Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become an effective borehole measurement option to assess petrophysical and fluid properties of porous and permeable rocks. In the case of fluid typing, two-dimensional (2D) NMR interpretation techniques have advantages over conventional one-dimensional (1D) interpretation as they provide additional discriminatory information about saturating fluids and their properties. However, often there is ambiguity as to whether fluids detected with NMR measurements are mobile or residual. In some instances, rapid vertical variations of rock properties (e.g. across thinly-bedded formations) can make it difficult to separate NMR fluid signatures from those due to pore-size distributions. There are also cases where conventional fluid identification methods based on resistivity and nuclear logs indicate dominant presence of water while NMR measurements indicate presence of water, hydrocarbon, and mud filtrate. In such cases, it is important to ascertain whether existing hydrocarbons are residual or mobile. The radial lengths of investigation of resistivity, nuclear, and NMR measurements are very different, with NMR measurements being the shallowest sensing. Even in the case of several radial zones of NMR response attributed to different acquisition frequencies and DC magnetic field gradients, the measured signal originates from a fairly shallow radial zone compared to that of nuclear and resistivity logs. Depending on drilling mud being used and the radial extent of mud-filtrate invasion, the NMR response of virgin reservoir fluids can be masked by mud filtrate because of fluid displacement and mixing. In order to separate those effects, it is important to reconcile NMR measurements with electrical and nuclear logs for improved assessment of porosity and mobile hydrocarbon saturation. Previously, Voss et al. (2009) and Gandhi et al. (2010) introduced the concept of Common Stratigraphic Framework (CSF) to construct and validate multi-layer static and dynamic petrophysical models based on the numerical simulation of well logs. In this thesis, the concept of CSF is implemented to reconcile 2D NMR interpretations with multi-layer static and dynamic petrophysical models. It is found that quantifying the exact radial zone of response and corresponding fluid saturations can only be accomplished with studies of mud-filtrate invasion that honor available resistivity and nuclear logs. This thesis indicates that the two interpretation methods complement each other and when applied in conjunction, improve and refine the overall petrophysical understanding of permeable rock formations. Examples of successful application include field data acquired in thinly-bedded gas formations invaded with water-base mud, where bed-boundary effects are significant and residual hydrocarbon saturation is relatively high. In such cases, numerical simulation of mud-filtrate invasion and well logs acquired after invasion enables reliable interpretations of petrophysical and fluid properties. The interpretation procedure introduced in this thesis also provides an explicit way to determine the uncertainty of petrophysical and fluid interpretations. / text

Esta tese tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologias eficientes e de baixo custo para ajustar as propriedades elétricas de OFETs de canal p e de canal n, a fim de possibilitar a fabricação do circuito complementar orgânico, semelhante a uma estrutura CMOS. O desempenho do circuito complementar fabricado foi otimizado, e também foi confeccionado por impressão um OFETs de canal operando em baixas tensões. Para a fabricação do CMOS orgânico foi proposto um método baseado na seleção adequada do solvente da camada dielétrica para ajustar o desempenho elétrico dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n. Os solventes, MEK, nBA e DMSO foram selecionados para a dissolução do PMMA por apresentarem diferenças nos valores de momento de dipolo, de ponto de ebulição e de graus de ortogonalidade em relação as camadas semicondutoras de P3HT e de P(NDI2OD-T2) dos OFETs. A análise dos resultados dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n demonstrou que a metodologia proposta é adequada tanto para o ajuste das propriedades elétricas destes dispositivos quanto para a otimização do desempenho dos mesmos. Os melhores desempenhos elétricos para os OFETs de canal p e de canal n foram obtidos quando utilizados o DMSO e o MEK como solventes do PMMA, respectivamente, devido à perfeita ortogonalidade destes solventes em relação às camadas semicondutoras. Os OFETs de canal p que utilizaram o DMSO e os OFETs de canal n que utilizaram o nBA foram os que apresentaram desempenhos elétricos semelhantes, sendo portanto aplicados na fabricação do CMOS. Valores de ganho entre 6,8 e 7,8 e de margem de ruído entre 28,3 V e 34,5 V foram obtidos para inversores complementares fabricados nesta etapa do trabalho. OFETs de canal p utilizando uma blenda de PTAA: diF TES ADT como camada semicondutora, o PEDOT:PSS como eletrodos dreno/fonte e o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) como camada dielétrica também foram fabricados neste trabalho. A técnica de blade-coating foi utilizada para a deposição dos eletrodos dreno/fonte e da camada semicondutora, ao passo que a técnica de spray-coating foi utilizada para a deposição da camada dielétrica. Da análise dos resultados foi possível inferir que a utilização de um dielétrico com elevada constante dielétrica (K), como o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), possibilita o funcionamento dos transistores a baixas tensões (≤ 8 V), porém com valores de mobilidade reduzidos devido à elevada desordem dipolar na interface provocada por este dielétrico. Para minimizar esses efeitos, uma fina camada de um polímero fluorado foi depositada entre a camada semicondutora e a dielétrica pela técnica de blade-coating, constituindo assim uma bicamada dielétrica nos OFETs. Dos resultados das medidas elétricas dos OFETs constituídos pela bicamada dielétrica foi observada permanência do funcionamento destes dispositivos a tensões inferiores a 8 V com desempenho elétricos superiores a resultados já publicados na literatura. Por fim, inversores lógicos unipolares com transistores de carga foram fabricados com os OFETs que utilizaram a bicamada dielétrica, sendo obtidos valores de ganho entre 1,2 e 1,6 e de margem de ruído entre 56% e 68,5% de ½ VDD. / This thesis aimed to develop an efficient and low cost method to adjust the electrical properties of p- and n-channel OFETs to allow us to build an organic CMOS and the optimization of printed p-channel OFETs to work at low voltages. We proposed a method to fabricate the organic CMOS, based on the careful selection of dielectric solvent, which was adjusted to obtain the best performance of p- and n-channel OFETs. The dielectric solvents as MEK, nBA and DMSO were selected to dissolve the PMMA dielectric polymer due their different physical properties as dipole moment and boiling point and because they showed slightly different degrees of orthogonality to the P3HT and P(NDI2OD-T2) semiconductor layers of the OFETs. The results showed that the careful selection of the dielectric solvent not only allows to tune the electrical characteristics of the p- and n-channel OFETs, but also to improve the performance of these devices. The best performances were achieved when DMSO and MEK were used as dielectric solvents of the p and n-channel OFETs, respectively, as result of the perfectly orthogonality of these solvents to the semiconductor layers. P-channel OFETs using DMSO and n-channel OFETs using nBA showed similar electrical characteristics and thus, they were used to construct the organic CMOS. The organic complementary inverters showed high gain and noise margin values in the range of 6,8 to 7,8 and 28,3 V to 34,5 V, respectively. Printed p-channel OFETs were also fabricated, in which the blend PTAA:diF TES ADT was used as semiconductor channel, PEDOT:PSS as the drain/source electrodes and P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as the dielectric layer. The blade-coating technique was used to deposit the source/drain electrodes and the semiconductor layer, while the spray-coating technique was used to deposit the dielectric layer. It was observed that using high-k dielectric as P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) enable to reduce the operating voltage of the OFETs (≤8 V), however, this high-k dielectric also reduced the field effect mobility due the dipolar disorder at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. To minimize the dipolar issue at the interface, we inserted a thin fluoropolymer dielectric layer by blade-coating between the semiconductor and the high-k dielectric layers, thus constituting a dielectric bilayer on the OFETs. From the electrical measurements of the OFETs with the dielectric bilayer, it was observed that the devices were still working at 8 V and they also showed better performance in comparison to results already published. Finally, organic unipolar inverters with load transistors were fabricated using the p-channel OFETs with the dielectric bilayer and they showed reasonable performance, with gain and noise margin in the range of 1,2 to 1,6 and 56% e 68,5% of ½ VDD, respectively.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer et d'évaluer des paramètres quantitatifs de l'IRM de la prostate en discriminant les cancers de score de Gleason (GS) ≥7. Nous supposons que les paramètres quantitatifs de l'IRM pourraient aider à standardiser le diagnostic, et à diminuer la variation inter-lecteur et/ou inter-institution du diagnostic du cancer de la prostate. Cette thèse est divisée en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre, intitulé « IRM T2 quantitatif de la prostate », est une étude rétrospective sur une base de données des patients avant prostatectomie radicale. Le deuxième chapitre, intitulé « IRM multiparamétrique quantitative de la prostate », est aussi une étude rétrospective avant prostatectomie radicale. Le troisième chapitre, intitulé « Élastographie IRM de la prostate par voie trans-périnéale» est une étude expérimentale. Notre première étude montre que le T2 est robuste sur les machines de constructeurs différents. Le T2 est un prédicteur significatif, mais de faible performance, d'agressivité du cancer de la prostate à 3T. Notre deuxième étude montre que la combinaison du 10ème centile de l'ADC avec le Time-topeak (TTP) améliore la performance du diagnostic, et ce modèle est lui aussi robuste entre des machines de constructeurs différents. Notre troisième étude montre les résultats préliminaires sur l'élasticité de la prostate. Ces résultats montrent que l'élastographie IRM de la prostate en haute fréquence d'excitation (>100 Hz) par voie trans-périnéale est faisable. L'élastographie pourrait à l'avenir être intégrée à l'IRM multiparamétrique quantitative pour améliorer la performance de diagnostic / The purpose of this thesis is to develop and evaluate the quantitative methods of multiparametric MRI of prostate in discriminating Gleason score (GS) ≥7 cancers. We suppose that the quantitative parameter of MRI could help standardizer the diagnostic, reduce the inter-lecture and/ or inter-institution variation in diagnostic of prostate cancer. This thesis is divided into three chapters. The firs chapter, entilted « Quantitative T2 MRI of prostate » is a retrospective study on a database of prostate cancer patients before radical prostatectomy. The second chapter, entilted « Multi-parametric Quantitative MRI of prostate » is also a retrospective study before radical prostatectomy. The third chapter, entitled « MR elastography of prostate by transperineal approach », is an experimental study. Our first study shows that T2 value is robust between machines of different constructors. T2 value is significant predictor, but of weak performance, of aggressively cancer of prostate at 3T. Our second study shows that the combination of ADC_10th percentile with Time-to-peak (TTP) improved the diagnosis performance, and this model is also robust between two machines of different constructors. Our third study shows the initial results on elasticity of the prostate. These results show that MRI elastography of prostate at high excitation frequency (>100 Hz) by trans-perineale approach was feasible. The elastography may, in the future, be integrated in quantitative multi-parametric MRI to improve the diagnosis performance

O disco intervertebral é uma estrutura cuja função é receber, amortecer e distribuir o impacto das cargas impostas sobre a coluna vertebral. O aumento da idade e a postura adotada pelo indivíduo podem levar à degeneração do disco intervertebral. Atualmente, a Ressonância Magnética (RM) é considerada o melhor e mais sensível método não invasivo de avaliação por imagem do disco intervertebral. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos quantitativos computadorizados para auxílio ao diagnóstico da degeneração do disco intervertebral em imagens de ressonância magnética ponderadas em T2 da coluna lombar, de acordo com a escala de Pfirrmann, uma escala semi-quantitativa, com cinco graus de degeneração. Os algoritmos computacionais foram testados em um conjunto de dados que consiste de imagens de 300 discos, obtidos de 102 indivíduos, com diferentes graus de degeneração. Máscaras binárias de discos segmentados manualmente foram utilizadas para calcular seus centroides, visando criar um ponto de referência para possibilitar a extração de atributos. Uma análise de textura foi realizada utilizando a abordagem proposta por Haralick. Para caracterização de forma, também foram calculados os momentos invariantes definidos por Hu e os momentos centrais para cada disco. A classificação do grau de degeneração foi realizada utilizando uma rede neural artificial e o conjunto de atributos extraídos de cada disco. Uma taxa média de acerto na classificação de 87%, com erro padrão de 6,59% e uma área média sob a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) de 0,92 indicam o potencial de aplicação dos algoritmos desenvolvidos como ferramenta de apoio ao diagnóstico da degeneração do disco intervertebral. / The intervertebral disc is a structure whose function is to receive, absorb and transmit the impact loads imposed on the spine. Increasing age and the posture adopted by the individual can lead to degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Currently, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is considered the best and most sensitive noninvasive method to imaging evaluation of the intervertebral disc. In this work were developed methods for quantitative computer-aided diagnosis of the intervertebral disc degeneration in MRI T2 weighted images of the lumbar column according to Pfirrmann scale, a semi-quantitative scale with five degrees of degeneration. The algorithms were tested on a dataset of 300 images obtained from 102 subjects with varying degrees of degeneration. Binary masks manually segmented of the discs were used to calculate their centroids, to create a reference point to enable extraction of attributes. A texture analysis was performed using the approach proposed by Haralick. For the shape characterization, invariant moments defined by Hu and central moments were also calculated for each disc. The rating of the degree of degeneration was performed using an artificial neural network and the set of extracted attributes of each disk. An average rate of correct classification of 87%, with standard error 6.59% and an average area under the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic) of 0.92 indicates the potential application of the algorithms developed as a diagnostic support tool to the degeneration of the intervertebral disc.

The task of this thesis is to study the subject of perfusion analysis based on dynamic imaging with T2/T2* contrast. The focus was on the acquisition commonly used for DSC-MRI and especially in the acquisition pulse sequences that use images with different echo time, so called Multi-echo sequence. Principles of dynamic measurement by magnetic resonance imaging, the role of contrast agents and their influence on the relaxation times are described. It also describes the problems perfusion analysis, measurement and mathematical modeling parameters entering to the convolution dependency for getting perfusion parametersIn the experimental part is developed automatic algorithm to gain curves relaxation time T2 *. Next, the synthetic data are created and tested robustness estimate perfusion parameters against noise. In the next phase of work there are compared real scanned objects with using a conversion with T2 * and free of T2*. In the last phase of work is compared influence of length of used echo times on concentration curves and after perfusion analysis influence on resulting perfusion parameters.

Temperature-sensitive polymers or "smart" polymers are materials that undergo phase separation initiated by temperature change. Some of these polymers possess phase separation temperatures close to human body temperature (37 C), thus offering a wide range of potential applications in controlled drug release or gene delivery systems, bioseparations, tissue engineering, etc. Of the polymers with a phase separation temperature close to 37 C, poly(N- isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) are perhaps the most important and were selected as the subjects of this study. In this work, these two polymers have been examined in the presence of low molecular weight additives, and their colloidal stability evaluated using 1 H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and time-resolved 1 H NMR spin-spin relaxation time T2 experiments. An improved model of the two exchangeable states was applied for a more detailed characterization of the phase separation process. The main focus of this study was to determine the influence of additives on the phase separation behavior of the polymers (phase separation temperature, width of transition, maximum number of polymer chains participating in phase separation), reversibility of the phase separation, dynamics of solvent molecules (water and additive),...

Quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has gained traction within both the clinical and research field due to high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting (cMRF) is a novel approach introduced to address the limitation associated with evaluation of multiparametric quantitative CMR. cMRF enables simultaneous and co-registered estimation of tissue relaxation times, T1 and T2, in a single acquisition, making it a more time-efficient approach to multiparametric quantitative CMR. Nevertheless, cMRF has not gained widespread adaption due to insufficient evidence regarding its performance in accurately quantifying tissue characteristics. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of a single cMRF sequence described by Hamilton et. al. using self-constructed phantoms to validate the sequence performance for cardiac imaging. The objective was to construct in-vitro phantoms with physiological combinations of T1 and T2 markers. The phantoms were then imaged using gold standard and conventional mapping sequences to establish reference values for comparison. The measurements obtained from the two distinct cMRF reconstruction approaches were then compared to these reference values and to each other to evaluate the accuracy. The statistical assessments did not find a statistically significant difference between neither the cMRF sequence and conventional mapping techniques, nor cMRF and the gold-standard method, when compared in in-vitro phantoms with physiological combinations of T1 and T2. / Kvantitativ kardiovaskulär magnetresonans (CMR) har fått ökad uppmärksamhet inom både den kliniska- och forskningsfältet på grund av hög förekomst av hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. För att åtgärda begränsningarna vid utvärdering av multiparametrisk kvantitativ CMR, introducerades cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting (cMRF) som en ny metod. cMRF möjliggör simultan och samregistrerad uppskattning av vävnadens relaxationstider, T1 och T2, i samma insamling, vilket gör det till en mer tidseffektiv metod för multiparametrisk kvantitativ CMR. Trots detta är kliniska implementeringen av cMRF inte utbredd på grund av otillräckligt bevis för dess utförande vid exakt kvantifiering av vävnadsegenskaper. Syftet med denna studie är att bedöma noggrannheten hos en cMRF-sekvens som utvecklats av Hamilton et al. genom att använda egentillverkade fantomer för att verifiera hur effektiv sekvensen är för avbildning av hjärtat. Målet är att konstruera in vitro-fantom med fysiologiska kombinationer av  T1- och T2-markörer. Dessa fantomer avbildades med hjälp av referensmetoder och konventionell karaktärisering för att etablera jämförelsevärden. Mätningarna som erhölls från de två distinkta cMRF-rekonstruktionsmetoderna jämfördes sedan statistiskt med jämförelsevärdena och med varandra för att utvärdera mätnoggrannheten. De statistiska bedömningarna kunde inte påvisa en skillnad mellan varken cMRF-sekvensen och konventionella metoder, eller referensmetod, vid jämförelse i in vitro-fantom med fysiologiska kombinationer av T1- och T2-värden.

Understanding intentionality, i.e. coding the object directedness of agents towards objects, is a fundamental component of Theory of Mind abilities. Yet it is unclear how it is perceived and coded in different species. In this thesis, we present a series of comparative studies to explore human adults' and Capuchin monkeys' ability to infer intentional objects from actions. First we studied whether capuchin monkeys and adult humans infer a potential object from observing an object-directed action. With no direct information about the goal-object, neither species inferred the object from the action. However, when the object was revealed, the monkeys retrospectively encoded the directedness of the object-directed action; unexpectedly, in an adapted version of the task adult humans did not show a similar ability. We then adapted another paradigm, originally designed by Kovács et al (2010), to examine whether the two species implicitly register the intentional relation between an agent and an object. We manipulated an animated agent and the participants' belief about a ball's presence behind a hiding screen. We found no evidence showing that humans or monkeys coded object-directedness or belief. More importantly, we failed to replicate the original results from Kovács et al's study, and through a series of follow up studies, we questioned their conclusions regarding implicit ToM understanding. We suggested that, instead of implicit ToM, results like Kovacs et al's might be interpreted as driven by “sub-mentalizing” processes, as suggested by Heyes (2014). We conclude that so called ‘implicit ToM' may be based upon the computation of intentional relations between perceived agents and objects. But, these computations might present limitations, and some results attributed to implicit ToM may in fact reflect “sub-mentalizing” processes.

La deuxième génération de la norme de la Télévision Numérique Terrestre (DVB-T2), abréviation de «Digital Video Broadcasting-second generation», a été publiée par l'European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI-EN 302 755) en avril 2009. Elle correspond à une extension de la norme DVB-T actuellement en cours dédiée à la diffusion de la Télévision Numérique Terrestre (TNT). La technologie DVB-T2 a vocation de satisfaire les besoins des diffuseurs terrestres qui désirent, soit de proposer des services numériques inédits lors de l'extinction de la TV analogique (plusieurs programmes TVHD multiplexés), soit d'améliorer la réception sur des téléviseurs portables à l'intérieur des bâtiments ou sur des récepteurs embarqués à bord de véhicules. La norme DVB-T2 est basée sur des principes permettant de mettre en oeuvre des réseaux SFN (Single Frequency Network). Plus précisément, des réseaux de diffusion composés de plusieurs émetteurs et diffusant sur une même fréquence un même signal avec des délais maitrisés. De plus, cette norme DVB-T2 intègre un mécanisme de codage Spatio-fréquentiel de type MISO (Multiple Input Single Output). Ce mode de codage doit améliorer les performances en termes de qualité de réception, du réseau de diffusion par rapport à des réseaux SFN à deux émetteurs, couramment utilisés dans la norme DVB-T. Cependant, à ce jour il y a peu d'évaluations réelles de l'apport d'une diffusion MISO à base de deux antennes et aucune évaluation d'une diffusion MISO dans un réseau SFN à trois ou plusieurs émetteurs. C'est dans ce contexte que se situent ces travaux de thèse. Plus particulièrement, il s'agit d'évaluer les performances des diffusions permettant dans la norme DVB-T2. Parmi les objectifs des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit, il y a l'exploration et l'évaluation de l'apport d'une solution MISO Alamouti dans un réseau de diffusion combiné ou non à un réseau de type SFN. Nous proposons une nouvelle modélisation d'un réseau au standard DVB-T2 que l'on désigne comme un réseau SFN-MISO. Plusieurs études et résultats de simulation pour des réceptions fixes ou mobiles, ainsi que des analyses détaillées sur les performances d'une distribution MISO Alamouti dans un réseau à fréquence unique (SFN) pour un nombre variable de cas d'antennes, de codage et de modulation, sont donnés. Une exploration et évaluation d'une diversité MISO de type Tarokh est également étudiée et comparée à une approche MISO Alamouti. Le but est de déterminer et d?évaluer les réseaux de diffusion au standard DVB-T2 permettant de nouvelles méthodes de déploiement, de supervision et de diagnostics qui doivent conduire à une meilleure qualité de réception TNT tant fixe que mobile / The second generation of the Digital Terrestrial Television standard (DVB-T2) called "Digital Video Broadcasting-second generation", was published by ETSI (EN 302,755) in April 2009. This new standard is an extension of the DVB-T which is currently used for the broadcast of digital terrestrial television. The DVB-T2 is intended to meet the requirements of terrestrial broadcasters in order to either offer novel digital services after turning off the analogue TV (several HDTV programs by one multiplex) or improve the indoor portable reception of TVs and embedded receivers in vehicles. Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) is based on SFN (Single Frequency Network) Networks. More precisely, broadcasting networks based on several transmitters which transmit on the same frequency the similar signal with controlled delays. In addition, the standard DVB-T2 proposes an encoding Space-frequency mechanism of type MISO (Multiple Input Single Output). This method of encoding provides improved performance over SFN based on two transmitters. However, there are few real evaluations of the benefit to use a MISO broadcast based on two antennas, and no evaluations of MISO in SFN network based on three and more transmitters. In this context, the works carred out in this thesis consists of evaluating the performances of the different types of broadcasting modes allowed in the standard DVB-T2. Among the objectives, the different types of networks presented in this manuscript, are to explore as far as possible the contribution of solution MISO Alamouti combined or not with SFN broadcast networks. To achieve that, we have proposed a new modeling of DVB-T2 broadcast networks. Several simulation results for fixed and mobile receptions, and detailed performance analysis of the Alamouti diversity in a Single Frequency Network (SFN) for different numbers of antennas, coding and modulation are obtained. Exploration of the MISO-Tarokh technique is also studied and compared with MISO-Alamouti in order to determine and evaluate networks allowing new methods of deployment, monitoring and diagnostic suitable for efficient fixed and mobile terrestrial broadcasting reception

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, the essential domains in medical practice, seem helpless to address Alzheimer's disease (AD). With a huge mortality rate, it is looming and threatening the socioeconomic barrier. Despite many different studies, the pathogenesis of AD remains inconclusive. However, growing numbers of studies suggest oxidative stress to contribute to the initiation and progression of AD. We propose an iron hypothesis: iron mediated oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces protective roles of amyloid beta and hyper-phosphorylated tau (HP-tau) to sequester iron and limit the disease. We propose to study such mechanism using transgenic mice models for AD, inducing oxidative stress to elevate intracellular iron, and analyze its co-localization with proteins using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Western blot. We report three primary findings: 1) a significant loss in T2 signal over bilateral hippocampi of transgenic mice compared to the wild types (WT) by three months, corresponding to early disease and the ability of proteins to sequestration iron. Ability of rescue treatments to impede disease progression reflected as preserved T2 signal intensities over these areas throughout our study period of nine months. 2) Concentration of zinc and its dual role in the presence or absence of oxidative stress reflected as loss of 1H NMR T2 measurement showed that higher concentrations of zinc were neuro protective when there was an active oxidative stress inducing condition, but neurotoxic and promote oxidative damage in normal condition. And 3) Different strains of mice, according to their transgene, expressed various proteins associated with AD. However, these expressions were in accordance with our iron-hypothesis.