Cellular immune responses to Hepatitis C (HCV) epitopes are crucial for successful host response to HCV infection. We investigated a platform to assess specific and global immune responses in HCV infection. We identified 57 HCV peptides from literature (24 of CD4+, 33 of CD8+ specificity) and tested them in two peptide pools to assess specific response in non-transplanted and post-liver transplant (LT) patients. Robust interferon-gamma (IFN) response to CD4+ peptide and mitogen stimulation was seen in sustained virological clearance. IFN response to the CD4+ peptide pool could differentiate between SVR and NR with 82% accuracy. In patients with recurrent HCV post-LT, HCV-specific responses were attenuated, but global immune responses were preserved. Significantly lower specific (CD4+) and global immune responses (mitogen response) were observed in patients with advanced allograft disease (fibrosis score>2). Quantiferon-HCV may identify patients likely to respond to anti-HCV treatment, as well as post-LT patients with aggressive HCV recurrence. / Experimental Surgery

No description available.

Gene therapy has emerged as a field to modulate cell functions by introducing genes of interest to target cells. An emerging focus in this field is to employ non-viral vectors to deliver immunosuppressive cytokines to dendritic cells (DCs) to attenuate damaging immune responses. DCs serve as potential targets for suppression of T cell responses. In this work, we investigated the ability of polycation-modified polymeric particles complexed with interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene to modulate DCs. The delivery systems (designated as PSO10H6 and PLGAO10H6) were formed by coating cationic peptide O10H6 (O: ornithine; H: histidine) on the polystyrene (PS) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particulates. A mouse IL-10 encoding plasmid (pIL-10) was loaded on the surface of PSO10H6 and PLGAO10H6 via ionic interactions. Physical characterization of these particles revealed stable colloidal dispersions (diameters: 297.2±14nm in PLGAO10H6-pIL-10 and 126.0±8nm in PSO10H6-pIL-10). DNA molecules carried by PSO10H6 and PLGAO10H6 were protected from serum digestion. Results from in vitro gene transfection studies showed two-fold enhancement of IL-10 expression in bone marrow-derived DCs transfected with PSO10H6-pIL-10 and PLGAO10H6-pIL-10 compared to untransfected DCs. Their suppressive functions were evaluated in an in vitro mixed lymphocyte model. Results indicated that PSO10H6-pIL-10 and PLGAO10H6-pIL-10 modified DCs elicited weakest proliferation of allogeneic bulk T cells as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells among all the delivery modes. Using cell-embedded Matrigel as a surrogate graft, we showed that IL-10 gene-modified DCs suppressed host cell infiltration in vivo. These data suggested PSO10H6-pIL-10 and PLGAO10H6-pIL-10 deliver an overriding suppressive signal to T cells. Further studies revealed T cells stimulated by the IL-10 gene-modified DCs exhibited characteristics of regulatory T (Treg) cells, as evident by up-regulation of a Treg cell marker forkhead-type transcription factor 3 (Foxp3). This result was concomitant with an increase in of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production. <br>Taken together, this work demonstrated that PSO10H6 and PLGAO10H6 are effective in delivering pIL-10 to modulate DCs to suppress T cell responses. Collectively, the results raise the prospects of using PSO10H6 and PLGAO10H6 as vectors to deliver immunosuppressive genes to modulate T cell responses in vivo. / Mylan School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Pharmaceutics / PhD / Dissertation

M.tb, the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of infectious disease-based death worldwide. BCG, the only clinically approved TB vaccine, has been in use for almost a century to vaccinate against TB. Despite its success in protecting against disseminated forms of TB, it is unable to provide protection against pulmonary M.tb infection. Although there have been many recent efforts to enhance or replace BCG, our lack of understanding towards host immunity against M.tb has substantially hindered this goal. One aspect of pulmonary M.tb infection that remains poorly understood is the induction of Th1 immunity, which is substantially delayed in comparison to other pulmonary infections. This allows the bacteria to establish an infectious foothold within the host and impairs the ability of the host to clear the infection. Given the importance of the innate immune response in the induction of adaptive immunity, this delay in the establishment of Th1 immunity following pulmonary M.tb infection is likely due to a defect in the early innate immune response. However, the specific roles of this immune compartment in regards to T cell activation following pulmonary M.tb infection is still not well understood. As such, the scope of this thesis is to gain an increased understanding towards the role of the innate immune compartment in the generation of Th1 responses. Such insights will allow us to develop new strategies to improve upon future and existing TB vaccine design. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

L’activation des lymphocytes T (LT) CD8 naïfs mène à leur différenciation en deux sous-populations d'effecteurs, les SLEC (short-lived effector cells) et MPEC (memory precursor effector cells). Après contrôle de l’infection, les SLEC meurent par apoptose tandis que les MPEC deviennent des cellules mémoires qui protègent contre la réinfection. Peu de choses sont connues sur le rôle des mécanismes post-traductionnels, tel que la déubiquitination lors de la différenciation des LT CD8+. La déubiquitinase (DUB) BAP1 joue un rôle clé dans la différenciation thymique et dans le maintien des populations de LT matures. Elle interagit avec plusieurs partenaires comme YY1 et EZH2 dans des cellules autres que les LT. Certains de ces partenaires ont des rôles importants dans la biologie des LT CD8 notamment en contexte infectieux suggérant que BAP1 régule la réponse des LT CD8+ lors d’une infection. Afin de tester cela, des LT CD8 OT-I spécifiques pour le peptide ovalbumine dans lesquelles BAP1 a été surexprimé ont été transférés dans des souris infectées avec la bactérie Listeria monocytogenes codant pour l’ovalbumine (LM-OVA). Nos résultats au pic de la réponse démontrent un défaut de l’expansion clonale des LT CD8+, de la différenciation en SLEC et une augmentation de la différenciation en MPEC. Nous observons aussi une augmentation de la différenciation en LT centrale mémoire (TCM) au stade mémoire. Finalement, nous évaluerons aussi l’impact de la délétion de Bap1 dans la réponse des LT CD8+. Cela contribuera à une meilleure compréhension du rôle de l’ubiquitination dans la biologie des LT CD8+ dont l’importance est centrale dans la réponse face aux infections et au cancer. / Following antigen recognition, naive CD8+ T cells expand massively and differentiate into effector cells. After pathogen clearance, the short-lived effector cells (SLECs) die while memory precursor effector cells (MPECS) persist and differentiate into memory T cells to confer long-term protection against reinfection. The transcriptional network controlling the SLEC/MPEC differentiation is well characterized but little is known about the role of posttranslational modifications, such as deubiquitination, in this process. The deubiquitinase BAP1 interacts with multiple partners including YY1 and EZH2 that are important for CD8+ T cell response. BAP1 has been shown to participate in thymic differentiation and in the maintenance of mature peripheral T cells. However, the function of BAP1 during CD8+ T cell response to infection is unknow. To address this, we overexpressed BAP1 wild type (WT) in ovalbumin-specific (OT-I) CD8+ T cells by retroviral transduction and analysed their response after adoptive transfer into mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes encoding ovalbumin. The overexpression of BAP1 WT severely reduced CD8+ T cell expansion, SLEC differentiation and functionality. It also induces enhanced MPEC differentiation. In fact, we observed an increase in central memory CD8 T cell (TCM) differentiation 30 days following infection. Finally, we confirmed the presence of key partners of BAP1 complex in activated and naïve CD8+ T cells. As next steps, we will analyse the impact of BAP1-deficiency in CD8+ T cell response to infection. This will contribute to a better understanding of the role of deubiquitination in CD8+ T cell response

Bladder carcinoma (BCa) is among the most common carcinomas in the Western world. Despite the availability of effective therapies, there is currently an urgent need to develop a stratification method, which would enable the accurate identification of patients responsive to therapy. In the theoretical part of my diploma project I describe the heterogeneity of BCa and the currently applied immunotherapeutic approaches. I specifically focused on the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine instillation. For decades another use of BCG has been a prophylactic vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) infection. BCG serves as a model treatment because it is highly efficient when prescribed to the responsive patient. However, an effective stratification is yet to be developed for BCa and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) diagnosis and/or monitoring. In the experimental part of my project, I developed and tested a 10-parameter panel for T cell- specific activation test (TAT) applicable for a stratification of BCa patients as well as for the detection of LTBI. I tested the panel on positive controls using flow cytometry (FCM) method because it allows for detection and measurement of dozens of markers at a single cell level. It is easily applicable to available urine and blood samples obtained from BCa...

Background: Sphingosine 1-phosphat receptor modulators (S1PRMs) have been linked to attenuated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Objective: To characterize differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients on selective versus unselective S1PRMs. Methods: Monocentric, longitudinal study on people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) on fingolimod (FTY), siponimod (SIP), ozanimod (OZA), or without disease-modifying therapy (DMT) following primary and booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T-cell response was measured with electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay and interferon-γ release assay. Results: Primary vaccination induced a significant antibody response in pwMS without DMT while S1PRM patients exhibited reduced antibody titers. The lowest antibodies were found in patients on FTY, whereas patients on OZA and SIP presented significantly higher levels. Booster vaccinations induced increased antibody levels in untreated patients and comparable titers in patients on OZA and SIP, but no increase in FTY-treated patients. While untreated pwMS developed a T-cell response, patients on S1PRMs presented a diminished/absent response. Patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination before onset of S1PRMs presented a preserved, although attenuated humoral response, while T-cellular response was blunted. Conclusion: Our data confirm differential effects of selective versus unselective S1PRMs on T- and B-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and suggest association with S1PRM selectivity rather than lymphocyte redistribution.