Diabetic nephropathy represents the leading cause of end stage renal disease worldwide and requires a kidney transplant or dialysis to survive. The number of patients suffering from diabetes is expected to increase, thus the number of patients with diabetic nephropathy is expected to concomitantly increase. Current treatment for diabetic nephropathy is not sufficient to prevent disease progression in most patients thus there is a need to develop novel therapies to treat diabetic nephropathy. The earliest changes that occur during the pathogenesis of diabetes occur in the glomerulus. The mesangial cells are a subpopulation of cells in the glomerulus that are responsible for coordinating responses with other nearby cell types. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a cytokine that mesangial cells secrete, and has been identified as a profibrotic factor during the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Concerns have been raised in the use of direct anti-TGF-β1 therapy due to adverse events (such as dyspepsia and diarrhea) and lack of efficacy of anti-TGF-β1 monoclonal antibody LY2382770 in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Thus, therapy aimed at modulating TGF-β1 expression or activity may be efficacious in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy while avoiding potential adverse effects. The hypothesis of this thesis is that SREBP-1 and cell surface GRP78 are novel regulators of TGF-β1 signaling in mesangial cells. Our first study aims to define a novel pathway by which SREBP-1 regulates TGF-β1 signaling in kidney mesangial cells. Our results indicate that SREBP-1 regulates the expression of the type I TGF-β1 receptor through its secretion in exosomes. Our second study expands on these findings and aims to determine if inhibition of SREBP in vivo with the inhibitor fatostatin may prevent diabetic nephropathy. Our results indicate that treatment with fatostatin does not prevent diabetic nephropathy, but accentuates kidney injury in non-diabetic mice. Preliminary results from our lab have indicated that under diabetic conditions, GRP78 is upregulated at the cell surface and may contribute to the activation of SREBP-1 in an ER-stress dependent mechanism. Our third study thus aims to characterize the expression of cell surface GRP78 in diabetic conditions, and to determine its pathological relevance in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Our results have established novel pathways by which TGF-β1 signaling is regulated in mesangial cells. This will assist in identification of novel therapeutic targets that may be of use in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end stage renal disease and represents an important risk factor for mortality. The goal of this thesis is to understand and describe the pathways and mechanisms that contribute to the development of diabetic kidney disease in order to identify novel therapeutic targets. This thesis has identified the protein sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 and the cell surface presentation of another protein, the 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), as contributors to diabetic kidney disease. Furthermore, this thesis has demonstrated that anti-SREBP therapy with the drug fatostatin did not prevent diabetic kidney disease. These studies show that while inhibiting SREBP-1 and cell surface GRP78 may be effective in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease, the drug fatostatin should not be used for treatment.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects around 40% of diabetic patients worldwide and has become a major health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. The progression of DN is characterized by the thickening of glomerular basement membrane, albuminuria and the development of glomerulosclerosis. Renal function is eventually compromised. Due to various hemodynamic and metabolic changes, especially the elevated blood glucose level in diabetic patients, glomerular mesangial cells have been shown to upregulate transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) level and signaling, resulting in the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The atypical expression of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) on the cell surface may be associated with this pro-fibrotic effect through its interaction with the TGF-β1 activation process. However, there is no current literature demonstrating the role of cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) in the pathogenesis of diabetic renal diseases. The purpose of my MSc project was to determine the role of csGRP78 in TGF-β1 synthesis and activation and thereby in the progression of DN. We hypothesized that the increased expression of csGRP78 in response to high glucose exposure stimulates TGF-β1 upregulation through intracellular signaling, as well as its activation through interaction with the latent complex, which leads to the expansion of mesangial matrix. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Diabetic kidney disease affects around 40% of diabetic patients worldwide and is a major health concern. A major feature of the disease is glomerulosclerosis, which is the scarring of glomeruli. The glomeruli filter blood passing through blood vessels in the kidneys to remove waste, which will then be excreted into urine. In diabetic patients, high blood glucose causes the fibrosis of glomeruli and damages the filtration barrier. As a result, a large amount of proteins leak from the blood into the urine. It has been discovered that TGF-β1 is one of the key molecules mediating the generation of scar tissue in the glomerulus. It promotes the growth of mesangial cells, a major type of kidney glomerular cells, and stimulates their production of extracellular matrix proteins. Our results showed that GRP78, a protein that is primarily expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and assists with protein folding, moves from the inside of cells to the surface in response to a high glucose environment. Here, we found that it facilitated TGF-β1 signaling. Based on our studies, we propose that when GRP78 is at the cell surface, it enables the release of latent TGF-β1, increasing TGF-β1 activity and thus promoting the development of disease.

O vítreo apresenta remodelamento de seus componentes durante a patogênese de doenças como descolamento de retina, buraco de mácula e membrana epirretínica e os fatores que levam a essas alterações ainda não são completamente conhecidos. As células gliais de Müller exercem um papel regulatório importante na retina, principalmente na produção de TGF-beta, e participam na formação de membranas contráteis em doenças da interface vítreo retínica. O TGF-beta está aumentado tanto na retina como no vítreo, em condições de doença, tendo o papel importante de ativar a capacidade contrátil na interface do tecidos estudados. MicroRNAs são moléculas de RNA fita simples de 19-25 nucleotídeos, endógenos, não codificantes e potentes reguladores pós-transcricional da expressão gênica, portanto potenciais alvos terapêuticos eficientes para o tratamento das doenças da interface vítreo-retínica. Em linhagem de células de Müller de rato (rMC-1), o tratamento com TGF- &#946 1 em concentração de 5 ng/ml leva a diminuição da expressão gênica de let7-b e let7-c, após 24 horas de tratamento. Já em linhagem humana de Müller ( MIO-M1), a expressão gênica de let-7b e let-7c foi alterada com 10 ng/ml de TGF- &#946 1 e TGF- &#946 2. TGF- &#946 2 induziu a uma queda da expressão de let-7b e let-7c, que variou entre 70% e 40 % , após 24 e 48 horas de tratamento. Investigamos os possíveis alvos desses miRNAs, COL1A1, COL1A2 e HAS2, proteínas que possuem relação com as alterações da interface vítreo-retiniana. Entretanto, a análise da expressão de RNAm de COL1A1 e COL1A2 após a estimulação de MIO-M1 com TGF- &#946 1 e TGF- &#946 2 não apresentou alterações. No estudo com gene reporter de luciferase validamos COL1A2 como um novo alvo de let-7b na célula de Müller. Nos estudos funcionais observamos que o let-7c mimético diminui a contração do gel de colágeno, Dessa forma, neste estudo concluímos que o micro-ambiente das células de Müller nas doenças da interface vítreo-retiniana, pode alterar a expressão dos miRNAs da família let7 e, consequentemente, levar à formação de membranas densas e contráteis. / Vitreous remodeling occurs during disease pathogenesis, such as retinal detachment, macular hole and epiretinal membrane, and the factors that lead to these alterations are still not fully determined. Müller glial cells regulate TGF-beta production in the retina and participate in the formation of contractile membranes in vitreoretinal interface.TGF-beta is increased in both vitreous and retina in disease conditions, and are key participants in activating contractible capacity. MicroRNAs are short (19- 25 nucleotides), endogenous, non-coding RNA, involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation, that have a potential role as new therapeutic targets for vitreoretinal interface diseases. In rat Müller cell line (rMC-1), treatment with 5ng /ml of TGF-&#946 1 induced a downregulation of let7-b and let7-c expression after 24 hours. In Müller human line (MIO-M1), let-7b and let-7c expression were altered with 10 ng / ml of TGF-&#946 1 and TGF-&#946 2. TGF-&#946 2 induced a downregulation ranging from 70% to 40%, after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. We investigated the possible targets of these miRNAs: COL1A1, COL1A2 and HAS2, proteins that are related to vitreoretinal interface alterations. However, the analysis of COL1A1 and COL1A2 mRNA expression after stimulation of MIO-M1 with TGF-&#946 1 and TGF-&#946 2 did not show any changes. The luciferase gene reporter analysis revealed COL1A2 as a let-7b target in the Müller cell. In the functional studies we observed that the let-7c mimic decreases collagen gel contraction. In summary, we conclude that the microenvironment of Müller cells in vitreoretinal interface diseases may alter the expression of the miRNAs of the let7 family and, consequently, lead to the formation of dense and contractile membranes.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) tem como característica marcante a substituição do músculo pelo tecido fibroso, sendo este um dos maiores obstáculos para a eficácia de terapias para a distrofia muscular. Intervenções para preveni-la provavelmente poderão ser necessárias como parte de um tratamento eficaz. Correlações significativas entre fibrose e a expressão do TGF-beta, uma citocina fibrogênica multifuncional nas distrofias musculares têm sido relatadas, enfatizando o papel dessa citocina no desenvolvimento da fibrose muscular e sugerindo-a como alvo para terapias antifibróticas. Nesse estudo avaliamos o efeito do Losartan sobre o desenvolvimento da fibrose na musculatura esquelética do modelo canino Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD). Foi realizado previamente um estudo piloto com um cão distrófico para estipular dosagem e eventuais efeitos colaterais ao medicamento. Foram utilizados cinco cães adultos, sendo dois machos e duas fêmeas e um animal controle. Utilizou-se a dose de 50mg de Losartan, administrada via oral, uma vez ao dia. Os exames clínicos e laboratoriais não evidenciaram reação adversa durante o período do experimento, portanto, o Losartan mostrou-se como uma terapia segura. Os fragmentos da biopsia muscular retirados antes de iniciar com o Losartan (T0) e após (Tf) foram utilizados para histologia e imuno-histoquimica do TGF-beta1 para comparação destes dois tempos. As avaliações de goniometria e perimetria juntamente com os resultados de imuno-histoquimica e quantificação do colágeno ajudaram a inferir sobre o efeito do Losartan na fibrose do músculo distrófico. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa para os valores de goniometria e perimetria. Já a porcentagem da área de deposição de colágeno dos animais nos Tf foi estatisticamente menor do que o T0. A diminuição da presença do TGF-beta1 evidenciada nas imagens de imuno-histoquimica, com a diminuição do depósito de colágeno, após o período de uso do Losartan, sugerem um efeito inibitório do medicamento sobre esta citocina nos músculos dos cães GRMD estudados. / Duchenne Muscular Dystophy (DMD) has the substitution of the muscle by connective tissue as its most relevant characteristic. Once fibrotic proliferation is a major obstacle to the efficacy of therapies for muscular dystrophies, early interventions to prevent it will probably be necessary as part of an effective treatment. A significant correlation between fibrosis and the expression of TGF-beta 1, a multifunctional cytokine, in Duchenne muscular dystrophies has been reported, emphasizing the role of this cytokine in the development of muscle fibrosis, and suggesting it as target for fibrotic therapies. In this study we evaluated the effect of Losartan over the development of the connective tissue on the skeletal musculature of the canine model GRMD. One dystrophic dog was previously used in the pilot study to estipulate the dosage and any side effects caused by Losartan. Five adults dystrophics dogs, two male and two female and one control animal were used in the experiment. A dose of 50mg of Losartan was orally given once a day. The clinical and laboratorial exams did not show any adverse effect through the experimental period, therefore Losartan utilization showed to be a safe therapy. Muscle biopsy fragments have been removed before starting Losartan (T0) and after (Tf) were used for histology and TGF-beta1 imunohistochemistry to compare this two times. The evaluations range of motion and limb circumference measures within imunohistochemistry and colagen quantification results helped to infer about Losartan effect in the dystrophic muscle fibrose. Range of motion and limb circumference values did not show statistical difference. Although the percentage of connective tissue deposition area in the animals in Tf was statistically lower than T0. The decrease of TGF-beta1 signalization showed in imunohistochemistry pictures within the decrease of connective tissue deposition, after Losartan, suggest an inhibitory effect of this medication through this cytokine in the studied GRMD muscle.

Το μονοπάτι του Transforming- Growth Factor beta είναι ένα από τα πιο πολύπλοκα και πιο καλά μελετημένα σε μια σειρά παθήσεων και έχει βρεθεί να δρα άλλοτε ως ογκοκατασταλτικό και άλλοτε ως προαγωγό της κακοήθους εξαλλαγής. Πρόσφατα έγινε η ανακάλυψη των υποστρωμάτων του, της οικογένειας των Smad πρωτεϊνών, που μεταφέρουν το σήμα στον πυρήνα του κυττάρου, με τη συμμετοχή πολλαπλών παραγόντων, συν –ενεργοποιητών ή συν – καταστολέων. Η Ski πρωτεΐνη έχει ταυτοποιηθεί τελευταία ως ένας σημαντικός συν-καταστολέας του εν λόγω μονοπατιού. Επιπλέον, ο καρκίνος του μαστού είναι ένας από τους πιο συχνούς καρκίνους στις γυναίκες και η ανακάλυψη καινούριων μορίων στόχων μοριακής θεραπείας αποτελεί μια μεγάλη πρόκληση, ιδίως σε ασθενείς με νόσο αρχικού σταδίου. Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της έκφρασης του υποδοχέα του TGF-β, των πρωτεϊνών Smad2/3, Smad4 και Ski σε καρκινώματα μαστού σταδίου Τ1 και Τ2 με απουσία λεμφαδενικών μεταστάσεων, και η συσχέτιση της έκφρασης τους με ποικίλες κλινικοεργαστηριακές παραμέτρους, κυριότερες των οποίων ήταν ο βαθμός κακοηθείας των όγκων, η έκφραση ορμονικών υποδοχέων, η εμφάνιση απομακρυσμένων μεταστάσεων καθώς και ο θάνατος των ασθενών. Υλικά και μέθοδος: Σε 146 δείγματα από πορογενή καρκινώματα μαστού (εκ των οποίων 21 in situ και 125 διηθητικά) μελετήθηκε με τη μέθοδο της ανοσοϊστοχημείας (έμμεση μέθοδος βιοτίνης- στρεπταβιδίνης) η έκφραση των προαναφερθέντων μορίων. Η εκτίμηση της ανοσοθετικότητας ήταν τόσο ποιοτική (θετικη – αρνητική), όσο και ποσοτική (αρνητική, μέτρια, έντονη) ανάλογα με το ποσοστό των θετικών νεοπλασματικών κυττάρων και την ένταση της χρώσης. Η στατιστική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων έγινε με το στατιστικό πρόγραμμα SPSS 13 for windows. Αποτελέματα: Η έκφραση του υποδοχέα του TGF-β είχε στατιστικώς σημαντική, αντίστροφη συσχέτιση με το βαθμό κακοηθείας των όγκων, καθώς και με την εμφάνιση αιματογενών μεταστάσεων και θανάτου των ασθενών. Η έκφραση της Smad2/3 πρωτεΐνης αποδείχτηκε ανεξάρτητος προγνωστικός παράγοντας στα Grade I διηθητικά καρκινώματα και η Smad4 βρέθηκε να αποτελεί ισχυρό προγνωστικό παράγοντα στους ER (Estrogen Receptor) θετικούς όγκους. Η έκφραση της Smad2/3 και της Smad4 συσχετίστηκαν σημαντικά τόσο μεταξύ τους όσο και με την έκαραση του TGF-β υποδοχέα. Η έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης Ski συσχετίστηκε με το βαθμό κακοηθείας των όγκων, την παρουσία αιματογενών μεταστάσεων και αποδείχτηκε ανεξάρτητος προγνωστικός παράγοντας για την επιβίωση των ασθενών. Επίσης σημαντική ήταν η παρατήρηση της ενδοκυττάριας μετακίνησης της Ski από τον πυρήνα προς το κυτταρόπλασμα του κυττάρου, αυξανομένου του βαθμού κακοηθείας των όγκων και η στατιστικώς σημαντική συσχέτιση της παρουσίας κυτταροπλασματικής Ski ανοσοχρώσης και απώλειας έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης Smad2/3. Συμπεράσματα: Οι Smad πρωτεΐνες αποδεικνύεται για άλλη μια φορά να αποτελούν τα ενδοκυττάρια υποστρώματα του TGF-β και φαίνεται να διαδραματίζουν ρόλο ογκοκατασταλτικών πρωτεϊνών στην εξέλιξη της νεοπλασίας του μαζικού αδένα, ενώ η Ski πρωτεϊνη δρα ως ένα ισχυρό ογκογονίδιο καταστέλλοντας τη δράση του TGF-beta μονοπατιού. Όλες οι μελετηθείσες πρωτεΐνες αποτελούν δυνητικά ενδιαφέροντες στόχους μελλοντικής μοριακής θεραπείας. / Transgorming Growth Factor beta signaling pathway is thoroughly studied in a series of diseases and this molecule has been proved to act either as an ancogene or as a tumor suppressor molecule in human carcinogenesis. Recently, the Smad proteins’ family has been identified as TGF-b’s intracellular substrates, which transfer the signal in the cell’s nucleus. A lot of molecules have also been found to act as co-repressors or co-activators in this procedure. Ski protein is one of the most well known Smad proteins’ co-repressors. On the other hand, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, and the fi of new predictive factors, especially in the early stages of the disease is very alluring. The purpose of the present study was the investigation of the expression of TGF-β receptor, as well as the expression of Smad2/3 and Ski protein in T1, T2, -node negative breast cancer specimens and theirs potent correlation with several clinicopathological parameters The most important of these were tumor Grade, hormone receptors’ positivity as well as the patients’ outcome (blood – borne metastases or death of their disease). Materials and methods: 146 breast cancer specimens were used, among which 21 in situ and 125 invasive. The proteins’ expression was studied using immunohistochemistry (biotin – streptabidin indirect method). The evaluation of the immunopositivity was not only qualitative (negative versus positive) but also quantitative (negative, weakly positive and strongly positive) depending on the number of positive tumor cells and the staining’s intensity). The statistical analysis of the results was implemented using the SPSS13 for windows. Results: TGF-β receptor’s expression was inversely correlated with tumor Grade as well as with the presence of blood- borne metastases and patients’ death. The expression of Smad2/3 protein was proved to be an independent prognostic factor in Grade I invasive carcinomas while loss of Smad4 expression was strongly correlated with poor patients’ outcome in ER (Estrogen Receptor) –positive tumors. All three proteins’ positivity had statistically significant correlation with each other. Ski proteins’ expression was strongly correlated with tumors’ Grade, the presence of distant metastases and was also an independent prognostic factor for patients’ survival. An other important observation was the intracellular metatopisi of Ski’ s expression from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in high Grade tumors and the strong relationship between cytoplasmic Ski and loss of expression of Smad2/3. Conclusions: Smad proteins seem to be TGF-beta intracellular substrates and, according to our results, play a tumor suppressor role in mammary gland tumorigenesis. On the other hand, Ski protein acts as an oncogene in breast carcinogenesis procedure modulating the TGF-beta pathways’ effect. All the studied proteins are potent targets of a future molecular therapy.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mon projet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des études visant à comprendre comment les cellules embryonnaires intègrent les différents signaux auxquels elles sont exposées pour s’engager dans une voie de différenciation définie. Il est plus particulièrement centré sur le rôle des protéines Smad dans ces processus et peut se diviser en deux axes de recherche. Le premier a trait au rôle de Mad (Smad1) dans les interactions entre signaux Wnt (Wg) et BMP chez la drosophile. Nous avons pu démontrer que la forme Mad non phosphorylée par le récepteur BMP se lie au complexe transcriptionnel ß-catenin/dTCF et est requise pour le signal Wnt canonique. La phosphorylation de Mad par le récepteur BMP dirige Mad vers la voie BMP, créant la possibilité d’une compétition entre ces deux classes de signaux. Le second axe de recherche concerne le facteur de transcription Smad4 qui est requis pour la transduction des signaux TGF-ß et BMP. J’ai pu identifier trois sites potentiels de phosphorylation par la kinase GSK3 dans la séquence primaire de Smad4. En utilisant de nombreuses techniques de biochimie, j’ai pu montrer que Smad4 est phosphorylé par la kinase Erk, puis par GSK-3 en réponse à un signal FGF. Lorsque Smad4 est doublement phosphorylé, il est reconnu par une E3-ligase, beta-TrCP, ce qui entraine sa polyubiquitination et sa dégradation. La voie Wnt étant capable d’inhiber GSK-3, j’ai pu montrer que Smad4 est stabilisé par des signaux Wnt. Ce mécanisme augmente la sensibilité des cellules aux signaux TGF-beta lorsqu’elles reçoivent également un signal Wnt. / During my PhD I studied how cells receive and integrate multiple signals from the extracellular milieu. I focused on Smad proteins and my project can be divided into two parts. My first project was centered on the transcription factor Mad (Smad1) and its requirement for the BMP and Wg pathways. Using a combination of genetic and biochemistry experiments, we showed that Mad is required for Wg signaling both in Tcf reporter gene assays and in vivo in Drosophila. We found that the choice for Mad to transduce Dpp or Wg signals is controlled by C-terminal phosphorylations so that Mad binds to Pangolin and participates in Wg target genes transcription only when not phosphorylated at its C-terminus. This results in a competition between Dpp and Wg controlled by the phosphorylation state of Mad. My second project was focused on the tumor suppressor Smad4. When I first joined the lab, I identified three new potential GSK3 phosphorylation sites in Smad4 primary sequence. I used a home-made phospho-specific antibody to demonstrate that FGF or EGF stimulation trigger Erk-mediated phosphorylation of Smad4 which primes subsequent GSK3 phosphorylations. These phosphorylations regulate a transcription activation domain located in Smad4 linker region and generate a Wnt-regulated phosphodegron recognized by the E3 ligase beta-TrCP. This mechanism provides a means of integrating distinct pathways which would otherwise remain insulated, allowing cells to sense FGF and Wnt inputs and adapt TGF-beta outcome to their context. It provides a molecular explanation of the long-standing mystery of the “competence modifier” effect of Wnt on Nodal signals discovered 20 years ago.

A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) tem como característica marcante a substituição do músculo pelo tecido fibroso, sendo este um dos maiores obstáculos para a eficácia de terapias para a distrofia muscular. Intervenções para preveni-la provavelmente poderão ser necessárias como parte de um tratamento eficaz. Correlações significativas entre fibrose e a expressão do TGF-beta, uma citocina fibrogênica multifuncional nas distrofias musculares têm sido relatadas, enfatizando o papel dessa citocina no desenvolvimento da fibrose muscular e sugerindo-a como alvo para terapias antifibróticas. Nesse estudo avaliamos o efeito do Losartan sobre o desenvolvimento da fibrose na musculatura esquelética do modelo canino Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD). Foi realizado previamente um estudo piloto com um cão distrófico para estipular dosagem e eventuais efeitos colaterais ao medicamento. Foram utilizados cinco cães adultos, sendo dois machos e duas fêmeas e um animal controle. Utilizou-se a dose de 50mg de Losartan, administrada via oral, uma vez ao dia. Os exames clínicos e laboratoriais não evidenciaram reação adversa durante o período do experimento, portanto, o Losartan mostrou-se como uma terapia segura. Os fragmentos da biopsia muscular retirados antes de iniciar com o Losartan (T0) e após (Tf) foram utilizados para histologia e imuno-histoquimica do TGF-beta1 para comparação destes dois tempos. As avaliações de goniometria e perimetria juntamente com os resultados de imuno-histoquimica e quantificação do colágeno ajudaram a inferir sobre o efeito do Losartan na fibrose do músculo distrófico. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa para os valores de goniometria e perimetria. Já a porcentagem da área de deposição de colágeno dos animais nos Tf foi estatisticamente menor do que o T0. A diminuição da presença do TGF-beta1 evidenciada nas imagens de imuno-histoquimica, com a diminuição do depósito de colágeno, após o período de uso do Losartan, sugerem um efeito inibitório do medicamento sobre esta citocina nos músculos dos cães GRMD estudados. / Duchenne Muscular Dystophy (DMD) has the substitution of the muscle by connective tissue as its most relevant characteristic. Once fibrotic proliferation is a major obstacle to the efficacy of therapies for muscular dystrophies, early interventions to prevent it will probably be necessary as part of an effective treatment. A significant correlation between fibrosis and the expression of TGF-beta 1, a multifunctional cytokine, in Duchenne muscular dystrophies has been reported, emphasizing the role of this cytokine in the development of muscle fibrosis, and suggesting it as target for fibrotic therapies. In this study we evaluated the effect of Losartan over the development of the connective tissue on the skeletal musculature of the canine model GRMD. One dystrophic dog was previously used in the pilot study to estipulate the dosage and any side effects caused by Losartan. Five adults dystrophics dogs, two male and two female and one control animal were used in the experiment. A dose of 50mg of Losartan was orally given once a day. The clinical and laboratorial exams did not show any adverse effect through the experimental period, therefore Losartan utilization showed to be a safe therapy. Muscle biopsy fragments have been removed before starting Losartan (T0) and after (Tf) were used for histology and TGF-beta1 imunohistochemistry to compare this two times. The evaluations range of motion and limb circumference measures within imunohistochemistry and colagen quantification results helped to infer about Losartan effect in the dystrophic muscle fibrose. Range of motion and limb circumference values did not show statistical difference. Although the percentage of connective tissue deposition area in the animals in Tf was statistically lower than T0. The decrease of TGF-beta1 signalization showed in imunohistochemistry pictures within the decrease of connective tissue deposition, after Losartan, suggest an inhibitory effect of this medication through this cytokine in the studied GRMD muscle.

<p>The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway is a critical regulator of multiple biological processes that are involved in cancer progression, such as proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. TGF-beta ligands bind to multiple high-affinity receptors (TbetaRI, TbetaRII, TbetaRIII), whose expression on the cell surface, and subsequent ability to transduce signaling, can be modulated by ectodomain shedding. </p><p> TbetaRIII, also known as betaglycan, is the most abundantly expressed TGF-beta receptor. TbetaRIII suppresses breast cancer progression through inhibiting migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. TbetaRIII binds TGF-beta ligands, with membrane-bound TbetaRIII presenting ligand to enhance TGF-beta signaling. However, TbetaRIII can also undergo ectodomain shedding, releasing soluble TbetaRIII, which binds and sequesters ligand to inhibit downstream signaling. To investigate the relative contributions of soluble and membrane-bound TbetaRIII on TGF-beta signaling and breast cancer biology, here I describe TbetaRIII mutants with impaired (Delta-Shed-TbetaRIII) or enhanced ectodomain shedding (SS-TbetaRIII). Relative to wild-type (WT)-TbetaRIII, Delta-Shed-TbetaRIII increased TGF-beta signaling and blocked TbetaRIII's ability to inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Conversely, SS-TbetaRIII, which increased soluble TbetaRIII production, decreased TGF-beta signaling and increased TbetaRIII-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell migration and invasion. </p><p> TbetaRI is released from the cell surface by a common sheddase of the A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, ADAM17. This shedding event results in a downregulation of TGF-beta signaling. Here, I present evidence that a closely related protease, ADAM10, may be a novel sheddase for TbetaRI. A specific ADAM10 inhibitor was able to increase cell surface expression of TbetaRI, and decrease levels of circulating soluble TbetaRI in vivo. Interestingly, inhibition of ADAM10 concurrently increased shedding of TbetaRIII, and was able to alter TGF-beta signaling in a TbetaRIII-dependent manner. </p><p> </p><p> Together, these studies suggest that ectodomain shedding of TGF-beta receptors is an important determinant for regulation of TGF-beta-mediated signaling and biology.</p> / Dissertation