The diploma thesis deals in the theoretical part with various types of sys-tems for the preparation of hot water and specifies the types of solar sys-tems. In the calculation part, it solves the design of kindergarten heating by a system of heating elements. It also solves two variants of hot water preparation in the hot water tank. The design also includes all the equip-ment needed for the proper functioning of the heating system. The exper-imental part compares flat panel and evacuated tube solar collectors.

Yes / Fresh water is crucial for life, supporting human civilizations and ecosystems, and its production is one of the global issues. To cope with this issue, we evaluated the performance and cost of a solar-powered direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) unit for fresh water production in Karachi, Pakistan. The solar water heating system (SWHS) was evaluated with the help of a system advisor model (SAM) tool. The evaluation of the DCMD unit was performed by solving the DCMD mathematical model through a numerical iterative method in MATLAB software®. For the SWHS, the simulation results showed that the highest average temperature of 55.05 ◦C and lowest average temperature of 44.26 ◦C were achieved in May and December, respectively. The capacity factor and solar fraction of the SWHS were found to be 27.9% and 87%, respectively. An exponential increase from 11.4 kg/m2 ·h to 23.23 kg/m2 ·h in permeate flux was observed when increasing the hot water temperatures from 44 ◦C to 56 ◦C. In the proposed system, a maximum of 279.82 L/day fresh water was produced in May and a minimum of 146.83 L/day in January. On average, the solar-powered DCMD system produced 217.66 L/day with a levelized water cost of 23.01 USD/m3 / This research was funded by the Researcher’s Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/269), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The energy demand is a complex issue for householders in New Zealand, since a large number of dwellings were built before energy efficiency regulation came into force in 1979. To heat the average New Zealand home takes a lot of energy, and therefore many householders choose to limit their heating space.   Powerco, New Zealand’s second-largest distribution company is conducting a two-year study, called Powering tomorrow’s homes. The project aims to uncover opportunities to shift peak loads on Powerco’s electricity network, by using a range of networks surveys. The dwellings that have been chosen to contribute to this study have gone through a large retrofit in 2014.   This study has been limited to verifying the effectiveness of three different heating systems, within three houses in New Zealand. It has been based on global data such as climate, temperature, humidity, design of the house and the family’s different behavioural patterns.   Three case models have been established in the program IDA ICE, to simulate and calculate the amount of used and delivered energy for space heating. Thereafter four main energy simulations were conducted to study the heating system before the intervention, after the intervention and a trial to see which heating system that is best suitable for each house. The new settings together with the original heating systems were also calculated. The simulations are also limited to summer respective winter because the heating systems are used differently depending on season. Data of location and climate files have been limited to Auckland and Wellington.   The results show that the most energy efficient heating system for dwelling A is the heat pump and infrared panel it uses today and for dwelling C its dwelling A’s heating system. Data demonstrate that the most effective heating system for dwelling B varies depending on climate, showing that dwelling C’s gas heating is more efficient for a warmer humid climate in Auckland and that dwelling A’s heat pump is better for a colder climate in Wellington. Comparison between the new settings and the old heating system (two radiators) shows that dwelling A’s new heating system (infrared panel & a heat pump), requires less delivered energy than the old heating system. Dwellings B’s new heating system (gas fire, an infrared panel & a radiator) is the most effective in Auckland however the old heating system (an air source heat pump, oiled-filled radiators & a gas wall heater) is the most energy efficient in Wellington. Dwelling C’s new heating system (gas central heating & a gas fire) has a lower delivered energy than the old heating system (gas fire, two heat pumps, radiators and heating panels) for summer in Auckland, while it has a higher delivered energy for winter in both Wellington and Auckland, and also summer in Wellington.       In conclusion, the new heating systems deliver warmer, more comfortable dwellings for less delivered energy than the previous. This presents an opportunity for Powerco to use newer gas heating to curb electricity load, and also shows the opportunity to use heat pumps to reduce peak demand through increased energy efficiency.

<p>The aim of this master thesis project is to make an energy survey for a group</p><p>of apartments and suggestions to change the heating system from electricity to a more</p><p>efficient one. There are in total 73 flats in 21 buildings. All flats are separated in several</p><p>houses from two to five flats in one building. There are two different kinds of flats. One</p><p>with three rooms in one floor, in the following referred to as ‘flat A’ and the other one</p><p>with four rooms in two floors, in the following referred to as ‘flat B’. [1]</p><p>In the area there are also two buildings for the commonalty. In these buildings there are a</p><p>shelter and several common rooms like a storage and a laundry. In our work these two</p><p>buildings are not included because they are used by everyone inside the community and</p><p>we could not obtain exact values for the used electricity and the water consumption. So</p><p>our work is specialised only on the residential houses.</p><p>The first part of this thesis contains the energy balance for the different kinds of flats to</p><p>see how much energy they consume for heating and hot tap water. To get theses values</p><p>we have to analyse the total energy flow into one flat and compare it with the energy</p><p>which is used because of transmission losses, ventilation losses, hot tap water, electricity</p><p>for the household and natural ventilation and infiltration.</p><p>The total energy consumption for flat A is about 19000 kWh per year and in flat B about</p><p>23200 kWh per year. But the electricity which is used and has to be bought is about</p><p>15600 kWh per year in flat A flat and 17600 kWh in flat B. The rest of the energy is from</p><p>so called free heat caused by solar radiation and internal heat generation. [1]</p><p>These numbers for the electricity need in one year create annual costs of about</p><p>20000 SEK in flat A and 22500 SEK in flat B. To reduce these costs it is necessary to</p><p>know where this energy goes and for what it is used.</p><p>The important parts of the energy balance for this thesis are the transmission losses, the</p><p>losses caused by natural ventilation and infiltration and the used energy for hot tap water.</p><p>The losses caused by mechanical ventilation have also a significant value, but they would</p><p>only affect the new heating system if the ventilation system would be connected to the</p><p>new system. And the electricity used in the household for electrical devices can only be</p><p>changed by the consumer himself. The part which is affecting the energy costs for the</p><p>transmission and natural ventilation losses and the hot tap water sums up to 9240 kWh per</p><p>year in flat A and flat B. This causes costs of about 10000 SEK per year.</p><p>To reduce these costs it is necessary to change the actual heating system. In the following</p><p>we analyse the saving potentials with a change to an air-water heat pump or with a</p><p>connection to the local district heating network.</p><p>The costs which can be saved with the installation of a heat pump sum up to about</p><p>7000 SEK per year. The installation costs are about 100000 SEK to 125000 SEK</p><p>depending on the different proposed models. If you consider that the existing electrical</p><p>boiler has to be changed anyway in the next years the investment costs for the</p><p>combination with a heat pump decreases. The payback time is then between 9½ and</p><p>13½ years. With assumed increasing electricity prices of 5 % each year the payback time</p><p>decreases to 8½ to 11 years.</p><p>With a connection of each flat to the local district heating network the energy costs for</p><p>heating and hot tap water decreases to 3200 SEK per year. Although the price per kWh for</p><p>district heating is much lower than for electricity the costs are not decreasing a lot</p><p>because of a high annual fixed fee of 7100 SEK. The saved money per year sums up to</p><p>300 SEK and 1000 SEK depending on the electricity contract. The payback time for this</p><p>alternative is between 50 and up to 160 years.</p><p>An alternative to the exchange of the heating and hot water system is to change the actual</p><p>heat exchanger of the ventilation system. With this measure the energy consumption can</p><p>be reduced with less investment costs. The investment costs for a new heat exchanger are</p><p>about 35000 SEK, including a new exhaust hood from the kitchen outwards to reduce the</p><p>contamination of the filters in the heat exchanger. [1]</p><p>The payback time ranges from 13 years in flat A to 21 years in flat B.</p>

The aim of this master thesis project is to make an energy survey for a group of apartments and suggestions to change the heating system from electricity to a more efficient one. There are in total 73 flats in 21 buildings. All flats are separated in several houses from two to five flats in one building. There are two different kinds of flats. One with three rooms in one floor, in the following referred to as ‘flat A’ and the other one with four rooms in two floors, in the following referred to as ‘flat B’. [1] In the area there are also two buildings for the commonalty. In these buildings there are a shelter and several common rooms like a storage and a laundry. In our work these two buildings are not included because they are used by everyone inside the community and we could not obtain exact values for the used electricity and the water consumption. So our work is specialised only on the residential houses. The first part of this thesis contains the energy balance for the different kinds of flats to see how much energy they consume for heating and hot tap water. To get theses values we have to analyse the total energy flow into one flat and compare it with the energy which is used because of transmission losses, ventilation losses, hot tap water, electricity for the household and natural ventilation and infiltration. The total energy consumption for flat A is about 19000 kWh per year and in flat B about 23200 kWh per year. But the electricity which is used and has to be bought is about 15600 kWh per year in flat A flat and 17600 kWh in flat B. The rest of the energy is from so called free heat caused by solar radiation and internal heat generation. [1] These numbers for the electricity need in one year create annual costs of about 20000 SEK in flat A and 22500 SEK in flat B. To reduce these costs it is necessary to know where this energy goes and for what it is used. The important parts of the energy balance for this thesis are the transmission losses, the losses caused by natural ventilation and infiltration and the used energy for hot tap water. The losses caused by mechanical ventilation have also a significant value, but they would only affect the new heating system if the ventilation system would be connected to the new system. And the electricity used in the household for electrical devices can only be changed by the consumer himself. The part which is affecting the energy costs for the transmission and natural ventilation losses and the hot tap water sums up to 9240 kWh per year in flat A and flat B. This causes costs of about 10000 SEK per year. To reduce these costs it is necessary to change the actual heating system. In the following we analyse the saving potentials with a change to an air-water heat pump or with a connection to the local district heating network. The costs which can be saved with the installation of a heat pump sum up to about 7000 SEK per year. The installation costs are about 100000 SEK to 125000 SEK depending on the different proposed models. If you consider that the existing electrical boiler has to be changed anyway in the next years the investment costs for the combination with a heat pump decreases. The payback time is then between 9½ and 13½ years. With assumed increasing electricity prices of 5 % each year the payback time decreases to 8½ to 11 years. With a connection of each flat to the local district heating network the energy costs for heating and hot tap water decreases to 3200 SEK per year. Although the price per kWh for district heating is much lower than for electricity the costs are not decreasing a lot because of a high annual fixed fee of 7100 SEK. The saved money per year sums up to 300 SEK and 1000 SEK depending on the electricity contract. The payback time for this alternative is between 50 and up to 160 years. An alternative to the exchange of the heating and hot water system is to change the actual heat exchanger of the ventilation system. With this measure the energy consumption can be reduced with less investment costs. The investment costs for a new heat exchanger are about 35000 SEK, including a new exhaust hood from the kitchen outwards to reduce the contamination of the filters in the heat exchanger. [1] The payback time ranges from 13 years in flat A to 21 years in flat B.

This thesis presents energy, exergy and economic analyses of the heating system of an existing building, the Konya Central Informatics Technical High School. The heat requirement for each room of the building is found by calculating heat losses. Radiator lengths that can provide the heat requirements are selected. For the exergy analysis, the system is divided into three parts: Heat generator, radiators and rooms. Comparisons are made according to minimum outdoor temperature, insulation quality of the structural elements, fuel type, heating water temperature and heat generator type (boiler, heat pump, cogeneration unit with heat pump) to see their effects on energy usage, exergy consumption, capital costs and annual operating cost of the system. Results show that the largest heat loss is due to infiltration but it should not be reduced because of the fresh air requirement. Minimum energy usage, exergy consumptions and annual operating cost is achieved by using the cogeneration unit with the heat pump. However, due to high capital cost it has a long payback period (45.3 years). The shortest payback period (3.2 years) is calculated for upgrading the windows to 4 mm double glass panes and 12 mm stagnant air gap.

The ongoing search for energy conservation in built structures and during the construction process prompted this thesis work to explore the use of sustainable technologies for floor heating systems. The thesis work explores the use of thermoplastic material as a sustainable substitute material for future floor heating systems. Concrete materials are presently used extensively for floor heating systems. Thermoplastic materials are seldom used for floor heating and the primary focus of this thesis is to explore the suitability & adaptability of thermoplastics as an innovative energy saving floor heating material. A thorough study of energy demands and the impact on environment due to greenhouse gas emissions has been done. Thermoplastic materials are environmental friendly and light weight. They exhibit high thermal conductivity which is favourable for the floor heating systems. A design technique has been developed for the use of thermoplastic materials as an energy efficient floor heating material. The present technique creates a new modular floor heating system. The design technique uses thermoplastic material of size 2.4m x1.2m with embedded electric heaters. Thermoplastic foam panels act as a single building block. A numerical simulation has been carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of the proposed material. Limited experiments were conducted to verify the validity of the simulation results. The results from the experiments indicate good agreement with simulation results. The energy savings from the thermoplastic floor heating systems have been compared with that of electrical floor heating systems. The adaptability of the new floor heating system in terms of energy savings and cost benefit analysis is also discussed. / sustainable floor heating system

Baigiamajame darbe projektuojamas Biurų centras „Royal“ dviejų aukštų su požemine automobilių stovėjimo aikštele, kurio bendras plotas – 1257,8 m2. Objekte planuojama vykdyti įvairias administracines paslaugas, tai būtų kalbų biuras, vairavimo mokykla, renginių organizavimo agentūra. Biurų centras projektuojamas iš fibo blokelių mūro apšiltinant jį putu polistirolu, perdangos plokštės, rygeliai ir gelžbetonio sijos bus atremiamos i sumontuotas 400x400 kolonas. Pastate bus dveji liftai, taip pat įrengti tualetai pritaikyti neįgaliesiams. Pastatas šildomas su dujiniu katilu. Projektuojamo pastato statybos sklypas yra Pramonės gatvėje Šiauliuose. Jo plotas - 1544 m2. Sklypas yra patogioje miesto dalyje, kur dideli žmonių srautai, šalia yra viešojo transporto sustojimo vieta. / In this final work is designed two-stores with underground parking for cars office center „Royal“ with an area of 1257,8 m2. The facility is planned to carry out a variety of administrative services, be it linguistic office, driving school, event marketing agency. Office center is designed with fibo blocks masonry with insulation of polystyrene, floor slabs, beams and reinforced concrete beams will be brought to 400x400 assembled columns. The building will be two lifts, as well as toilets adapted to people with disable. The building is heated with a gas boiler. Projected building plot is in Pramonės Street in Siauliai. Its area of - 1544 m2. The plot is conveniently located where are the large flow of people, close to public transport stopping place.

Le secteur tertiaire représente une source potentielle d'économie incontournable pour parvenir à réduire la dépendance énergétique de la France. Le taux de renouvellement du parc immobilier Français étant relativement faible, un effort doit être porté sur l'existant. Dans ces travaux, nous étudions un procédé innovant de rénovation par l'intérieur, dont l'élément principal est une paroi ventilée multifonctionnelle, assurant l'isolation, l'émission de chaleur basse température ainsi que la finition des surfaces murales. Les premiers travaux sur cette paroi ventilée furent menés sur un prototype dimensionné _a l'aide d'un modèle numérique simplifié. Deux séries d'expériences menées dans une cellule climatique nous ont permis de quantifier les flux de chaleur à travers le système. Le bon fonctionnement de la paroi ventilée repose sur les mécanismes de convection naturelle dans un canal vertical. Les résultats issus du prototype ont montré la présence de phénomènes complexes intervenant au sein de l'écoulement. Nous avons donc choisi d'étudier plus en détails les phénomènes thermoconvectifs dans un système du type source chaude/cheminée avant de poursuivre l'étude sur le système global. Une étude théorique et une expérience ont été menées sur un cas académique du problème. A l'issue des résultats expérimentaux, nous avons observé plusieurs régimes d'écoulements, dépendants du rapport de forme du canal et du nombre de Richardson en sortie. Enfin, nous proposons un modèle analytique de la paroi ventilée comprenant l'ensemble des variables géométriques influentes. Ce modèle a été implémenté dans l'environnement de simulation Trnsys, dans la perspective d'effectuer des simulations annuelles à l'échelle du bâtiment. / In France, energy consumption due to buildings heating is an important part of the global primary energy consumption. The tertiary sector represents an unavoidable source of economy in order to reduce energy dependency of France. The turnover of French real estate being relatively low, an effort must be focused on the existing. In this work, we investigate on an innovative process of internal thermal renovation, whose main element is a multifunctional ventilated wall, providing insulation, low temperature heat emission and the wall surfaces finishing. The first works on this ventilated wall were conducted on a prototype designed using a simplified numerical model. Two series of experiments conducted in a climatic cell allowed us to quantify the heat flow through the system. The smooth functioning of the ventilated wall is based on the natural convection in a vertical channel and the results from the prototype showed the presence of complex phenomena within the flow. We therefore chose to study in detail the thermoconvective phenomena in a chimney-like system before continuing the study of the overall component. A theoretical study and PIV experiment were conducted on an academic case of the problem. At the end of the experimental results, we observed several flow regimes, depending on the channel aspect ratio and the outlet Richardson number. Finally, we propose an analytical model of the ventilated wall including all influential geometrical variables. This model has been implemented in the simulation environment Trnsys with the perspective to make annual simulations on a building scale.

Domestic gas consumption for central heating is a function both of the efficiency of the heating system and the way in which it is used. While many studies have concentrated on the performance of systems and their controls, there have been few studies of occupant behaviour. The thesis therefore studies household behaviour patterns relating to domestic gas consumption. There are two main aims: firstly, to study a variety of these patterns and, secondly, to make a detailed investigation of one particular behaviour pattern, namely window opening. These two studies centre on 113 households on two local authority estates, where all the dwellings are of similar construction. The first study makes use of two main data sources: quarterly gas consumption readings and data obtained from an in-depth interview with each head of household. It identifies a variety of behaviour patterns and their underlying motivations. Additionally, this study shows that design heat loss and terrace position account for less than a third of the variance in winter consumption. A regression analysis using only behavioural and social variables resulted in a similar proportion of variance being explained. These two sets of independent variables could not justifiably be combined due to their inter-correlations. In conclusion, it was suggested that consumption may not be determined by a few variables of major significance but rather by a large number of inter-acting variables each with a small influence on consumption. The second study, window opening, makes use of three data sources: a series of systematic window observations, meteorological data and data obtained from postal questionnaires. The study identifies the objective correlates of estate-wide window opening, as well as the subjective motivations for the opening and closing of windows. It highlights the wide range of variation in window opening amongst householders. In addition, the study indicates that householders adopt characteristic window opening patterns which they can reliably report.