La presente Tesis Doctoral se encuentra dividida en dos Capítulos. En el Capítulo 1 se presentan los estudios realizados sobre la síntesis de ésteres insaturados derivados de BINOL, TADDOL y TTFOL y su aplicación en reacciones de hidroestannación radicalaria. El empleo de TFAA/H3PO4 no sólo provocó la apertura del diacetónido sino que además se observó una reorganización estructural selectiva, con retención de la configuración. Los nuevos diésteres obtenidos con simetría C2 lograron sintetizarse bajo condiciones suaves de reacción, con excelentes rendimientos y tiempos cortos. Asimismo, teniendo en cuenta antecedentes previos junto con un estudio por RMN dinámica, se realizó un estudio del mecanismo involucrado. La ruta sintética desarrollada resulta atractiva para la generación de derivados del tetrahidrofuran-3,4-diol, importantes en síntesis estereoselectiva. También, dada la importancia de los diésteres de BINOL en diversos campos, se buscó una ruta sintética adecuada para la generación de los mismos. Se estableció nuevamente que el uso de TFAA/H3PO4 dio los mejores resultados en lo que respecta a tiempos y rendimientos de reacción. Este mismo método se utilizó para la síntesis de ésteres del ácido cafeico, los cuales son de interés por su actividad biológica. En relación a los estudios de hidroestannación sobre diésteres insaturados derivados de TADDOL, se desarrollaron dos nuevos métodos que permitieron la síntesis estereoselectiva de macrolidos con variaciones en las condiciones de reacción respecto al método de referencia. Se observó que, según el diéster y el hidruro utilizado, se produjeron cambios sustanciales en la diasteroselectividad, los tiempos de reacción y los rendimientos obtenidos. La misma reacción fue estudiada para los nuevos diésteres insaturados de BINOL. En este caso, la hidroestannación radicalaria no tuvo lugar con ciclación intramolecular sino que se observó la existencia de aductos de mono y diadición. Asimismo, debido a la actividad catalítica que presentan ciertos haluros de trialquilestaño o dialquilestaño, se generaron los derivados bisiododifenilestannilados y bisclorodialquilestannilados, ambos con excelentes rendimientos y moderada diastereoselectividad. Finalmente, dada la importancia biológica de los -amino derivados, se estudió la generación de los mismos por reacción de Aza-Michael sobre los diésteres enantioméricamente puros derivados de TADDOL, BINOL y TTFOL. En el Capítulo 2, los estudios que se presentan se desarrollaron bajo el marco de una Beca para Jóvenes Docentes de la UNS en el Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IRB, Barcelona, España). Se realizaron reacciones de hidrogenación y Pauson-Khand asimétricas catalizadas por el complejo Rh-MaxPHOS. Se hicieron medidas cinéticas de la 2 velocidad de hidrogenación sobre los sustratos MAA y Z-MAC las cuales dieron resultados comparables a los obtenidos con el catalizador de referencia. Además, se logró disminuir la carga de catalizador para MAA. Así, la hidrogenación asimétrica de una serie de N-acil enamidas ocurrió con excelente grado de conversión y enantioselectividad. Posteriormente, se estudió el catalizador frente a reacciones de Pauson-Khand intramoleculares, siendo eficaz para la ciclización de varios 1,6-eninos con excesos enantioméricos de buenos a muy buenos. En ambos casos los productos generados son de potencial importancia biológica. / The present Doctoral Thesis is divided in two chapters. In Chapter 1, the studies about the synthesis of unsaturated esters derived from BINOL, TADDOL and TTFOL and their application in radical hydrostannation reactions is presented. The use of TFAA/H3PO4 caused not only the opening of the diacetonide but a selective structural reorganization with retention of the configuration too. The new diesters with C2 symmetry were synthesized under mild reaction conditions, excellent yields and in short time. The involved mechanism is proposed taking into account previous results together with a dynamic NMR study. The synthetic developed route is attractive for the generation of derivatives of tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol, important in stereoselective synthesis. Also, and given the increasing interest in BINOL diesters in many fields, the search of new synthetic routes was studied. It was stablished that, again, the system TFAA/H3PO4 gave the best results in relation to yields and reaction time. Following with the esterification procedures, the excellent results obtained with the employment of this system, for the synthesis of caffeic acid esters due to the wide scope of biological applications. In the research about hydrostannation reactions of unsaturated esters of TADDOL, two new methods were developed that allowed the stereoselective synthesis of macrolides with variations on the reaction conditions in comparison with the reference method. It was observed that, according with the diester and the hydride used, substantial changes occurred related with diastereoselectivity. The same procedure was used for the new BINOL unsaturated diesters. In this case, the radical hydrostannation did not take place with intramolecular cyclization but the existence of mono- and diaddition products was determined. Also, and due to the catalytic activity that some trialkyl- and dialkyltin halides present, the corresponding bis-iododiphenylstannyl and bis-chlorodialkylstannyl derivatives were obtained, with both excellent yields and moderate diastereoselectivity. Finally, and 3 because of the potential biological applications of the -amino derivatives, the synthesis of this type of compounds by means of the Aza-Michael reaction was accomplished. In Chapter 2 are presented the studies made in the Biomedical Research Institute, (IRB, Barcelona, Spain) under a Young Researchers Fellowship (UNS). The asymmetric hydrogenation and Pauson-Khand reactions catalyzed by Rh-MaxPHOS complex were achieved. Kinetic measures on the rate of the hydrogenation reaction over MAA and Z-MAC substrates were done. The results observed here were comparative to those obtained with the reference catalyst. Besides, it was possible to reduce the catalyst charge for MAA. Thus, the asymmetric hydrogenation of a variety of N-acyl enamides happened with excellent conversion and enantioselectivity. Afterwards, the catalyst was studied in the intramolecular Pauson-Khand reactions and probed to be very efficient for the cyclization of some 1,6- enynes with good to very good enantiomeric excess.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der Synthese neuartiger homochiraler Molekülstrukturen, welche nach Konzepten des Crystal Engineering über ein starres Grundgerüst sowie koordinationsfähige Haftgruppen verfügen sollten. Unter Verwendung von Wein- und Milchsäure, als Vertreter der natürlich vorkommenden, enantiomerenreinen α-Hydroxycarbonsäuren, konnten die entsprechenden Derivate mit aromatischen und/oder acetylenischen Spacerelementen hergestellt und umfassend charakterisiert werden. Die synthetisierten Wein- und Milchsäureverbindungen sowie die sich von den jeweiligen Weinsäureestern ableitenden TADDOLe wurden außerdem auf ihre optische Aktivität, ihre Affinität gegenüber verschiedenen Lösungsmitteldämpfen, ihr Einschlussverhalten gegenüber achiralen und chiralen Lösungsmitteln sowie ihre Eignung als organische Linker bei der Synthese von metallorganischen Gerüststrukturen untersucht. Mittels Röntgeneinkristallstrukturanalyse konnten die Festkörperstrukturen einiger Derivate aufgeklärt und diese hinsichtlich ihrer Konformation verglichen werden.

The thiourea derivatives have become a main focus of research in asymmetric synthesis as an organocatalyst in recent years. In the first part, the thiourea catalysts are synthesized starting from easily available L-tartaric acid and application of the catalysts to some addition reactions showed no significant asymmetric induction. A number of HDAC inhibitors have been developed as anti-cancer agent at the present time.In the second part, some aryl butenoic acid derivatives are synthesized as HDAC inhibitors starting from substituted benzaldehyde and pyruvic acid. The HDAC activity studies showed comparable results with known molecules. In the last part, some acyl phosphonates are synthesized and addition of ethylcyanoformate to acyl phosphonates furnished the products in good yields.

Dans cette thèse les résultats dans le domaine de la synthèse des dérivée des TADDOL et leur capacité d’induction chirale sont présentés. Une librairie des TADDOLs a été synthétisée et une analyse conformationnelle par VCD a été faite. Ces composés enantiopurs ont été testés dans la réaction de cyanosilylation enantioselective en donnant des résultats moyens. En partant de TADDOL nous avons synthétisé des dérivée phosphorés, des amines et des (thio)urées. Les dérivés de P(III) ont été utilisés comme ligands pour le palladium dans l’alkylation allylique asymétrique et les amines dans le réarrangement des époxydes meso. Les (thio)urées ont été testées pour leur capacité de complexation des anions carboxylates. / In this thesis are presented the results in the field of synthesis of TADDOL derivatives and their chiral induction capacity. A family of TADDOLs was synthesized and a conformational analysis was performed by VCD. These enantipure compounds were tested in enantioselective cyanosilylation reactions obtaining moderate results. Starting from TADDOL we obtained phosphorus derivatives, amines and (thio)ureas. The P(III) derivatives were tested as ligands for palladium in asymmetric allylic alkylation and the amines in the rearrangement of meso-epoxides. The (thio)ureas were screened for complexation capacity for carboxylate anions.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der Synthese neuartiger homochiraler Molekülstrukturen, welche nach Konzepten des Crystal Engineering über ein starres Grundgerüst sowie koordinationsfähige Haftgruppen verfügen sollten. Unter Verwendung von Wein- und Milchsäure, als Vertreter der natürlich vorkommenden, enantiomerenreinen α-Hydroxycarbonsäuren, konnten die entsprechenden Derivate mit aromatischen und/oder acetylenischen Spacerelementen hergestellt und umfassend charakterisiert werden. Die synthetisierten Wein- und Milchsäureverbindungen sowie die sich von den jeweiligen Weinsäureestern ableitenden TADDOLe wurden außerdem auf ihre optische Aktivität, ihre Affinität gegenüber verschiedenen Lösungsmitteldämpfen, ihr Einschlussverhalten gegenüber achiralen und chiralen Lösungsmitteln sowie ihre Eignung als organische Linker bei der Synthese von metallorganischen Gerüststrukturen untersucht. Mittels Röntgeneinkristallstrukturanalyse konnten die Festkörperstrukturen einiger Derivate aufgeklärt und diese hinsichtlich ihrer Konformation verglichen werden.

The thesis entitled “Synthesis and applications of 1,4-diketones and γ-oxobutyramides derived from tartaric acid” is divided into two chapters. Chapter 1: Synthesis of TADDOL analogues by nucleophilic addition reactions and their application to the synthesis of α-methoxy arylacetic acid derivatives Synthesis of various TADDOL analogues by the addition of nucleophiles to 1,4-diketones derived from L-(+)-tartaric acid is presented in this chapter. It is found that the reduction of 1,4-Diketones 1a-d with K-Selectride pre-complexed with 18-crown-6 which is the optimized condition to attain better diastereoselectivity towards the C2-symmetric isomer 2a-d (Scheme 1). Addition of Grignard reagents to diketones 1a, 1eh is dependent on nature of Grignard reagents, solvent and temperature. (Structural formula) Scheme 1: Synthesis of TADDOL analogues Application of the synthesized TADDOL analogues in synthesis of enantiopure α-methoxy arylacetic acid derivatives is discussed. The C2-symmetric 1,4-diols 2a-d (TADDOL analogues) are utilized in the synthesis of enantiopure α-methoxy arylacetic acid derivatives as shown in scheme 2. Scheme 2: Synthesis of α-methoxy arylacetic acid derivatives. (SF) Both enantiomers of α-alkyl-α-methoxy arylacetic acids 13a-b and ent-13a are synthesized from the respective C2-symmetric diols 5a-b and 7a-b (scheme 3). (SF) Scheme 3: Synthesis of both enantiomers of α-alkyl-α-methoxy arylacetic acids. Chapter 2: Facile Synthesis of α,β-dihydroxy-γ-butyrolactones and jaspine B from γ-oxobutyramides derived from tartaric acid A short and efficient route for the synthesis of γ-alkyl/aryl-α,β-dihydroxy-γ-butyrolactones 15a-j is accomplished from γ-oxobutyramides 14a-l derived from tartaric acid. Key step includes a controlled addition of Grignard reagent and stereoselective reduction (Scheme 4). (sF) Scheme 4: Synthesis of α,β-dihydroxy-γ-butyrolactones and jaspine B. Utility of the γ-oxobutyramides is further exemplified in the synthesis of jaspine B 18 a cytotoxic anhydrophytosphingosine in 48% overall yield (Scheme 5). (SF) . Scheme 5: Synthesis of α,β-dihydroxy-γ-butyrolactones and jaspine B. Appendix: Serendipitous observation of polymorphism in TADDOL analogue induced by the presence of chiral impurity Polymorphism in one of the TADDOL analogues is serendipitously observed and demonstrated that the 2% impure diastereomer is responsible for the formation of one of the pol ymorphic crystals (Figure 1). (SF) Figure 1: Diastereomeric impurity induced polymorphism. (For structural formula pl see the pdf file)

Molecular recognition has become a very important field of research in chemistry during the last decades. This<br />chemical phenomenon is responsible for all processes occurring in biology and asymmetric synthesis is based<br />upon the capability of molecules or substrates to recognise each other in a selective manner. In this thesis, the<br />design, preparation and evaluation of a series of new synthetic receptors has been described. The importance of<br />regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in molecular recognition has also been underlined with two different<br />biological examples.<br />The capability of host molecules, derived from (+)-tartaric acid, to accommodate various guests in a selective<br />manner was demonstrated using 1H-NMR spectroscopy (paper I). These host molecules, known as TADDOLs,<br />enantioselectively recognised the valuable chiral alcohols glycidol and menthol. Macromolecular receptors, i.e.<br />molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), were also prepared in order to catalyse the aldol reaction between either<br />(R)- or (S)-camphor and benzaldehyde (paper II). With the help of analytical methods, it was demonstrated that<br />the MIPs interacted in a selective manner with the enantiomers of camphor. Moreover, these MIPs enhanced<br />significantly the rate of the aldol condensation mentioned above.<br />Regarding biological systems, various regioisomeric analogues of benzoic acid have been tested as antifeedants<br />against the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (paper III and IV). The regioisomers studied displayed very different<br />antifeedant activities. The significance of stereoisomerism on pheromone function has been shown in the<br />preparation of lures for the control of the insect pest Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (paper V). It was demonstrated that<br />male leafrollers could be caught by a lure containing components of the female sex pheromone gland.