Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 2007. / Adviser: Enbao Wang. Includes bibliographical references.

Authoritarian governments have long wielded education as political tools by which to transmit their conceptions of nationalistic identity, but does the same hold true of democratic governments? Transitioning from martial law to full democracy in the 1980s and 1990s, Taiwan serves as an ideal case study. As authoritarian rulers, Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang (KMT) imposed education curriculum that legitimized their claims to be the rulers of all China. After martial law was lifted in 1987, dissenters could freely vocalize a Taiwanese identity that advocated for a sovereign Taiwan separate from the Chinese nation. Contemporaneously, Lee Teng-hui rose to power as a loyal KMT member, but as president he shifted away from Chinese identity to promote a sense of Taiwanese identity. Preceded by nationalistically Chinese KMT stalwarts and succeeded by one who pushed Taiwan even closer to independence, Lee was a transitional leader whose own ideological evolution reflected Taiwan’s shift from a staunchly Chinese political entity to a possibly independent state separate from the mainland. During Lee’s presidency, controversy erupted over the content of textbooks for a junior high course entitled Understanding Taiwan [renshi taiwan] that focused for the first time on Taiwan in its own right instead of as only one small part of China. The textbooks instigated a debate on identity, for how one regarded the accuracy or appropriateness of the textbooks reflected one’s views of Taiwan in relation to China. The debates and the textbooks’ contents revealed clearly that despite the considerable democratization occurring in Taiwan over the decade, curriculum content continued to mirror the convictions espoused by the central government—led by the democratically elected president Lee Teng-hui (1988-2000)—in much the same way that it had done so under the authoritarian rule of Chiang Kai-shek (1949-1975). / text

Tato práce pojednává o hospodářských reformách v Čínské lidové republice, které byly provedeny v letech 1979 až 1989. Cílem je podat přehled o uskutečněných krocích čínské vlády v 80. letech a zhodnotit jejich výsledky. Tato práce analyzuje široké spektrum čínských reforem, věnuje se sektoru zemědělství, průmyslu, cenovému systému, bankovnímu a finančnímu systému, školství a největší pozornost je věnována zahraničnímu obchodu. U každé z těchto oblasti jsou vyjmenována základní opatření provedená v této první reformní etapě, která přispěla k celkové modernizaci čínské ekonomiky. Na závěr práce jsou ilustrovány výsledky čínských reforem na vybraných makroekonomických ukazatelích, zejména na růstu hrubého domácího produktu, na vývoji inflace, na vývoji příjmů a výdajů vládního sektoru a na platební bilanci. Hospodářské reformy v 80. letech, o kterých je tato práce, položily základ pozdějších ekonomických úspěchů Číny.

This study uses the pop music scene as a tool to analyse contemporary cultural history in Asia, with a focus on the cold-war and post-cold war period (1960s-1990s). The primary objective is to present how Pan-Chinese music shaped peoples’ collective memories in Asia and to investigate issues such as cultural history identification, cultural worship, colonisation, nostalgia, and how these influence each other. The secondary objective is to analyse which factors can influence peoples’ collective memories, since similar pop music and historical backgrounds in Asia can be located. A particular focus is Deng Lijun (also known as Teresa Teng) (1964-1995) who is considered the most influential popular singer able to transcend ideological barriers in Asia. Through in-depth interviews carried out in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan during 2010, audience perceptions focusing on Deng Lijun's personality, music and performances were recorded and analysed in order to create focal points regarding the collective memory of her work. The main interest of this thesis is not only her role as a singer, but also her ability to capture different cultural imaginations, to initiate processes of identification and to transcend different country’s frontiers (Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, South-East Asia and Japan), particularly since these countries champion different ideological perspectives. Her fame and commercial success had a huge cultural impact, and as a result she was the first cultural carrier to break the boundaries of the Cold-War era in Asia. Apart from examining the social, cultural and political factors that influence pop music, the industry behind it and shared audience memories, the focal point of the thesis is to draw attention to aspect of time by examining how the cold war in Asia reconstructed pop music’s cultural symbols and how these symbols were transformed through different ideological structures and facets. Using the information gathered from interviews and archives, this study explores the role of popular music in political struggles between warring ideologies and shows how those struggles both informed and were informed by the sentimental songs of a global popular music idol.

<p>  </p> <p>This masters thesis presents a literature review of widely used ink-based manufacturing techniques, ink-based materials used in energy harvesting. their preparation and applications in human-integrated energy harvesting devices. In addition, the challenges, and opportunities in this area of study is discussed. Lastly, the experimental methodology and results of a stencil printed PVA-gelatin composite ink based flexible triboelectric nanogenerator used for human-integrated energy harvesting is summarized.</p>

This essay examines the presence of cognitive biases in governmental acquisitions of technical systems. The four examined biases are Prior hypotheses and focusing on limited targets, Exposure to limited alternatives, Insensitivity to outcome probabilities and Illusion of manageability. These were examined through a case study of systems purchases for governmental agencies. The essay identified parts of Försvarsmaktens handbok i studiemetodik where the text was written in such a way where there was a risk of bias being present. These were identified through a qualitative text analysis and semi-structured interviews. Because of the presence of bias found in the text, a chapter dedicated to risk of bias was recommended, as well as certain amendments to the text to prohibit biased interpretations. / Detta självständiga arbete granskar förekomsten av kognitiva bias, mentala feltänk, i myndighetsanskaffning av tekniska system. De fyra biaser som granskas är Prior hypotheses and focusing on limited targets, tidigare hypotes-bias, Exposure to limited alternatives, begränsade alternativ-bias, Insensitivity to outcome probabilities, okänslighet för sannolikhet-bias, och Illusion of manageability, illusion av hanterbarhet. Detta granskades i en fallstudie, där systeminköp för statliga myndigheter granskades. Texten identifierade delar av Försvarsmaktens handbok i studiemetodik där den var skriven på ett sådant sätt att dessa biaser kunde förekomma. Dessa identifierades genom en kvalitativ textanalys och semi-strukturerade intervjuer. På grund av förekomsten rekommenderades att ett biaskapitel införs i handboken, samt att utvalda delar av redan skriven text skrivs om eller belyser risken för påverkan av bias.

The literary tale or ch'uan-ch'i, "transmission of the strange," evolved from the short fictional writings of the Six Dynasties and early T'ang periods and found full form as a short story in the classical language during the latter T'ang dynasty. Ch'uan-ch'i flourished through the Sung dynasty but fell into a period of relative inactivity during the Yuan dynasty. With the founding of the Ming in 1368 came renewed interest in the literary tale with the appearance of Ch'u Yu's collection of ch'uan-ch'i known as Chien-teng hsin-hua. Ch'u's tales became so popular that they soon inspired poet-official Li Ch'ang-ch'i to write the collection Chien-teng yu-hua in imitation of Ch'u's style. The two collections remained popular and influential through much of the Ming dynasty. The influence of both Ch'u Yu and Li Ch'ang-ch'i spread to Korea and Japan where many of their tales were rewritten and adapted to local settings. It was from Japanese editions of the Chien-teng hsin-hua that Ch'u Yu's contributions to the ch'uan-ch'i genre were rediscovered in this century. On comparison with earlier T'ang models, Ch'u Yu's tales show considerable similarity in style; however, the best of his tales show advancement in characterization, a broader range of subject matter, settings as varied as the tales themselves, and a level of society generally far removed from the scholar-official class commonly depicted in T'ang tales. It is in Ch'u Yu's thematic tales or tales of retribution that can be found the combination of elements that clearly illustrates his contributions to the ch'uan-ch'i genre. A reading of representative tales from both T'ang dynasty collec- tions and the large collection of literary tales by P'u Sung-ling in the Ch'ing dynasty illustrates the degree and nature of change in the literary tale over the centuries. The appearance of Ch'u Yu's Chien-teng hsin-hua in the early Ming dynasty not only revived interest in the genre but also contributed to the development of one of the most enduring forms of fiction in the history of China.

This thesis is an investigation of the emergence of democracy and its localized culture in Taiwan during the Lee Teng-hui era and its legacy, from 1988 to 2004. From a Leninist authoritarian system, Taiwan experienced a peaceful transition to representative democracy. The establishment of the first opposition party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), in 1986, and President Chiang Ching-kuo’s tolerance towards it, had signalled the commencement of Taiwan’s democratization. Various political opposition movements existed prior to 1986, especially between 1983 and 1986, indicating a gradual strengthening in the public’s political consciousness. The pivotal event to mark the democratization-localization movement in Taiwan was the emergence of a local Taiwanese, Lee Teng-hui, as President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the ruling party, the Chungkuo Kuomintang (KMT). This occurred when he succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo upon his death in 1988. Local politics henceforth emerged as a major force and KMT factional struggles had begun in earnest. During the democratic transformation that took place in Taiwan in the last quarter of the 20th century, the ruling power of the Waishengren political elite (that is, the Chinese who took over Taiwan in 1945) gradually transferred to local political leaders, and the suppressed issue of building an independent Taiwanese nation became politicized. Furthermore, the KMT itself was undergoing a far-reaching transformation, moving from liberalization, to democratization, to localization or Taiwanization. As a result, the issues of national recognition and the power redistribution of different national groups (from Chinese “Mainlanders” to local Taiwanese) had combined with democratization from the beginning. Democratization was assisted by institution-building through regular elections, an associated critical voice from opposition groups, a solid middle class, and the Taiwanization phenomenon itself. While the experience of colonial rule and an oppressive (rather than reformist) KMT may be said to be in the past, and hence less an impetus for action in the present, yet with the addition of a persistent military threat from People’s Republic of China seeking Taiwan’s “reunification” with the “motherland”, past, present and an anticipated future, combine contextually in the quest for Taiwan’s integrity – and hence the acquisition of an identity that is consciously Taiwanese rather than Chinese by default.

Abstract The Hai-Wai-Chi Society, an overseas organization derived from the ¡§Chi Society¡¨ based in Shanghai, was initiated and founded by Hsu Fu-Yuan, one of the six poets of the Chi Society. Towards the end of the Hung Kung reign of the late Ming dynasty, in the wake of the defeat of the Sungchiang uprising staged by the society, Hsu continued to work for the recovery of the Ming legacy against the ruling Qing regime. At first, he left Shanghai to follow Emperor Lungwu in Fujian. After Emperor Lungwu was defeated, he proceeded to Choushan to follow King Lu and cooperated with Chang Huang-Yen. Later on, after Choushan was seized by the Qing army, Hsu accompanied King Lu under the shelter of Koxinga in Xiamen. It was at this point that the society came to its apex. When Koxinga took hold of Taiwan following his defeat at Nanjing battle, the society members began to enter the island along with the soldiers. Therefore, the literature of Hai-Wai-Chi Society is viewed as the beginning of Han Taiwanese literature. Taiwan Shih Cheng by Lien Heng refers to Hsu Fu-Yuan, Chang Huang-Yen, Lu Jo-Teng, Sheng Chuan-Chi, Chao Tsung-Lung, Chen Shih-Ching as ¡§The Six Poets of Hai-Wai-Chi Society.¡¨ This paper, entitled A Study of Three Poets in the Hai-Wai-Chi Society, is intended to follow the same way of thinking in its exploration of Hsu Fu-Yuan, Chang Huang-Yen, and Lu Jo-Teng through the existing anthology of the society. Meanwhile, the relevant literature concerning the other three poets will be reviewed for necessary references. The Hai-Wai-Chi Society is characterized by its composition of core members, mainly loyalists to King Lu, who followed Koxinga to Taiwan as a consequence of the fall of Choushan. Mourning over the end of the Ming empire, intellectuals of high morality and talent assembled to form a society of poetry to express their emotions toward the fatherland. The members of the Hai-Wai-Chi Society were actively involved in the fight against the Qing court. In spite of successive defeats, they would live and die in exile overseas rather than surrender as subjects of the Qing regime. The Introduction aims to explain the motivation of this study, the meaning and formation of The Hai-Wai-Chi Society, with a literature review of the three poets. The first chapter explores the public opinions of The Dong-Lin Party¡]ªFªLÄÒ¡^ and the Restoration Society¡]´_ªÀ¡^ in the Late Ming period, and the poetry of patriotism by Chen Tzu-Lung and Hsia Wang-Chun of The Hai-Wai-Chi Society, to be defined in this study as two typical kinds of heritage of The Hai-Wai-Chi Society. The second chapter gives an analysis of the historical background of South Ming royalists fighting against the Qing regime and the formation and development of The Hai-Wai-Chi Society. The third chapter is focused on the Tiao-Huang-Tang Manuscript by Hsu Fu-Yuan to study his overseas poems that express his uncompromising anti-Qing mentality and noble patriotic integrity. The fourth chapter represents the social reality of war-ridden Kinmen during the Koxinga period based on Niao-Yi Poetry and Liu-An Anthology by Lu Jo-Teng. The fifth chapter deals with Chi-Ling Grass, Ping-Tsa Collection, and Tsai-Wei Recitation by Chang Huang-Yen to distinguish him as a great noble Ming loyalist who had fought against the Qing power for 19 years overseas. The Conclusion sums up the poetry by the three poets as: (1) a reflection of history with a national concern, (2) an expression of opposition against invasion with a firm anti-Qing determination, and (3) a kind of oceanic literature with a universal sympathy.

The experience and history shaped by various political groups in the modern history of Taiwan has left a significant mark in the hearts of the island¡¦s citizens. Ever since the 1990¡¦s, even the KMT, a party that had always regarded China ethnicity as the essence of localization, has gradually altered its insistence towards a less constrained attitude. As a result of this, the difference in national identity and the notion of culture emerges, leading Taiwan into an era of liberated ideas about national identity. Lee Teng Hiu was the first citizen elected president of Rublic of China, Taiwan. He was brought up during the Japanese occupation, but accepted the radical political changes brought by the national government after the war. During his political career, he had experienced colonial, autocratic, authoritative, and democratic government systems. The combination of Japanese, Chinese, and American education during his academic pursuit had opened up his unique perspective of the world. Profoundly influenced by Kitaro Nishita¡¦s topical philosophy, the samurai spirit of Nitobe Inazo, Christian doctrines, and Marxism and Hegel¡¦s logical thinking, Lee found the motivation to authenticate his principles. In fact, the personal biography of Lee himself, is pretty much a representation of the modern history of Taiwan. Because Lee is one of the most influential political elites in the history of Taiwan, his notion of the awareness of Taiwan and his comprehension and treatment of Mainland China also had a profound influence on the people of Taiwan in terms of their memories of history and collective identity. Thus, to understand how this collective identity had developed and transformed throughout the history of Taiwan, it is essential to scrutinize Lee¡¦s awareness of China, and the origin of his learning. This research seeks to discuss the formation of Lee¡¦s concept of identity, whether or not the key of this identity has evolved, and how that sense of identity has roamed. This will be done through the analysis of the Taiwanese social structure during Lee¡¦s upbringing, restoring the Taiwanese society during the Japanese occupation of the Taisho and Showa dynasties, where the origin of his historical perspective on Mainland China came from, and also his concepts and experiences during adulthood. Lastly, the same notion of identity of his contemporaries will be compared in order to comprehend the origin of influence of the identity of Taiwan in Lee. After all, this sense of identity of the political elites will conceptualize, theorize, and the electoral issues will continuously influence the public notion of national identity. Thus, the clarification of the elite¡¦s notion will allow the understanding the identity at a subterranean level.