och temperatur, vilka har legat till grund för en simuleringsmodell i Wingems.   Sekundärvärmesystemet på barrsulfatlinjen består av en ljumvatten-cistern, en hetvatten-cistern och ett antal värmeväxlare och kondensorer. Ett av de identifierade problemenen med systemet är att temperaturen i ljumvatten-cistern är högre än den borde. Anledningen till detta är ett vattenflöde från en värmeväxlare som kyler svartlut och leds in till cisternen. Vattenflödet håller en temperatur mellan 70-75°C. Huvudkonsumenten till cisternen är en förindunstare som förses med kylvatten. Temperaturen på vattnet bör ligga på 23°C. Vid en lägre temperatur skickas hetvatten från lövsulfatlinjen att värma vattnet till 23°C, på vägen passerar hetvattnet två värmeväxlare som överför energi till fjärrvärmenätet. Med en högre temperatur i cisternen krävs ett mindre flöde att förvärma kylvattnet, vilket leder till en minskad effekt ut på fjärrvärmenätet.   Resultatet visar att genom omledning av kylvattenflödet från svartlutkylaren till hetvatten-cistern på barrsulfatlinjen kan effektöverföringen till fjärrvärmenätet öka med 3,1 MW. En alternativ lösning skulle kunna vara att kyla svartluten med 74°C vatten från hetvatten-cisternen på barrsulfatlinjen. Kylvattnet kan sedan ledas in tillbaka till hetvatten-cisternen, svartlutkylaren skulle då bli en betydande energiproducent till systemet. Simuleringar visar att denna åtgärd skulle kunna ge en potentiell ökad effektöverföring till fjärrvärmenätet med 9 MW. / District heating is the most common form of house heating in Sweden today. Apart from heating plants that has been built to the purpose, the paper and pulp industry has become a significant contributor. BillerudKorsnäs paper and pulp mill at Gruvön in Grums municipality delivers district heating both to the residents in Grums and the nearby sawmill.   However it has been observed that the amount of energy transferred to the district heating network has been reduced after several redevelopments and new installations at the mill. The purpose with this report is through mapping of the mills secondary heating system find efficiency opportunities that will lead to an increased delivery of district heating. The goal is to develop a simulation model with the software Wingems and with the model make simulations to see the amount of increased district heating the efficiency opportunities may lead to.   To achieve this, the method has been to map the energy flow to and from two water tanks in the secondary heating system in the mills softwood line. Input data for streams in the secondary heating system has been gathered, and these have then been used to construct the simulation model.   The part of the secondary heating system that is located at the mills softwood line consists of one lukewarm water tank, one tank that contains hot water and several heat exchangers and condensers. One of the identified problems with the system is that the temperature in the lukewarm water tank is higher than it should be. The main consumer of the water tank is a pre-evaporator that is using water at the temperature of 23°C to condense some of the flash steam it produces. If the temperature of the water in the tank is below 23°C, hot water from the hardwood line is being pumped to heat the water to the pre-evaporator. The hot water passes two heat exchangers that transfer some of the energy to the district heating system. A higher temperature of the water in the lukewarm tank leads therefore to a smaller flow through the heat exchangers that in turn leads to a lower delivery of district heating.   The reason to the higher temperature in the lukewarm tank is a heat exchanger that cools black liquor from the pre-evaporator. The heated water used to cool the black liquor has a temperature between 70°C to 75°C. This water is being led to the lukewarm tank and is the main reason that the temperature in the tank is higher than designed. The results show that a rerouting of the heat exchangers cooling water to the tank containing hot water could lead to a 3,1 MW increased power transfer to the district heating network. Redesigning the heat exchanger to use water from the hot water tank to cool the black liquor and then lead the even hotter water back to the tank could lead to a 9 MW increased power transfer.

No description available.